城市道路网络结构分析及其对交通流的影响研究
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摘要
城市交通网络是一个城市的骨架,是城市中一切社会经济活动的载体,也是保障城市繁荣发展的主要支撑条件。然而,日益严重的交通问题不仅影响了城市的经济建设和运行效率,而且给人们的工作和生活带来了许多不便和损害。解决交通问题已经成为保障城市可持续发展的当务之急。众所周知,城市交通系统是一个典型的、开放的、复杂的巨系统。它的复杂性不仅表现在交通网络的多层次、多样性、规模巨大、结构复杂等方面,更加体现在各种交通现象的动态性、不确定性、自适应性等方面,造成交通运行规律极其复杂。因此,针对这样一个复杂巨系统,缓解城市交通问题、构建和谐交通体系、保证城市功能的正常运行,需要采用系统科学的原理、多学科交叉的理论体系以及复杂系统的研究方法,对城市交通问题的复杂性展开深入的理论和应用研究。
近几年发展起来的复杂网络理论为复杂系统研究提供了新视角、新方法。小世界网络和无标度网络的科学发现掀起了网络科学的新革命,引发了众多学科对复杂网络的研究热潮。复杂网络的结构特性及其动力学特性是复杂网络理论的两个核心问题。网络结构决定功能,反过来,网络功能又影响网络结构的演化。城市交通网络是一个典型的复杂网络。采用复杂网络的理论方法,分析交通网络拓扑结构的复杂性,是研究交通网络复杂性的基础。通过研究网络结构,进一步找出网络内部元素的作用力以及对外部作用的驱动力,从宏观上理解交通网络内部功能运行的机理和规律,有助于缓解和预防城市交通拥堵,科学合理规划城市时空结构,防备交通网络遭遇攻击和破坏,提高交通网络的可靠性。鉴于此,本论文将复杂网络理论与交通流理论相结合,从交通网络结构复杂性及可靠性、交通网络的时空复杂性、交通网络结构对交通流影响这三个方面进行了研究分析。具体来讲,本论文的主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)采用复杂网络理论方法,对两种不同布局形态的道路网络结构复杂性进行实证研究。在此基础上,对两种结构的道路网络进行不同破坏方式的模拟实验,分析比较了两种结构的可靠性。
(2)根据交通流在相邻路段上交互影响的特点,提出了一种基于交通流的道路网络建模方法。在现有时空相关性指数的基础上提出了一种基于邻接关系的局部时空自相关指数。进而,构建了基于交通流的道路网络模型,并从全局和局部角度对道路网络的时空复杂性进行了研究分析。
(3)结合复杂网络理论与交通流理论,采用元胞传输模型,对交通需求、网络结构指数、交通流状态参数三者之间的关系进行了研究,分析比较了不同结构道路网络的交通承载能力。
(4)采用元胞传输模型,研究了两种不同布局形态道路网络中交通瓶颈路段的时空特性,包括交通瓶颈路段规模变化、拥堵时长、速度变化等情况。进一步分析了这些瓶颈路段在整个路网中所处的结构地位,并根据瓶颈路段找出路网中的瓶颈交叉路口。
(5)采用时空相关性的理论方法,针对四种不同拓扑结构的网络：随机网络、规则网络、小世界网络和无标度网络,从全局角度研究分析了道路网络的时空相关特性。
上述研究工作为揭示交通流的运行机理、发现交通拥堵规律、指导道路规划设计、制定交通管理政策等提供参考和帮助。最后,总结了本论文的研究成果,并展望了该方向进一步研究的若干问题。
Urban traffic network, which is regarded as a skeleton of a city, is not only a carrier of social and economic activity, but also the main supporting condition of the city development. However, ever-worsening traffic problems on the one hand have an effect on the economic construction and the operating efficiency of the city; on the other hand do great harm to people's daily life and work. Therefore, traffic problems have become an urgent matter of the urban sustainable development. It is well known that the urban traffic system is classic, exoteric and complex. Its complexity is embodied not only in the multilevel, variety, large scale and complex structure of the traffic network, but also in dynamic, uncertainty and self-adaption of various traffic phenomenons which make traffic regular pattern extremely complicated. Facing to such a complex huge system, it is necessary to develop in-depth theoretical and applied research on urban traffic problem with the principle of system sciences, interdisciplinary theoretical system and complex system methods. In this way, it is also very dedicated to alleviate traffic problems, build a harmonious transportation system and maintain the normal operation of urban function.
In recent years, complex networks theory provides a new viewpoint and method for studying the complex system. The findings of small-world network and scale-free network raise a new revolution of network science, as attracted a great deal of study to complex network. The structure and dynamics of complex network have become two core problems of complex network theory. The network structure can decide the network function; conversely, the network function can influence the evolution of network structure. Urban traffic network is a typical complex network. It is a base research that involves the complexity of topological structure of urban traffic networks with complex network theory. Through the research on network structure, one can find out the inner acting force in the network and driving force to the external, interpret the mechanism and regular pattern of traffic network on a macro scale. These researches will be dedicated to the traffic congestion alleviation and prevention, the spatial-temporal structure planning of a city, disasters prevention and response, reliability improvement of road network. This thesis combines complex network theory with traffic flow theory, and concentrates on the complexity and reliability of traffic network structure, spatial-temporal complexity of traffic network and the influence of traffic network structure on traffic flow. The major contributions are as follows:
(1) Based on the complex network theory, the complex network characteristics of two different layout of traffic network are investigated and compared. On the basis, the destruction experiments are done by different methods and the reliability of the two different structures is also further analyzed.
(2) According to the interaction of the traffic flow on adjacent roads, a model of road network based on traffic flow is proposed. Then, a new local spatial-temporal autocorrelation coefficient based on adjacency is put forward on the basis of existing spatial-temporal autocorrelation coefficient. A road network model is constructed based on traffic flow. Finally, the spatial-temporal complexity of traffic network is analyzed at both the global and local levels.
(3) Combining complex network theory with traffic flow theory, the cell transmission model is used to find the relationship among traffic demand, network structure index and traffic flow state parameters. Then, the traffic carrying capacities in different network structures are further investigated.
(4) The spatial-temporal characteristics of the traffic bottleneck roads in two different road network layouts are researched by using the cell transmission model, which include the scale change, congestion duration and velocity change. Then, the structure characteristics of bottleneck roads are further analyzed. Furthermore, the bottleneck intersections are found according to the bottleneck roads.
(5) Aiming at four different topological structure networks (i.e. random network, regular network, small-world network and scale-free network), the spatial-temporal correlated characteristics are analyzed by using spatial-temporal correlation theory at a global level.
The above work will be dedicated to revealing the operation mechanism of traffic flow, finding the traffic congestion patterns, guiding the planning of road and establishing traffic management policy. Finally, this dissertation summarizes the new findings among the above investigations, and highlights some of valuable issues for further researches in the future.
近几年发展起来的复杂网络理论为复杂系统研究提供了新视角、新方法。小世界网络和无标度网络的科学发现掀起了网络科学的新革命,引发了众多学科对复杂网络的研究热潮。复杂网络的结构特性及其动力学特性是复杂网络理论的两个核心问题。网络结构决定功能,反过来,网络功能又影响网络结构的演化。城市交通网络是一个典型的复杂网络。采用复杂网络的理论方法,分析交通网络拓扑结构的复杂性,是研究交通网络复杂性的基础。通过研究网络结构,进一步找出网络内部元素的作用力以及对外部作用的驱动力,从宏观上理解交通网络内部功能运行的机理和规律,有助于缓解和预防城市交通拥堵,科学合理规划城市时空结构,防备交通网络遭遇攻击和破坏,提高交通网络的可靠性。鉴于此,本论文将复杂网络理论与交通流理论相结合,从交通网络结构复杂性及可靠性、交通网络的时空复杂性、交通网络结构对交通流影响这三个方面进行了研究分析。具体来讲,本论文的主要研究工作包括以下几个方面：
(1)采用复杂网络理论方法,对两种不同布局形态的道路网络结构复杂性进行实证研究。在此基础上,对两种结构的道路网络进行不同破坏方式的模拟实验,分析比较了两种结构的可靠性。
(2)根据交通流在相邻路段上交互影响的特点,提出了一种基于交通流的道路网络建模方法。在现有时空相关性指数的基础上提出了一种基于邻接关系的局部时空自相关指数。进而,构建了基于交通流的道路网络模型,并从全局和局部角度对道路网络的时空复杂性进行了研究分析。
(3)结合复杂网络理论与交通流理论,采用元胞传输模型,对交通需求、网络结构指数、交通流状态参数三者之间的关系进行了研究,分析比较了不同结构道路网络的交通承载能力。
(4)采用元胞传输模型,研究了两种不同布局形态道路网络中交通瓶颈路段的时空特性,包括交通瓶颈路段规模变化、拥堵时长、速度变化等情况。进一步分析了这些瓶颈路段在整个路网中所处的结构地位,并根据瓶颈路段找出路网中的瓶颈交叉路口。
(5)采用时空相关性的理论方法,针对四种不同拓扑结构的网络：随机网络、规则网络、小世界网络和无标度网络,从全局角度研究分析了道路网络的时空相关特性。
上述研究工作为揭示交通流的运行机理、发现交通拥堵规律、指导道路规划设计、制定交通管理政策等提供参考和帮助。最后,总结了本论文的研究成果,并展望了该方向进一步研究的若干问题。
Urban traffic network, which is regarded as a skeleton of a city, is not only a carrier of social and economic activity, but also the main supporting condition of the city development. However, ever-worsening traffic problems on the one hand have an effect on the economic construction and the operating efficiency of the city; on the other hand do great harm to people's daily life and work. Therefore, traffic problems have become an urgent matter of the urban sustainable development. It is well known that the urban traffic system is classic, exoteric and complex. Its complexity is embodied not only in the multilevel, variety, large scale and complex structure of the traffic network, but also in dynamic, uncertainty and self-adaption of various traffic phenomenons which make traffic regular pattern extremely complicated. Facing to such a complex huge system, it is necessary to develop in-depth theoretical and applied research on urban traffic problem with the principle of system sciences, interdisciplinary theoretical system and complex system methods. In this way, it is also very dedicated to alleviate traffic problems, build a harmonious transportation system and maintain the normal operation of urban function.
In recent years, complex networks theory provides a new viewpoint and method for studying the complex system. The findings of small-world network and scale-free network raise a new revolution of network science, as attracted a great deal of study to complex network. The structure and dynamics of complex network have become two core problems of complex network theory. The network structure can decide the network function; conversely, the network function can influence the evolution of network structure. Urban traffic network is a typical complex network. It is a base research that involves the complexity of topological structure of urban traffic networks with complex network theory. Through the research on network structure, one can find out the inner acting force in the network and driving force to the external, interpret the mechanism and regular pattern of traffic network on a macro scale. These researches will be dedicated to the traffic congestion alleviation and prevention, the spatial-temporal structure planning of a city, disasters prevention and response, reliability improvement of road network. This thesis combines complex network theory with traffic flow theory, and concentrates on the complexity and reliability of traffic network structure, spatial-temporal complexity of traffic network and the influence of traffic network structure on traffic flow. The major contributions are as follows:
(1) Based on the complex network theory, the complex network characteristics of two different layout of traffic network are investigated and compared. On the basis, the destruction experiments are done by different methods and the reliability of the two different structures is also further analyzed.
(2) According to the interaction of the traffic flow on adjacent roads, a model of road network based on traffic flow is proposed. Then, a new local spatial-temporal autocorrelation coefficient based on adjacency is put forward on the basis of existing spatial-temporal autocorrelation coefficient. A road network model is constructed based on traffic flow. Finally, the spatial-temporal complexity of traffic network is analyzed at both the global and local levels.
(3) Combining complex network theory with traffic flow theory, the cell transmission model is used to find the relationship among traffic demand, network structure index and traffic flow state parameters. Then, the traffic carrying capacities in different network structures are further investigated.
(4) The spatial-temporal characteristics of the traffic bottleneck roads in two different road network layouts are researched by using the cell transmission model, which include the scale change, congestion duration and velocity change. Then, the structure characteristics of bottleneck roads are further analyzed. Furthermore, the bottleneck intersections are found according to the bottleneck roads.
(5) Aiming at four different topological structure networks (i.e. random network, regular network, small-world network and scale-free network), the spatial-temporal correlated characteristics are analyzed by using spatial-temporal correlation theory at a global level.
The above work will be dedicated to revealing the operation mechanism of traffic flow, finding the traffic congestion patterns, guiding the planning of road and establishing traffic management policy. Finally, this dissertation summarizes the new findings among the above investigations, and highlights some of valuable issues for further researches in the future.
引文
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