商业秘密侵权责任研究
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摘要
随着科学技术的飞速发展及市场竞争的加剧,商业秘密的价值日益凸显。如何保护商业秘密所有者和使用者的权益,如何确认商业秘密侵权责任等问题,愈来愈引起经济界和法律界的关注。目前,世界许多国家特别是一些市场经济发达国家纷纷通过制定相关法律来保护商业秘密,并已经形成了较为完备的法律体系。我国自20世纪90年代以来虽然已初步建立起商业秘密的法律保护制度,但在此方面的立法起步较晚,有关商业秘密的法律制度建设还存在着很多需要完善的地方。因此,在我国当前法律制度框架内有必要逐步完善与商业秘密保护的相关法律制度,提高我国现有的商业秘密法律保护水平,充分保障商业秘密权利人的利益,维护商业道德和公平竞争的市场经济秩序。鉴于此,本文选取了商业秘密侵权责任问题进行深入的研究,在理论与实践方面都具有一定的积极意义。
本文综合运用了比较法、实证分析法等多种研究方法,在较充分了解国内外关于商业秘密保护研究,商业秘密侵权责任研究的基础上,以商业秘密的内涵与范围的界定作为本文研究的切入点和落脚点,展开商业秘密保护以及商业秘密侵权责任认定等相关法律问题的尝试性探讨,进而从传统的民事侵权四要件的角度阐述了商业秘密侵权的特殊性和普遍性。同时,本文分别从目前我国现行的《反不正当竞争法》、《劳动合同法》、《合同法》以及《刑法》多个不同的角度分析了当下我国关于商业秘密侵权行为的规制,以及对于商业秘密侵权责任的认定制度。就此,笔者提出关于建立一个过错责任与无过错责任相结合的双重归责原则：对于财产部分应当适用过错原则,对于商誉等无形利益的损失应当适用无过错原则的法律思考。
本文还着重研究了TRIPS协议以及美国、德国、日本等发达国家商业秘密侵权责任和救济制度,通过借鉴及比较,笔者列举了我国现行法律制度中关于商业秘密保护以及侵权责任等方面亟待解决的问题。诸如：侵权责任相关规定过于原则,适用范围过窄,侵权损害赔偿制度中法律规定过于笼统,不能充分保护商业秘密权益人权益,制裁侵权人的违法行为以及我国相关程序法规定不足,可操作性不强等需要进一步改进和完善的法律制度规定。在此基础之上,笔者提出了关于完善我国商业秘密侵权责任制度的建议：在国际经济全球化的背景下,我国应当逐步完善现行有关商业秘密保护的法律法规,特别要对商业秘密侵权的认定程序,商业秘密价值评估体系,侵权行为,归责原则,赔偿制度等一系列问题做出更为具体、合理、科学的规定,切实保护商业秘密权利人的合法权益,并在此基础上尽快制定统一的商业秘密保护法,从而形成我国关于商业秘密保护及救济的法律体系。
As the product of market competition, trade secret is a one of the social phenomenon existed for a long time. With the rapid development of science technology, how to protect the legal interests of obligee, and how to confirm the tort liability have caused rising concerns in both economic and legal fields. At present, many countries, particularly the developed countries have paid a great attention to trade secrets protection, and have formulated the relevant laws to protect it. Our country didn't begin to set up relevant laws until 1990s, far behind the developed countries. So, there are many problems and deficiency to complete. In our current legal framework, it is necessary to gradually improve the business secrets legal system, in order to protect the interests of the owners, the commercial morality and fair competition under the market economy. In view of this, this article summarizes the business secret tort responsibility to carry out thorough research, which is of positive significance in both theory and practical.
This dissertation used the research method of comparative, and empirical analysis, started from the scope and definition of trade secrets, and discuss the legal problems concerned with tort liability. After the introduction of definition, the author analysis the universality and particularity of trade secrets tort from the traditional civil tort cornerstones. At the same time, the author separately analysis the domestic current legal regulations from perspectives of《Law against Unfair Competition》,《Labour Law》,《Contract Law》, and《Criminal Law》. Through the analysis, the author suggested to establish a dual principle to determine responsibility:fault principle for tangible property and non-fault principle for intangible property.
This article also highlighted the《TRIPS Agreement》, and the trade secret protection legal system of united states, Germany and Japan. Further more, the author cited the related problems to be solved in this field, such as:the relevant provisions on the principle is not flexible enough, the definition of trade secret is too narrow, and the tort damages compensation system is too general, and so on. All these problems lead to the insufficient protection of rights and interests on trade secrets and sanctions against infringement. As a result, the author proposed her suggestion to complete the trade secrets tort liability system. Under the background of rapid economic development and economic globalization, China should gradually improve the current stage of the business secrets legal protection, especially to make more specific and scientific rules on the trade secrets infringements procedure, trade secrets assessment standard, and compensation principles. And finally, we can look forward to a uniform law to protect trade secrets.
本文综合运用了比较法、实证分析法等多种研究方法,在较充分了解国内外关于商业秘密保护研究,商业秘密侵权责任研究的基础上,以商业秘密的内涵与范围的界定作为本文研究的切入点和落脚点,展开商业秘密保护以及商业秘密侵权责任认定等相关法律问题的尝试性探讨,进而从传统的民事侵权四要件的角度阐述了商业秘密侵权的特殊性和普遍性。同时,本文分别从目前我国现行的《反不正当竞争法》、《劳动合同法》、《合同法》以及《刑法》多个不同的角度分析了当下我国关于商业秘密侵权行为的规制,以及对于商业秘密侵权责任的认定制度。就此,笔者提出关于建立一个过错责任与无过错责任相结合的双重归责原则：对于财产部分应当适用过错原则,对于商誉等无形利益的损失应当适用无过错原则的法律思考。
本文还着重研究了TRIPS协议以及美国、德国、日本等发达国家商业秘密侵权责任和救济制度,通过借鉴及比较,笔者列举了我国现行法律制度中关于商业秘密保护以及侵权责任等方面亟待解决的问题。诸如：侵权责任相关规定过于原则,适用范围过窄,侵权损害赔偿制度中法律规定过于笼统,不能充分保护商业秘密权益人权益,制裁侵权人的违法行为以及我国相关程序法规定不足,可操作性不强等需要进一步改进和完善的法律制度规定。在此基础之上,笔者提出了关于完善我国商业秘密侵权责任制度的建议：在国际经济全球化的背景下,我国应当逐步完善现行有关商业秘密保护的法律法规,特别要对商业秘密侵权的认定程序,商业秘密价值评估体系,侵权行为,归责原则,赔偿制度等一系列问题做出更为具体、合理、科学的规定,切实保护商业秘密权利人的合法权益,并在此基础上尽快制定统一的商业秘密保护法,从而形成我国关于商业秘密保护及救济的法律体系。
As the product of market competition, trade secret is a one of the social phenomenon existed for a long time. With the rapid development of science technology, how to protect the legal interests of obligee, and how to confirm the tort liability have caused rising concerns in both economic and legal fields. At present, many countries, particularly the developed countries have paid a great attention to trade secrets protection, and have formulated the relevant laws to protect it. Our country didn't begin to set up relevant laws until 1990s, far behind the developed countries. So, there are many problems and deficiency to complete. In our current legal framework, it is necessary to gradually improve the business secrets legal system, in order to protect the interests of the owners, the commercial morality and fair competition under the market economy. In view of this, this article summarizes the business secret tort responsibility to carry out thorough research, which is of positive significance in both theory and practical.
This dissertation used the research method of comparative, and empirical analysis, started from the scope and definition of trade secrets, and discuss the legal problems concerned with tort liability. After the introduction of definition, the author analysis the universality and particularity of trade secrets tort from the traditional civil tort cornerstones. At the same time, the author separately analysis the domestic current legal regulations from perspectives of《Law against Unfair Competition》,《Labour Law》,《Contract Law》, and《Criminal Law》. Through the analysis, the author suggested to establish a dual principle to determine responsibility:fault principle for tangible property and non-fault principle for intangible property.
This article also highlighted the《TRIPS Agreement》, and the trade secret protection legal system of united states, Germany and Japan. Further more, the author cited the related problems to be solved in this field, such as:the relevant provisions on the principle is not flexible enough, the definition of trade secret is too narrow, and the tort damages compensation system is too general, and so on. All these problems lead to the insufficient protection of rights and interests on trade secrets and sanctions against infringement. As a result, the author proposed her suggestion to complete the trade secrets tort liability system. Under the background of rapid economic development and economic globalization, China should gradually improve the current stage of the business secrets legal protection, especially to make more specific and scientific rules on the trade secrets infringements procedure, trade secrets assessment standard, and compensation principles. And finally, we can look forward to a uniform law to protect trade secrets.
引文
2齐爱民,李仪.《商业秘密保护法体系化判解研究》.P65—P95,武汉大学出版社.2008.4
3史大贤.商业秘密权的法律性质.《法制园地》.2009.
4吴寿仁.《保护商业秘密手册》.P15—-P24,人民邮电出版社,2008.1
5张玉敏.知识产权的概念与法律特征.《现代法学》,2001.
6徐雅丽.略论侵犯商业秘密的行为类型与防范措施.《吉林财税高等专科学校学报》.2002.3
9唐蔚倩.侵犯商业秘密行为认定中的难点剖析.《中国工商管理研究》.2006.12
10王婷.商业秘密侵权行为的认定及类型化.《法制与社会》.2009.10.
11陈伟昌.商业秘密的侵权行为认定及其保护.《经济师》.2008.9
12程美瑛.论商业秘密中善意第三人的责任.《法制与社会》.2009.3.
13温静.侵权因果关系概念的基础问题研究.《经济与法》.2009.2.
14范利平.侵权法上因果关系研究.《现代法学》.2004.3
15吴志海,吴小琼.劳动合同法框架下的商业秘密保护.《中共福建省委党校报》.2009.12.
17王立法.WTO背景下我国商业秘密的法律保护.《国际商务》.2008.12.
18付慧姝.TRIPS协议与商业秘密法律保护研究.《经济与法》.2008.1.
19朱骏.中美商业秘密侵权救济制度比较.《青岛远洋船员学院学报》.2007.1.
20阎良础.日本商业秘密侵权救济制度及其对我国的启示,《商业现代化》.2007,17.
21甄树宁,王勤秀.商业秘密侵权行为的民事法律救济.《法制与社会》.2008.12.
22张玉敏.侵害知识产权民事责任归责原则研究.《法学论坛》.2003.5.
23王利明.《中华人民共和国侵权责任法释义》.中国法制出版社.2010.1.
24王利明.《民法典侵权责任法研究》.人民法院出版社.2003.2.p274
[1]European Group of Tort Law:Principles of European tort law.2009
[2]Robert Graham Gibbons.BryanJ.Vogel:The Increasing ImPortance of Trade Secret Protection in the Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Fields, Journal of the Patentand Trademark Office Soeiety.2007.
[3]Kurt M. Saunders. The Law and Ethics of Trade Secrets:A Case Study, California Western Law Review.2006.
[4]Scott M.Kline, Matthew C.Floyd:Managing Confidential Relationships intellectual Property Transactions:Use Restrictions, Residual Knowledge Clauses and Trade Secrets. Review of Litigation, spring 2006.
[5]Tori Praul. An Unsatisfying Resolution to the Conflict Between Trade Secret Law. Journalist's Privilege,& Blogging, Berkeley Technology Law Journal.2006.
[6]Michael P. Simpson. Future of Innovation Trade Secrets, Property Rights and Protectionism, Brooklyn Law Review.2005.
[7]Thomas A. Fairhall, Paul W. Churilla. Prior Use of Trade Secrets and the Intersection with Patent Law:The Prior User Rights Statute,35 U.S.C. §273, The Federal Circuit Bar Journal. 2004.
[8]Joseph F. Phillips. Inevitable Disclosure through an Internet Lens:Is the Doctrine's Demise Truly Inevitable? William & Mary Law Review.2003.
[9]Anneliese M. Seifert, Will the United States Take the Plunge into Global Patent Law Harmonization? A Discussion of the United States'Past, Present, and Future Harmonization Efforts, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review.2002.
[10]Christopher Heath. Harmonizing Scope and Allocation of Patent Rights in Europe. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review.2002.
[11]Melvin F.Fager:Trade Secrets Law Handbook,Clark Bo.2002.
[12]Keith A.Roberson:South Carolina Law Review. summer 2001.
[13]Vincent R. Johnson. American Tort Law.2001.
[14]Allison Colleman, Sweet and Maxuell. The Leagal Protection of Trade Secrets.1992.
[15]Roger E. Schechter. Unfair Trade Practices and Intellectual Property.West Publishing Co., 1993.
[1]王利明.中华人民共和国侵权责任法释义.中国法制出版社.2010,2.
[2]齐爱民,李仪.商业秘密保护法体系化判解研究.武汉大学出版社.2008,4
[3]吴寿仁.保护商业秘密手册.人民邮电出版社.2008,1.
[4]戴永盛.商业秘密法比较研究.上海华东师范大学出版社.2005,1.
[5]张玉瑞.商业秘密·商业贿赂法律风险与对策.法律出版社.2005.
[6]许海峰.企业商业秘密保护法律实物.机械工业出版社.2004.
[7]王利明.民法典侵权责任法研究.人民法院出版社.2003,2.
[8]王利明.侵权行为法归责原则研究.中国政法大学出版社.2003,1.
[9]黄武双.美国商业秘密侵权赔偿责任研究.科技与法律.2010,5.
[10]史大贤.商业秘密权的法律性质.法制园地.2009.
[11]王婷.商业秘密侵权行为的认定及类型化.法制与社会.2009,10.
[12]程美瑛.论商业秘密中善意第三人的责任.法制与社会.2009,3.
[13]胡琼天.论我国知识产权侵权归责原则体系的架构.2009,2.
[14]温静.侵权因果关系概念的基础问题研究.经济与法.2009,2.
[15]孙海龙,姚建军.商业秘密侵权赔偿数额的认定——以裁判文书赔偿数额为研究视角.知识产权.2009,4.
[16]吴志海,吴小琼.劳动合同法框架下的商业秘密保护.中共福建省委党校报.2009,12.
[17]沈强.论商业秘密侵权损害赔偿.世界贸易组织动态与研究.2009,4.
[18]黄武双.英美商业秘密保护中的公共利益抗辩归责及对我国的启示.知识产权.2009,3.
[19]王海涛.我国制定专门的商业秘密保护法的必要性.法制与社会.2009,5.
[20]杨萍.从“力拓案”透视我国商业秘密的保护.法制与社会.2009,25.
[21]李仲周.力拓案：为中国司法立威.WTO经济导刊.2009,9.
[22]刘纯龙.浅析商业秘密侵权及其民事法律救济.法制与社会.2009,15.
[23]王立法.WTO背景下我国商业秘密的法律保护.国际商务.2008,12.
[24]陈伟昌.商业秘密的侵权行为认定及其保护.经济师.2008,9.
[25]付慧姝.TRIPS协议与商业秘密法律保护研究.经济与法.2008,1.
[26]甄树宁.王勤秀.商业秘密侵权行为的民事法律救济.法制与社会.2008,12.
[27]许华兰.我国现行商业秘密立法存在的问题及完善建议.法制与社会.2008
[28]冯锦彩.论我国商业秘密保护终竞业禁止制度的完善.消费导刊.2008,13.
[29]朱骏.中美商业秘密侵权救济制度比较.青岛远洋船员学院学报.2007.1.
[30]魏宇航.企业商业秘密保护的刑事司法救济途径.法人.2007,12.
[40]唐蔚倩.侵犯商业秘密行为认定中的难点剖析.中国工商管理研究.2006,12.
3史大贤.商业秘密权的法律性质.《法制园地》.2009.
4吴寿仁.《保护商业秘密手册》.P15—-P24,人民邮电出版社,2008.1
5张玉敏.知识产权的概念与法律特征.《现代法学》,2001.
6徐雅丽.略论侵犯商业秘密的行为类型与防范措施.《吉林财税高等专科学校学报》.2002.3
9唐蔚倩.侵犯商业秘密行为认定中的难点剖析.《中国工商管理研究》.2006.12
10王婷.商业秘密侵权行为的认定及类型化.《法制与社会》.2009.10.
11陈伟昌.商业秘密的侵权行为认定及其保护.《经济师》.2008.9
12程美瑛.论商业秘密中善意第三人的责任.《法制与社会》.2009.3.
13温静.侵权因果关系概念的基础问题研究.《经济与法》.2009.2.
14范利平.侵权法上因果关系研究.《现代法学》.2004.3
15吴志海,吴小琼.劳动合同法框架下的商业秘密保护.《中共福建省委党校报》.2009.12.
17王立法.WTO背景下我国商业秘密的法律保护.《国际商务》.2008.12.
18付慧姝.TRIPS协议与商业秘密法律保护研究.《经济与法》.2008.1.
19朱骏.中美商业秘密侵权救济制度比较.《青岛远洋船员学院学报》.2007.1.
20阎良础.日本商业秘密侵权救济制度及其对我国的启示,《商业现代化》.2007,17.
21甄树宁,王勤秀.商业秘密侵权行为的民事法律救济.《法制与社会》.2008.12.
22张玉敏.侵害知识产权民事责任归责原则研究.《法学论坛》.2003.5.
23王利明.《中华人民共和国侵权责任法释义》.中国法制出版社.2010.1.
24王利明.《民法典侵权责任法研究》.人民法院出版社.2003.2.p274
[1]European Group of Tort Law:Principles of European tort law.2009
[2]Robert Graham Gibbons.BryanJ.Vogel:The Increasing ImPortance of Trade Secret Protection in the Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Fields, Journal of the Patentand Trademark Office Soeiety.2007.
[3]Kurt M. Saunders. The Law and Ethics of Trade Secrets:A Case Study, California Western Law Review.2006.
[4]Scott M.Kline, Matthew C.Floyd:Managing Confidential Relationships intellectual Property Transactions:Use Restrictions, Residual Knowledge Clauses and Trade Secrets. Review of Litigation, spring 2006.
[5]Tori Praul. An Unsatisfying Resolution to the Conflict Between Trade Secret Law. Journalist's Privilege,& Blogging, Berkeley Technology Law Journal.2006.
[6]Michael P. Simpson. Future of Innovation Trade Secrets, Property Rights and Protectionism, Brooklyn Law Review.2005.
[7]Thomas A. Fairhall, Paul W. Churilla. Prior Use of Trade Secrets and the Intersection with Patent Law:The Prior User Rights Statute,35 U.S.C. §273, The Federal Circuit Bar Journal. 2004.
[8]Joseph F. Phillips. Inevitable Disclosure through an Internet Lens:Is the Doctrine's Demise Truly Inevitable? William & Mary Law Review.2003.
[9]Anneliese M. Seifert, Will the United States Take the Plunge into Global Patent Law Harmonization? A Discussion of the United States'Past, Present, and Future Harmonization Efforts, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review.2002.
[10]Christopher Heath. Harmonizing Scope and Allocation of Patent Rights in Europe. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review.2002.
[11]Melvin F.Fager:Trade Secrets Law Handbook,Clark Bo.2002.
[12]Keith A.Roberson:South Carolina Law Review. summer 2001.
[13]Vincent R. Johnson. American Tort Law.2001.
[14]Allison Colleman, Sweet and Maxuell. The Leagal Protection of Trade Secrets.1992.
[15]Roger E. Schechter. Unfair Trade Practices and Intellectual Property.West Publishing Co., 1993.
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