背向滑步推铅球技术之研究
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摘要
推铅球是一项速度力量性的投掷项目,以力量为基础,以速度为核心。铅球出手后的运动轨迹是一条非标准抛物线,它遵循斜抛运动的力学原理。根据斜抛运动方程S=V_0~2COSα/g[sinα+(Sin~2α+2gh/v_0~2)~(1/2)],我们知道影响铅球成绩的因素有三个:初速度(V_0)、出手角度(α)、出手高度(h)。其中尤以初速度为主导因素,因为它聚集了运动员整个技术动作对于器械的加速力量。因而在投掷过程中,如何提高铅球的初速度就成了技术的关键。
纵观铅球技术的演变,从最原始的垫步推铅球→侧向滑步推铅球→半背向滑步推铅球→背向滑步推铅球,一直到今天背向滑步与旋转式推铅球鼎立的局面。从中不难看出,提高出手初速度始终是推动铅球技术变革与发展的基本动因。基于这一点,铅球技术的发展趋势是:①加长铅球出手前的做功距离②提高滑步时铅球的移动速度。追溯铅球技术的发展史,可知70年代前是仿效与改进并存的单极化发展趋势,运动员铅球技术的仿效与改进是在不自觉地遵循了其发展与演变基本动因的力学原理。进入80年代以后,人们能够自觉而主动地使铅球技术更加符合其力学机制,并能够找出适合自身特点的铅球技术。这就是现代铅球技术既要符合其发展与演变的基本动因,又要能够找出适合运动员个性特点的技术特色。这是铅球技术发展的重要因素。
本文采用文献综述的方法,查阅了大量有关铅球发展史,技术特点及分析方面的资料,具体从七个方面探讨背向滑步推铅球技术及其发展趋势。
Shot putting is a throwing event, with strength as its base and speed as its core. The moving track of shot-putting is non standard aparadola, which follows the mechanics theory of oblique putting moving. According to this moving equation: S = Vo2COSa/g[sin α + (Sin~2α + 2gh/v_0~2)~(1/2)]. We know there are three factors which affect the score ofshot putting, They are the initial velocity (v_0), the throwing angle (a)and the height (h) of putting. Among those, v_0 is the most principal factor because it gathers all the accelerating strength that the athletic movement affects the shot. So how to improve the initial velocity becomes the key to the question during the process of shot putting. Skill evolution has changed from the most primitive padding shot putting into cross ranging sliding shot putting, then into the semiback -facing sliding shot putting and back-facing sliding shot putting, and now into the situation of back-facing sliding shot putting and the rotational shot putting exist tripatitely.From this change, we can easily see that initial velocity of increasing is always the principal reason which promotes the technological innovation and the improvement of shot putting. In this point, the trends of shot technique are lengthening the acting distance before you put the shot and improving the moving speed of sliding. Tracing to the improvement history of shot technique, we can see the trend was single, that is to say, the imatition and the improvement mixed and existed together before 1970s. And the imatition and the improvement of the spotsman's shot technique followed its mechanics unconscientionsly. In 1980s, the sportsman could make the theory shot technique conform to its mechanism more initiatively. They also find the suitable shot conscientionsly and technique which suits to themselves. In this way, shot technique should not only conform to the principal reason of its improvement and evolution but also find the suitable technique which comes with the sportsman's individual character. These are important factors which affect the improvement of shot technique.This article using documentations and synthiesis methods, with the help of
substantial related references access to informations about the history and the technical characteristics of shot putting specific explored the back-putting is a demand of the shot putting in seven aspect.
纵观铅球技术的演变,从最原始的垫步推铅球→侧向滑步推铅球→半背向滑步推铅球→背向滑步推铅球,一直到今天背向滑步与旋转式推铅球鼎立的局面。从中不难看出,提高出手初速度始终是推动铅球技术变革与发展的基本动因。基于这一点,铅球技术的发展趋势是:①加长铅球出手前的做功距离②提高滑步时铅球的移动速度。追溯铅球技术的发展史,可知70年代前是仿效与改进并存的单极化发展趋势,运动员铅球技术的仿效与改进是在不自觉地遵循了其发展与演变基本动因的力学原理。进入80年代以后,人们能够自觉而主动地使铅球技术更加符合其力学机制,并能够找出适合自身特点的铅球技术。这就是现代铅球技术既要符合其发展与演变的基本动因,又要能够找出适合运动员个性特点的技术特色。这是铅球技术发展的重要因素。
本文采用文献综述的方法,查阅了大量有关铅球发展史,技术特点及分析方面的资料,具体从七个方面探讨背向滑步推铅球技术及其发展趋势。
Shot putting is a throwing event, with strength as its base and speed as its core. The moving track of shot-putting is non standard aparadola, which follows the mechanics theory of oblique putting moving. According to this moving equation: S = Vo2COSa/g[sin α + (Sin~2α + 2gh/v_0~2)~(1/2)]. We know there are three factors which affect the score ofshot putting, They are the initial velocity (v_0), the throwing angle (a)and the height (h) of putting. Among those, v_0 is the most principal factor because it gathers all the accelerating strength that the athletic movement affects the shot. So how to improve the initial velocity becomes the key to the question during the process of shot putting. Skill evolution has changed from the most primitive padding shot putting into cross ranging sliding shot putting, then into the semiback -facing sliding shot putting and back-facing sliding shot putting, and now into the situation of back-facing sliding shot putting and the rotational shot putting exist tripatitely.From this change, we can easily see that initial velocity of increasing is always the principal reason which promotes the technological innovation and the improvement of shot putting. In this point, the trends of shot technique are lengthening the acting distance before you put the shot and improving the moving speed of sliding. Tracing to the improvement history of shot technique, we can see the trend was single, that is to say, the imatition and the improvement mixed and existed together before 1970s. And the imatition and the improvement of the spotsman's shot technique followed its mechanics unconscientionsly. In 1980s, the sportsman could make the theory shot technique conform to its mechanism more initiatively. They also find the suitable shot conscientionsly and technique which suits to themselves. In this way, shot technique should not only conform to the principal reason of its improvement and evolution but also find the suitable technique which comes with the sportsman's individual character. These are important factors which affect the improvement of shot technique.This article using documentations and synthiesis methods, with the help of
substantial related references access to informations about the history and the technical characteristics of shot putting specific explored the back-putting is a demand of the shot putting in seven aspect.
引文
[1] 朱照宣等.理论力学.北京大学出版社,1992.
[2] 体育院校教材.运动生物力学.人民体育出版社,1995.
[3] 马和中.生物力学导论.北京航空大学出版社,1986.
[4] 吴庆林.从铅球运动史看铅球运动发展的新趋势.
[5] 李建臣.从铅球技术发展与演变的基本动因论我国运动员技术类型的选择性.田径指导,第六卷.
[6] 崇秀云等.铅球技术的发展与回顾.田径,1984(2):28-30.
[7] 张英波.旋转推铅球技术特点及其与背向滑步推铅球技术生物力学参数对照.田径,1994(4).
[8] 徐忠芳等.论推铅球技术特点的变革与发展,田径科技信息,1993(3).
[9] 汤姆·埃西克.滑步与旋转推铅球技术之比较,体育译文,1978(25),8-10.
[10] E·拉祖马斯基.推铅球技术分析与发展远景,辽宁体育科技,1981(4):21-22.
[11] 两种铅球投掷技术模式的比较.田径指南十二卷,28-33.
[12] 汤姆斯.投掷运动的生物力学分析,体育译文工团,1980(4):73-76 82-83.
[13] 张为析.背向滑步推铅球最后用力时非投掷臂动作分析[J].天津体育学院学报,1988(2):72.
[14] 苏品.运动生物力学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1994:320-326.
[15] 许耀球等.田径运动生物力学[M].北京:航天大学出版社,1990:243-258.
[16] 文超.田径高级教程[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1996:487-500.
[17] 文超.田径(下)[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1993:226-308.
[18] 黄建文.背向侧蹬滑步推铅球生物力学分析.淮北煤师院学报,2001,(22):69-71.
[19] 张健等.对背向推铅球最后用力过程中躯干三维运动的生物力学分析研究.中国体育科技.1998.5(34):38-41.
[20] 郭进、郭秋亚.用17个主要技术标准检查传统背向滑步推铅球技术[J].田径指南,1995.(7):7-10.
[21] 运动生物力学编写组,运动生物力学(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社1998:127-135,184-202.
[22] 郭俊清等.铅球、铁饼、标枪运动肌肉工作情况的研究。哈尔滨体育学院学报, 1995.
[23] 运动生理学[M].北京.人民体育出版社,2002,34-48.
[24] 曹蓉.推铅球技术的演变及其发展趋向.成都体育学院学报,1979(2):17-20.
[25] 格里卡尔卡.推铅球技术的现状与前景,田径1981(3):33-37.
[26] 田峰编译.两种铅球投掷技术模式的比较研究,田径指南十二卷(4),28-33.
[27] 查尔士·威尔金逊,背向投掷还是旋转投掷?体育译文1976(10):1-20.
[28] 魏冰.李庶鸿.旋转推、滑步推,谁主沉浮?田径指南,1998(3):23-27.
[29] 许红峰.现代铅球投掷技术的发展方向,体育教学与研究,1990(2):56-59.
[30] 刘桂明.试析推铅球最后用力时左腿动作过程及其作用原理[J].山东体育科技,1995(4):19-21.
[31] 郭长征.铅球技术中左腿工作过程的作用[J].体育研究,1996,(1):25-26.
[2] 体育院校教材.运动生物力学.人民体育出版社,1995.
[3] 马和中.生物力学导论.北京航空大学出版社,1986.
[4] 吴庆林.从铅球运动史看铅球运动发展的新趋势.
[5] 李建臣.从铅球技术发展与演变的基本动因论我国运动员技术类型的选择性.田径指导,第六卷.
[6] 崇秀云等.铅球技术的发展与回顾.田径,1984(2):28-30.
[7] 张英波.旋转推铅球技术特点及其与背向滑步推铅球技术生物力学参数对照.田径,1994(4).
[8] 徐忠芳等.论推铅球技术特点的变革与发展,田径科技信息,1993(3).
[9] 汤姆·埃西克.滑步与旋转推铅球技术之比较,体育译文,1978(25),8-10.
[10] E·拉祖马斯基.推铅球技术分析与发展远景,辽宁体育科技,1981(4):21-22.
[11] 两种铅球投掷技术模式的比较.田径指南十二卷,28-33.
[12] 汤姆斯.投掷运动的生物力学分析,体育译文工团,1980(4):73-76 82-83.
[13] 张为析.背向滑步推铅球最后用力时非投掷臂动作分析[J].天津体育学院学报,1988(2):72.
[14] 苏品.运动生物力学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1994:320-326.
[15] 许耀球等.田径运动生物力学[M].北京:航天大学出版社,1990:243-258.
[16] 文超.田径高级教程[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1996:487-500.
[17] 文超.田径(下)[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1993:226-308.
[18] 黄建文.背向侧蹬滑步推铅球生物力学分析.淮北煤师院学报,2001,(22):69-71.
[19] 张健等.对背向推铅球最后用力过程中躯干三维运动的生物力学分析研究.中国体育科技.1998.5(34):38-41.
[20] 郭进、郭秋亚.用17个主要技术标准检查传统背向滑步推铅球技术[J].田径指南,1995.(7):7-10.
[21] 运动生物力学编写组,运动生物力学(第二版)[M].高等教育出版社1998:127-135,184-202.
[22] 郭俊清等.铅球、铁饼、标枪运动肌肉工作情况的研究。哈尔滨体育学院学报, 1995.
[23] 运动生理学[M].北京.人民体育出版社,2002,34-48.
[24] 曹蓉.推铅球技术的演变及其发展趋向.成都体育学院学报,1979(2):17-20.
[25] 格里卡尔卡.推铅球技术的现状与前景,田径1981(3):33-37.
[26] 田峰编译.两种铅球投掷技术模式的比较研究,田径指南十二卷(4),28-33.
[27] 查尔士·威尔金逊,背向投掷还是旋转投掷?体育译文1976(10):1-20.
[28] 魏冰.李庶鸿.旋转推、滑步推,谁主沉浮?田径指南,1998(3):23-27.
[29] 许红峰.现代铅球投掷技术的发展方向,体育教学与研究,1990(2):56-59.
[30] 刘桂明.试析推铅球最后用力时左腿动作过程及其作用原理[J].山东体育科技,1995(4):19-21.
[31] 郭长征.铅球技术中左腿工作过程的作用[J].体育研究,1996,(1):25-26.