5A06铝合金筒形件双向加压拉深成形研究
|
摘要
板料成形在汽车、飞机、仪表等制造业中,有着广泛的应用。随着航空航天工业的高速发展,对零部件提出了轻量化、高精度、低消耗的要求。铝镁合金等轻质合金板料得到了广泛应用。但是,这些材料塑性低、成形性能差成为其加工成形的瓶颈。与传统成形工艺相比,板料液压成形技术由于其工艺柔性高,既能保证质量,又可降低成本和缩短试制周期,且一次变形量大等优点成为铝镁合金等难成形轻质板材零件提高成形极限的有效途径之一。
双向加压拉深成形技术是在传统充液拉深的基础上,在成形坯料的上表面也施加液压来配合充液拉深,由于正向压力的存在,改善了变形区的受力情况,降低了传力区的负荷,从而增大了允许的变形程度,更有效地抑制减薄,提高成形极限,为复杂板材零件成形加工提供了新的途径。
本文以铝合金锥底筒形件为研究对象,采用模拟与实验相结合的方法研究了工艺参数对零件成形性的影响规律。
采用LS-DYNA3D对5A06铝合金双向加压拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟研究。提出了正向压力的施加方法,研究了正向压力与液室压力的匹配对零件壁厚分布的影响规律,得到了正向压力与液室压力的合理匹配关系。对成形结果进行了应力分析,分析了成形过程中塑性变形的发生发展规律,给出了典型点的应力路径在屈服轨迹上的变化。
对5A06铝合金筒形件双向加压拉深成形过程进行了实验研究。设计了双向加压拉深成形工艺的模具结构,给出了提高成形极限的最佳工艺参数,总结了工艺参数对壁厚分布的影响规律,分析了成形的失效形式和失效机理,并成形出合格零件,通过对成形过程的应变测量,给出了零件在成形过程中最大厚向应变的变化规律。
Sheet metal forming is widely used in the manufacturing of automobile, airplane and meters. With the high speed development of aerospace industry, the component requirements of lightweight, high-intensity, high-precision, high efficiency, low consumption were proposed, aluminum-magnesium alloy and other light-weight materials are widely applied. However, the application of light-weight materials is confined for its low plasticity and poor formability. Comparing with the conventional deep drawing, the sheet metal hydroforming is one of the effective forming methods to increase the forming limitation of the aluminum-magnesium and other low plasticity, poor formability sheets, meanwhile this technology has the super flexibility and guaranty of quality, reducing the cost and trial period..
On the basis of the traditional hydromechanical deep drawing, drawing with double side pressure (DDSP) technology is also loading hydraulic pressure on the upper surface of the blank. As the exist on positive pressure, the situation of the force deformation zone was improved, reducing the loading of transfer zone, increasing the allowable deformation, inhibiting the thinning effectively, improving the forming limit. PNPH technology provides a new way for the complex parts processing of sheet metal forming.
In this paper, the component of aluminum alloy with tapered bottom is as a subject, the combination of method on simulation and experiment is adopted to investigate the relation between process parameters and part formability.
The numerical simulation software ETA/Dynaform5.6 is employed which is based on LS-DYNA3D to investigate the forming process of DDSP aluminum alloy (5A06) part. The loading means of positive pressure was processed. The effects of different match relation of negative pressure and positive pressure on the thickness distribution were studied and the reasonable match relation of negative and positive pressure was obtained. And the stress analysis of the forming results was made and the developing regularity of plastic deformation of PNPH was analyzed. The change of stress trace of representative points in yield ellipse has been given out.
The experimental research on the DDSP of aluminum alloy (5A06) part was made. The die structure of DDSP was designed and the best process parameters to improve the forming limit were given. The effect of process parameters on thickness distribution was summarized. The failure modes and failure mechanism were analyzed. And the qualified part was obtained. The variation rule of the maximum thickness strain in the forming process was given by measuring the strain on the forming process.
双向加压拉深成形技术是在传统充液拉深的基础上,在成形坯料的上表面也施加液压来配合充液拉深,由于正向压力的存在,改善了变形区的受力情况,降低了传力区的负荷,从而增大了允许的变形程度,更有效地抑制减薄,提高成形极限,为复杂板材零件成形加工提供了新的途径。
本文以铝合金锥底筒形件为研究对象,采用模拟与实验相结合的方法研究了工艺参数对零件成形性的影响规律。
采用LS-DYNA3D对5A06铝合金双向加压拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟研究。提出了正向压力的施加方法,研究了正向压力与液室压力的匹配对零件壁厚分布的影响规律,得到了正向压力与液室压力的合理匹配关系。对成形结果进行了应力分析,分析了成形过程中塑性变形的发生发展规律,给出了典型点的应力路径在屈服轨迹上的变化。
对5A06铝合金筒形件双向加压拉深成形过程进行了实验研究。设计了双向加压拉深成形工艺的模具结构,给出了提高成形极限的最佳工艺参数,总结了工艺参数对壁厚分布的影响规律,分析了成形的失效形式和失效机理,并成形出合格零件,通过对成形过程的应变测量,给出了零件在成形过程中最大厚向应变的变化规律。
Sheet metal forming is widely used in the manufacturing of automobile, airplane and meters. With the high speed development of aerospace industry, the component requirements of lightweight, high-intensity, high-precision, high efficiency, low consumption were proposed, aluminum-magnesium alloy and other light-weight materials are widely applied. However, the application of light-weight materials is confined for its low plasticity and poor formability. Comparing with the conventional deep drawing, the sheet metal hydroforming is one of the effective forming methods to increase the forming limitation of the aluminum-magnesium and other low plasticity, poor formability sheets, meanwhile this technology has the super flexibility and guaranty of quality, reducing the cost and trial period..
On the basis of the traditional hydromechanical deep drawing, drawing with double side pressure (DDSP) technology is also loading hydraulic pressure on the upper surface of the blank. As the exist on positive pressure, the situation of the force deformation zone was improved, reducing the loading of transfer zone, increasing the allowable deformation, inhibiting the thinning effectively, improving the forming limit. PNPH technology provides a new way for the complex parts processing of sheet metal forming.
In this paper, the component of aluminum alloy with tapered bottom is as a subject, the combination of method on simulation and experiment is adopted to investigate the relation between process parameters and part formability.
The numerical simulation software ETA/Dynaform5.6 is employed which is based on LS-DYNA3D to investigate the forming process of DDSP aluminum alloy (5A06) part. The loading means of positive pressure was processed. The effects of different match relation of negative pressure and positive pressure on the thickness distribution were studied and the reasonable match relation of negative and positive pressure was obtained. And the stress analysis of the forming results was made and the developing regularity of plastic deformation of PNPH was analyzed. The change of stress trace of representative points in yield ellipse has been given out.
The experimental research on the DDSP of aluminum alloy (5A06) part was made. The die structure of DDSP was designed and the best process parameters to improve the forming limit were given. The effect of process parameters on thickness distribution was summarized. The failure modes and failure mechanism were analyzed. And the qualified part was obtained. The variation rule of the maximum thickness strain in the forming process was given by measuring the strain on the forming process.
引文
1.中国机械工程学会锻压学会.锻压手册.第三卷.冲压.北京:机械工业出版社, 1993: 271~409
2.徐永超.板材液压成形工艺及其数值模拟研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2003. 1~2
3.李硕本.冲压工艺学.北京:机械工业出版社, 1982: 103~107
4. R.Pearce. 4000 Years of Sheet Metal Forming in Formability of Metallic Material-2000A.D.ASTM, 1982: 3~18
5.于连仲,朱炳钦,房金妹.充液拉深高成形极限的三个原因.中国机械工程学会锻压学会第五届学术年会论文集.北京,1991:897~900
6.彭加耕,任运来.薄壁锥形件拉深侧壁无压缩失稳条件研究.塑性工程学报. 2006, 13(5): 72~75
7.夏琴香,张帅斌,吴小瑜,程秀全.锥形件单道次拉深旋压成形的数值模拟及试验研究.锻压技术. 2010, 35(1): 44~48
8.李小平,张侠.板料成形拉延筋技术研究现状.精密成形工程. 2009, 1(2): 52~56
9.李刚,李光耀,孙光永,等.基于近似模型的拉延筋几何参数反求.中国机械工程. 2006, 17(19): 1988~1992
10.曾娟.杯形件拉深工艺过程中变形区的应力应变分析.长沙航空职业技术学院院报. 2009, 9(2): 50~54
11.徐胜利,侯会喜.底面为椭球直筒件深拉延工艺参数分析与模具设计.锻压装备与制造技术. 2008, (3): 54~55
12.刘兆红.薄壁深孔锥形件成形工艺及模具.模具工业. 1997, (6): 20~22
13.余成辉,聂兰启,王国林,卢洪德.高精度锥形件冲压工艺及模具设计.模具制造. 2009, (12): 18~21
14. Zhao Dong-xu, Tang Yu-jia, Chen Xiao-bin, Hu Ping, Han Ying-chun. Numerical Simulation by Using High-strength Blanks in the Multi-stage Stamping Process. Journal of Ji lin University, Engineering and Technology Edition. 2006, 36(7): 97~101
15. S.S.Kang, D.H.Park. Application of Computer-aided Process Planning System for Non-axisymmetric Deep Drawing Porducts. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology. 2002, 124: 36~48
16. K.Nakamura, T.Nakagawa, H. Amino. Various Application of Hydraulic Counter Pressure Deep Drawing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1997, 71(1): 160~167
17. D. Schmoeckel, C. Hielscher, R. Huber, M. Geiger. Metal Forming of Tubes and Sheets with Liquid and Other Flexible Media. Annals of the CIRP, 1999, 48(2): 497~512
18. L. H. Lang, J. Danckert, K.B. Nielsen. Analysis of Key Parameters in Sheet Hydroforming Combined with Stretching Forming and Deep Drawing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B-Journal of Engineering Manufacture, August 2004, 218(8): 845~856
19. J. F. Anderson. Shape Accuracy and Parameters Influencing the Shape Accuracy Using Conventional and Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing. IDDRG’94-Lisbon. May 16-17, 1994: 545~552
20. Kang Dachang, Chen Yu, Xu Yongchao. Hydromechanical deep drawing of superalloy cups. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2005, 166(2): 243~246
21.黄珍媛,阮锋.基于有限元模拟的极限拉深系数优化.塑性工程学报. 2006, 113(11): 32~35
22.叶福民,肖学文,李靖谊,崔震.筒形件极限拉深系数数值模拟实验研究.模具工业. 2007, 33(9): 27~31
23. Tang S C. Computer Prediction of The Deformed Shape of A Draw Blank During The Binder-Wrap Stage. J.Appl.Metalworking. 1980, 1(3): 695~712
24. S. Novotny, P. Hein. Hydroforming of Sheet Pairs froming Aluminum Alloys. Proceedings of the SheMet’99. London, 1999, 9: 591~598
25. Bugang Teng, Shijian Yuan, Z.R.Wang. Effect of the Initial Structure on Hydro-Forming of Toroidal Shells. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 123(1): 18~21
26. Mathias Liewald, Stefan Wagner. State-of-the-Art of Hydroforming Tubes and Sheets in Europe. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4-5, 2007: 19~26
27. S.J.Yuan,G.Liu, X.R.Huang, X.S.Wang, W.C.Xie, Z.R.Wang. Hydroforming of Typical Hollow Components. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2004,151(1-3): 203~207
28. Kee Joo Kim, Joo-Sung Kim, Byung-lk Choi, etal. Development of Automotive Rear Sub-frame by Hydroforming Process. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4-5, 2007: 46~51
29.春日保南.野崎德彦.压力润滑深绞り法.日本机械学会论文集, 24-146(1958), 728~731
30.佐藤方春.型费低减多种少量への对应で动きだした.液压成形加工づしス技术. 1981, 19(9): 56~65
31. A. Davidson. Forming Process. Handbook of Precision Engineering. 1971: 147.
32. H. Amino, K. Nakamura, T. Nakagawa. Counter-press Deep Drawing and Its Application in the Forming of Automobile Parts. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1990, 23: 243~265
33.西川敏治,罔市敏.压力潤滑深絞り法.塑性と加工. 1976, 17(188): 7
34. K. Nakamura. Sheet Metal Forming with Hydraulic Counter Pressure in Japan. Annals of the CIRP. 1987,36(1):191~194
35.中村和彦,中川威雄.対向液压を利用した周液压深絞り法.塑性と加工. 1985, 26(288): 73~80
36.片罔征二.振动液压深绞り加工にぉける振动条件ぉょび润滑油粘度の影响.轻金属, 1997, 48(2): 73~77
37.片罔征二.挥发性润滑油を用ぃたァルミニゥム合金板の振动液压深绞り加工.轻金属, 1998, 48, (2): 78~82
38.中村和彦. 1050ァルミニゥム板の温間対向液压深絞り特性.轻金属. 1997, 46(6): 323~328.
39. E.Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing. Sheet Metal Industried. March, 1967:182.
40. H.J.Becher,G. Bensman. Further Development in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing. Developments in the Drawing of Metal Society of London. 1983: 272~278
41. E. Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing.Sheet Metal Industried, 1966, 43: 787~794
42. E. Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing. Sheet Metal Industried, March, 1967: 182
43. Klaus-Peter Hennig. Economical Aspects and Trends of the Hydroforming Technology. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4~5, 2007: 11-18
44. H. M. Shang, S. Qin, C. J. Tay. Hydroforming Sheet Metal with Intermittent Changes in the Draw-in Condition of Flange. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1997, 63(1-3): 72~76
45. N. Bay. Forming Limits in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing. Annals of the CIRP. 1994, 43(1): 253~256
46. S.H. Zhang, M.R. Jensen, K.B. Nielsen, J. Danckert, L.H. Lang, D.C. Kang. Effect of anisotropy and prebulging on hydromechanical. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2003, 142(2): 544~550
47.赵延生.充液变薄拉深工艺.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 1990. 1~5
48. L.H.Lang, D.C.Kang, S.H.Zhang, Z.R.Wang, S.J.Yuan, K.B.Nielsen, J.Danckert. Effects of Specified Blank Size on Body Wrinkling during Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing of Tapered Rectangular Case. Acta Metallurgica Sinica. 2000, 13(1): 476~480
49.唐景林.圆锥形零件充液拉深过程中的上限液池压力.机械工程学报, 2002, 38(2): 131~133
50.王仲仁,苑世剑,曾元松等.无模胀球的原理与研究发展.机械工程学报, 1999, 35(4): 64~66
51.刘志和,孙卫和.圆筒形件的液压反二次拉深.机械工人, 1994, 9: 1~3
52.孙卫和,刘志和,熊洪淼.液压二次反拉深破裂问题讨论.锻压技术, 1997, 4: 14~17
53.中存正美,中村和彦.对向液压深绞り品の侧壁に发生すろ波状模样とその抑制.塑性と加工, 1995, 36(416): 1033~1037
54. S. H. Zhang, L. X. Zhou, Z. T. Wang. Technology of Sheet Hydroforming with a Movable Female Die. Int. J. Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2003, 43: 781~785
55.陈擎宇,黎厚芳.自然增压对向液压拉延工艺.新技术新工艺, 1984, 5: 14~16
56. Ajay D.Yadav, M.S. Process Analysis And Design In Stamping And Sheet Hydroforming. the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. 2008. 115~128
57. LANG L H, DANCKERT J, NIELSEN K B. Investigation Into Sheet Hydroforming Based on Hydromechanical Deep Drawing With Uniform Pressure on the Blank. Proc instn Mech Engrs. 2004, 218: 833~844
58. KANG B S, SON B M, KIM J. A Comparative Study of Stamping And Hydroforming Processes For An Automobile Fuel Tank Using FEM. Inernational Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2004, 44: 87~94
59.苑世剑.现代液压成形技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009: 24~26
60. Chakrabarty J. A Theory of Stretch Forming Over Hemispherical Punch Heads. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1970, 12: 315~325
61. Woo D M. On The Complete Solution of The Deep-Drawing Problem. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1968, 10: 89~94
62. Wang N M. Large Plastic Deformation of A Circular Sheet Caused By Punch Stretching. J. Appl. Mech. ASME. 1970, 37: 431~440
63. Guo, Y.Q., Batoz, J.L., Naceur, H., Bouabdallah, S., Recent developments on the analysis and optimum design of sheet metal forming parts using the simplified inverse approach.Computers and Structures 2000, 78(1): 133~148.
2.徐永超.板材液压成形工艺及其数值模拟研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2003. 1~2
3.李硕本.冲压工艺学.北京:机械工业出版社, 1982: 103~107
4. R.Pearce. 4000 Years of Sheet Metal Forming in Formability of Metallic Material-2000A.D.ASTM, 1982: 3~18
5.于连仲,朱炳钦,房金妹.充液拉深高成形极限的三个原因.中国机械工程学会锻压学会第五届学术年会论文集.北京,1991:897~900
6.彭加耕,任运来.薄壁锥形件拉深侧壁无压缩失稳条件研究.塑性工程学报. 2006, 13(5): 72~75
7.夏琴香,张帅斌,吴小瑜,程秀全.锥形件单道次拉深旋压成形的数值模拟及试验研究.锻压技术. 2010, 35(1): 44~48
8.李小平,张侠.板料成形拉延筋技术研究现状.精密成形工程. 2009, 1(2): 52~56
9.李刚,李光耀,孙光永,等.基于近似模型的拉延筋几何参数反求.中国机械工程. 2006, 17(19): 1988~1992
10.曾娟.杯形件拉深工艺过程中变形区的应力应变分析.长沙航空职业技术学院院报. 2009, 9(2): 50~54
11.徐胜利,侯会喜.底面为椭球直筒件深拉延工艺参数分析与模具设计.锻压装备与制造技术. 2008, (3): 54~55
12.刘兆红.薄壁深孔锥形件成形工艺及模具.模具工业. 1997, (6): 20~22
13.余成辉,聂兰启,王国林,卢洪德.高精度锥形件冲压工艺及模具设计.模具制造. 2009, (12): 18~21
14. Zhao Dong-xu, Tang Yu-jia, Chen Xiao-bin, Hu Ping, Han Ying-chun. Numerical Simulation by Using High-strength Blanks in the Multi-stage Stamping Process. Journal of Ji lin University, Engineering and Technology Edition. 2006, 36(7): 97~101
15. S.S.Kang, D.H.Park. Application of Computer-aided Process Planning System for Non-axisymmetric Deep Drawing Porducts. Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology. 2002, 124: 36~48
16. K.Nakamura, T.Nakagawa, H. Amino. Various Application of Hydraulic Counter Pressure Deep Drawing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1997, 71(1): 160~167
17. D. Schmoeckel, C. Hielscher, R. Huber, M. Geiger. Metal Forming of Tubes and Sheets with Liquid and Other Flexible Media. Annals of the CIRP, 1999, 48(2): 497~512
18. L. H. Lang, J. Danckert, K.B. Nielsen. Analysis of Key Parameters in Sheet Hydroforming Combined with Stretching Forming and Deep Drawing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B-Journal of Engineering Manufacture, August 2004, 218(8): 845~856
19. J. F. Anderson. Shape Accuracy and Parameters Influencing the Shape Accuracy Using Conventional and Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing. IDDRG’94-Lisbon. May 16-17, 1994: 545~552
20. Kang Dachang, Chen Yu, Xu Yongchao. Hydromechanical deep drawing of superalloy cups. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2005, 166(2): 243~246
21.黄珍媛,阮锋.基于有限元模拟的极限拉深系数优化.塑性工程学报. 2006, 113(11): 32~35
22.叶福民,肖学文,李靖谊,崔震.筒形件极限拉深系数数值模拟实验研究.模具工业. 2007, 33(9): 27~31
23. Tang S C. Computer Prediction of The Deformed Shape of A Draw Blank During The Binder-Wrap Stage. J.Appl.Metalworking. 1980, 1(3): 695~712
24. S. Novotny, P. Hein. Hydroforming of Sheet Pairs froming Aluminum Alloys. Proceedings of the SheMet’99. London, 1999, 9: 591~598
25. Bugang Teng, Shijian Yuan, Z.R.Wang. Effect of the Initial Structure on Hydro-Forming of Toroidal Shells. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2002, 123(1): 18~21
26. Mathias Liewald, Stefan Wagner. State-of-the-Art of Hydroforming Tubes and Sheets in Europe. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4-5, 2007: 19~26
27. S.J.Yuan,G.Liu, X.R.Huang, X.S.Wang, W.C.Xie, Z.R.Wang. Hydroforming of Typical Hollow Components. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2004,151(1-3): 203~207
28. Kee Joo Kim, Joo-Sung Kim, Byung-lk Choi, etal. Development of Automotive Rear Sub-frame by Hydroforming Process. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4-5, 2007: 46~51
29.春日保南.野崎德彦.压力润滑深绞り法.日本机械学会论文集, 24-146(1958), 728~731
30.佐藤方春.型费低减多种少量への对应で动きだした.液压成形加工づしス技术. 1981, 19(9): 56~65
31. A. Davidson. Forming Process. Handbook of Precision Engineering. 1971: 147.
32. H. Amino, K. Nakamura, T. Nakagawa. Counter-press Deep Drawing and Its Application in the Forming of Automobile Parts. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1990, 23: 243~265
33.西川敏治,罔市敏.压力潤滑深絞り法.塑性と加工. 1976, 17(188): 7
34. K. Nakamura. Sheet Metal Forming with Hydraulic Counter Pressure in Japan. Annals of the CIRP. 1987,36(1):191~194
35.中村和彦,中川威雄.対向液压を利用した周液压深絞り法.塑性と加工. 1985, 26(288): 73~80
36.片罔征二.振动液压深绞り加工にぉける振动条件ぉょび润滑油粘度の影响.轻金属, 1997, 48(2): 73~77
37.片罔征二.挥发性润滑油を用ぃたァルミニゥム合金板の振动液压深绞り加工.轻金属, 1998, 48, (2): 78~82
38.中村和彦. 1050ァルミニゥム板の温間対向液压深絞り特性.轻金属. 1997, 46(6): 323~328.
39. E.Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing. Sheet Metal Industried. March, 1967:182.
40. H.J.Becher,G. Bensman. Further Development in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing. Developments in the Drawing of Metal Society of London. 1983: 272~278
41. E. Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing.Sheet Metal Industried, 1966, 43: 787~794
42. E. Buerk. Hydromechanical Drawing. Sheet Metal Industried, March, 1967: 182
43. Klaus-Peter Hennig. Economical Aspects and Trends of the Hydroforming Technology. Tube Hydroforimg Technology, Proceedings of TUBEHYDRO 2007. Harbin, China, June 4~5, 2007: 11-18
44. H. M. Shang, S. Qin, C. J. Tay. Hydroforming Sheet Metal with Intermittent Changes in the Draw-in Condition of Flange. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 1997, 63(1-3): 72~76
45. N. Bay. Forming Limits in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing. Annals of the CIRP. 1994, 43(1): 253~256
46. S.H. Zhang, M.R. Jensen, K.B. Nielsen, J. Danckert, L.H. Lang, D.C. Kang. Effect of anisotropy and prebulging on hydromechanical. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2003, 142(2): 544~550
47.赵延生.充液变薄拉深工艺.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 1990. 1~5
48. L.H.Lang, D.C.Kang, S.H.Zhang, Z.R.Wang, S.J.Yuan, K.B.Nielsen, J.Danckert. Effects of Specified Blank Size on Body Wrinkling during Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing of Tapered Rectangular Case. Acta Metallurgica Sinica. 2000, 13(1): 476~480
49.唐景林.圆锥形零件充液拉深过程中的上限液池压力.机械工程学报, 2002, 38(2): 131~133
50.王仲仁,苑世剑,曾元松等.无模胀球的原理与研究发展.机械工程学报, 1999, 35(4): 64~66
51.刘志和,孙卫和.圆筒形件的液压反二次拉深.机械工人, 1994, 9: 1~3
52.孙卫和,刘志和,熊洪淼.液压二次反拉深破裂问题讨论.锻压技术, 1997, 4: 14~17
53.中存正美,中村和彦.对向液压深绞り品の侧壁に发生すろ波状模样とその抑制.塑性と加工, 1995, 36(416): 1033~1037
54. S. H. Zhang, L. X. Zhou, Z. T. Wang. Technology of Sheet Hydroforming with a Movable Female Die. Int. J. Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2003, 43: 781~785
55.陈擎宇,黎厚芳.自然增压对向液压拉延工艺.新技术新工艺, 1984, 5: 14~16
56. Ajay D.Yadav, M.S. Process Analysis And Design In Stamping And Sheet Hydroforming. the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. 2008. 115~128
57. LANG L H, DANCKERT J, NIELSEN K B. Investigation Into Sheet Hydroforming Based on Hydromechanical Deep Drawing With Uniform Pressure on the Blank. Proc instn Mech Engrs. 2004, 218: 833~844
58. KANG B S, SON B M, KIM J. A Comparative Study of Stamping And Hydroforming Processes For An Automobile Fuel Tank Using FEM. Inernational Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 2004, 44: 87~94
59.苑世剑.现代液压成形技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2009: 24~26
60. Chakrabarty J. A Theory of Stretch Forming Over Hemispherical Punch Heads. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1970, 12: 315~325
61. Woo D M. On The Complete Solution of The Deep-Drawing Problem. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 1968, 10: 89~94
62. Wang N M. Large Plastic Deformation of A Circular Sheet Caused By Punch Stretching. J. Appl. Mech. ASME. 1970, 37: 431~440
63. Guo, Y.Q., Batoz, J.L., Naceur, H., Bouabdallah, S., Recent developments on the analysis and optimum design of sheet metal forming parts using the simplified inverse approach.Computers and Structures 2000, 78(1): 133~148.