影响茶树铝循环和茶叶品质因素的研究
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摘要
茶是主产于我国的重要无酒精饮料。茶叶化学成分和微量元素是茶叶品质的物质基础,是评价茶叶质量的关键特征。茶树是富铝的植物,经常喝较高铝含量的茶水易导致老年痴呆症,因而茶树对铝的吸收、累积以及铝对茶树的生物学效应的研究受到关注。土壤铝的生物有效性和毒性不仅与铝总量有关,更取决于铝的化学形态。酸雨是全球的重要生态环境问题,会导致土壤酸化,而土壤酸化可促进土壤铝释放,改变铝形态。因此,酸雨加重往往伴随着土壤可溶性Al的增加。不过,酸雨和可溶性A1增加对茶树铝循环及茶叶微量元素和化学成分的影响及其耦合关系仍知甚少。本文采用定位监测法研究了不同种植年限茶园土壤铝形态和茶树体内铝含量的分布格局,采用土壤培养和溶液培养法研究了模拟酸雨和不同水平铝供应对茶树铝循环、茶树矿质营养、生长发育、生理活动和茶叶主要化学品质的影响,并初步探讨了钙对茶树铝循环以及矿质元素和化学品质的调控作用,为合理评估酸雨加重和铝供应双重作用对茶树和茶叶品质的影响,以及构建生态高值茶园提供科学依据。主要结果如下：
为了解种植年限与土壤铝形态的关系以及茶树体铝的分布规律,以江西典型丘陵红壤区不同种植年限(荒地、10年以下、10-20年、20-30年、30-40年、40-50年)茶园为对象,研究不同0-20cm和20-40cm土壤的基本化学特性,土壤铝形态和茶树体不同组织铝分布格局及其相关性。结果表明：茶园土壤总铝、可提取态铝和各种形态铝含量总体均随种植年限延长而增加(P<0.05)。土壤交换态铝、有机结合态铝、无机吸附态铝含量占可提取态铝比例远低于铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物、腐殖酸铝,前三者之和低于可提取态铝总量的30%。茶叶铝含量随种植年限的延长而增加,与土壤交换态铝和有机结合态铝显著正相关,而与无机吸附态铝、铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物和腐殖酸铝相关性不显著。总体来看,交换态和有机结合态铝是茶树可吸收利用的主要有效态铝；随着种植年限的延长茶园铝生物地球化学循环强度和速率不断加强和加快。
采用盆栽试验,研究了模拟酸雨和铝添加对茶树铝吸收积累、茶叶主要化学品质及红壤土铝形态的影响。结果表明,铝添加增加根际和根外土壤交换态铝、有机结合态铝、无机吸附态铝、铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物的含量。酸雨增加根际和根外土壤交换态铝和有机结合态铝的含量,降低无机吸附态铝和铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物的含量。铝添加和酸雨对腐殖酸铝含量没有明显影响。铝添加增加茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收和积累。在低铝添加条件下,酸雨增强茶树对铝的吸收和积累,而在高铝添加条件下却抑制茶树对铝的吸收和积累。随着添加铝浓度的增加,茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素和氨基酸含量增加,在同一铝添加处理下,pH4.5的酸雨处理的茶叶以上化学品质高于pH3.0和pH6.0酸雨处理的。随着茶叶铝含量的增加,咖啡碱、儿茶素和氨基酸先增加后下降,而茶多酚和黄酮含量总体上增加。基于以上结果,我们推测适度的酸雨和适量的铝浓度有利于提高茶叶的化学品质。
为进一步了解酸雨和铝双重作用对茶叶化学品质的影响,采用溶液培养法,研究了模拟酸雨和铝浓度对茶叶主要化学品质的影响。结果表明,在模拟酸度范围内(pH3-5),茶叶茶多酚和咖啡碱含量随酸雨酸度增加先增加后下降,茶叶氨基酸、儿茶素和可溶性糖含量随酸度增加而下降,茶叶黄酮含量随酸度增加无显著差异；随着铝浓度的增加,茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素、黄酮和可溶性糖含量均为先增加后下降；模拟酸雨和铝浓度对茶叶茶多酚、儿茶素和黄酮含量具有显著交互作用,对咖啡碱、氨基酸和可溶性糖含量没有明显交互作用,高酸高铝显著抑制儿茶素含量(P<0.05)。综合来看,适度的酸度和适量的铝浓度有利于提高和稳定茶叶的品质。
以一年生福鼎大白茶实生苗为材料,研究了模拟酸雨和铝对茶树生长发育及光合生理的影响。结果表明,适量的铝促进茶树鲜重、干重、茎长、茎粗、根长和根体积的生长,提高茶树根系的活力和茶树叶片叶绿素a,a/b及叶绿素总量的含量,有利于光合作用(Pn)、蒸腾作用(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的提高。适度的酸雨提高茶树鲜重、干重、茎粗、茎长和根体积的生长,增强根系活力,提高叶绿素a,b和叶绿素总量的含量,增加茶树的Pn、 Tr、Gs和Ci。适量的铝和适度的酸雨有利于以上各测定生长指标的生长,提高根系活力,提高茶树叶绿素a,叶绿素b,叶绿素a/b和叶绿素总量的含量,有利于Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci的提高。过高的铝和过高的酸度不利于各测定生长指标的生长,抑制根系活力和降低叶绿素a,b,a/b及总量的含量。适量的铝和适度的酸雨增加叶绿体的体积、类囊体数量及其片层数量,过高的铝和过高的酸度破坏叶绿体结构,类囊体空泡化,外周膜系统解体。结果表明,适量的铝和适度酸度的酸雨有利于茶树的生长、根系活力、光合作用和叶绿体结构。酸雨和铝对茶树生长的影响可能与茶树根系活力及光合作用有关。酸雨和铝对茶树光合作用的影响可能通过影响气孔导度,叶绿素含量和叶绿体结构方面综合起作用。
采用盆栽方法,研究了模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响。结果表明,随着外源铝浓度的增加,茶树根、茎和叶中铝含量增加,在适度浓度外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨促进茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收与积累,高酸高铝则抑制茶树各器官中铝的积累。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对磷和铜的吸收与积累,促进茶树茎和叶对钾的吸收与积累,但对茶树根中钾含量没有明显的影响；外源铝抑制茶树根对钙、镁和锌的吸收与积累,但不影响它们在茶树中的运输,茎和叶中含量增加。模拟酸雨对茶树根和茎中磷含量没有明显影响,pH4.5的模拟酸雨有利于茶叶磷的积累。模拟酸雨对茶树根、茎和叶中铜、钾、钙、镁和锌含量没有明显的影响。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对铁的吸收与积累。在外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨明显降低茶树根、茎和叶中铁的含量。
以茶树实生苗为材料,研究了模拟酸雨和铝对茶树抗氧化酶及一些抗性指标的影响。结果表明,随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)先增加后下降。随着酸雨强度的增加,SOD、POD、CAT和APX增加。在高铝浓度(30mg/L)处理下,酸雨加居SOD、POD、CAT和APX的下降。与无铝处理相比,10mg/L铝浓度处理茶树叶片超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)和丙二醛(MDA)含量没有明显差异,然而随着铝处理浓度的增加,他们的含量也增加。酸雨强度对茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA含量没有明显影响。酸雨加剧铝引起的茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA的积累。随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片脯氨酸含量增加,而酸雨对脯氨酸含量没有明显影响,但酸雨加剧铝对茶树叶片脯氨酸的积累。随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片可溶性糖含量先增加后下降。pH3.0的酸雨明显提高茶树叶片可溶性糖的含量。这些结果表明,茶树可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和一些渗透调节物质来增强对酸雨和低浓度铝的适应性和耐受能力。高浓度的铝(30mg/L)对茶树的生长具有伤害作用,酸雨加剧铝对茶树的伤害。
以福鼎大白一年生茶树扦插苗为材料,研究了钙在铝胁迫下茶树钙铝及其他矿质营养吸收积累及茶叶主要化学品质的影响,以期为提高茶叶品质和安全提供资料。结果表明：钙添加提高茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、黄酮、可溶性总糖和氨基酸的含量,特别是在高铝浓度(30mg/L)下提高的幅度更大。钙增加茶树对磷和钾的吸收和积累,对铁没有明显的影响；当铝浓度小于20mg/L时,钙降低茶树对铜的吸收和积累,但其仍高于对照组(无铝无钙处理组)；当铝浓度为30mg/L时钙对茶叶铜含量没有明显影响。钙降低茶树对镁和锌的吸收和积累,但其仍高于对照组。这些结果表明,在铝胁迫下,增加培养液中的钙并不会影响茶树对这些元素的利用。综合来看,在铝胁迫下,增加培养液中钙的浓度能够增加茶叶各测定品质指标的含量,降低茶叶中铝的含量,增加茶叶中钙的含量,而对其他矿质元素的利用没有不利影响。因此,在茶园适当增施钙可以提高茶叶的品质,降低茶叶中铝的含量,提高茶叶的安全性。
Tea is a no alcohol beverage planted mainly in our country. The contents of chemical ingredients and microelements in tea leaves are the material basis and key feature for measurement of tea qualities. Tea tree(Camellia sinensis) is a typical aluminum (Al) accumulator and has high Al content in tea leaves. Some researchers suggested that drinking tea containing high Al frequently may result in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the absorption and accumulation of tea plant on Al and the biological effects of A1on tea plant have aroused wide attention by researchers. The bioavailability and biotoxicity of A1to plant is not only dependent on its amounts but also its chemical forms. Acid rain is one of the important environmental problems in our country and even all of the world and it can result in soil acidification. Soil acidification can promote soil Al release and change Al species. Therefore, the increase of acidity of acid rain often accompany with soil soluble Al increase. However, the effects of increase of acidity of acid rain and soluble Al on Al cycling of tea plant, the microelements and chemical ingredients of tea leaves and the coupling relationship between them are not clear. In order to provide information on estimating the combined effects of acid rain and aluminum on aluminum cycling of soil-tea plant system, the growth of tea plant and tea qualities and managing tea garden scientifically. In this study, the aluminum species in tea garden soils of different planting years and distribution pattern of aluminum in tea plant were investigated using position monitor. The effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum addition on the cycling of aluminum from tea garden soils to tea plant, the mineral nutrition, the growth and development and the physiological activities of tea plant and the main chemical qualities of tea leaves were studied in pot experiment and/or hydroculture experiment, and the effects of calcium on the aluminum cycling, mineral nutrition and chemical qualities were preliminary studied. the results were summarized as follows:
In order to understand the relationship between the planting years of tea garden farms and soil aluminum species and the distribition of aluminum in the plants, the soil physical and chemical property of tea garden, the distribution of soil aluminum species and the distribution of aluminum in different organs in tea plant and relationship between them were studied with typical tea gardens with different planting years in hilly red soil region. The results showed that total aluminum, extractable aluminum and different aluminum fraction contents in soil increased with the extension of planting years (P<0.05). Exchangeable aluminum, organic aluminum complexes and sorbed inorganic aluminum are lower than hydrous oxide and hydroxide aluminum and humic acid aluminum and the total of the former three account for less than30%of total extractable aluminum, leaf aluminum content also increased with the extension of planting years. The content of aluminum in tea leaves positivejy related the the exchangeable aluminum and organic aluminum complexes, while it has no obvious relation with the content of sorbed inorganic aluminum, hydrous oxide and hydroxide aluminum and humic acid aluminum. Thus, exchangeable aluminum and organic aluminum complexes was the main effective forms for tea plant. The biogeochemical cycles of aluminum in tea garden farm continuously strengthened and accelerated with the extension of plant years.
The effects of acid rain and Al addition on Al uptake and accumulation of tea plant, the main chemical quality of tea leaves and the changes of Al forms in red soils were investigated in pot experiments. Al addition increased exchangeable Al, organic Al complexes, sorbed inorganic Al and hydrous oxide and hydroxide Al content in rhizosphere and bulk soils except sorbed inorganic Al in bulk soils. Acid rain increased exchangeable Al and organic Al complexes, decreased sorbed inorganic Al and hydrous oxide and hydroxide Al either in rhizosphere or in bulk soils. However, humic acid Al showed no responses to Al addition and acid rain. Al addition increased Al assimilation and accumulation in tea roots. shoots and leaves. Al assimilation and accumulation were promoted by acid rain at lower Al addition, while inhibited at higher Al addition. The content of tea polyphenol, caffeine, catechin and amino acid increased with the increasing Al addition, while were higher at pH4.5than pH3.0and/or pH6.0acid rain condition within each Al addition. The contents of caffeine, catechin and amino acid in tea leaves were the highest with leaf Al content among7～8mg/g, while the tea polyphenol and flavone generally increased with increasing Al in tea leaves from2to11mg/g. Based on these results, we speculated that moderated acidity of acid rain and suitable Al addition wound be helpful to increase the tea chemical qualities.
The main chemical qualities of tea leaves were further studied in solution culture with different pH of acid rain and contents of A1addition. The results showed that the contents of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased afterwards, and the contents of amino acid, catechin and soluble sugar decreased with increasing acidity, while the flavonoid content showed no difference. With the increasing Al concentrations in solution, the contents of tea polyphenols, caffeine, amino acid, catechin, flavonoid and soluble sugar in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased afterwards. Simulated acid rain and Al addition had significant interactive effects on polyphenols, catechin and flavones, while no interaction on caffeine, soluble sugar and amino acid. The catechin content in tea leaves was inhibited by highest pH and Al concentration in solution. All these results indicated that the moderate acidity and Al content in solution were advantaged to improve tea qualities.
The effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum on the growth and development and photosynthesis physiology of tea plants were studied with tea seedlings of variety fudingdabai in a hydroculture experiment. The results showed that suitable aluminum increased the fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, shoot diameter, root length and root volume, promoted root activities and chlorophyll a, a/b and the total of chlorophyll content and increased photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2concentration of tea leaves. Suitable acidity of acid rain increased fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, shoot diameter and root volume, promoted root activities, chlorophyll a, b and total of chlorophyll and Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci. Suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain were benefical to the increase of each index measured, promoted root activities, chlorophyll a, b, a/b and the total of chlorophyll, Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci, while higher aluminum and acidity of acid rain were harm to the increase of each index measured, inhibited root activities, and decreased chlorophyll a. b, a/b and the total of chlorophyll. Suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain increased chloroplast volume, quantity of thylakoid and its lamellar, while higher aluminum and acidity of acid rain destroyed the structure of chloroplast with thylakoid vacuolized and membrane completely broken. The results suggested that suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain were beneficial to the growth of tea plant, the activity of tea roots, the photosynthesis of tea leaves and the chloroplasts structure and chlorophyll. The effects of aluminum and acid rain on the growth of tea plant were related with activities of tea roots and photosynthesis. The photosynthesis of tea plant may be affected by the overall effects of stamotal conductance, chlorophyll content and chloroplast structure.
The aluminum and some nutrition elements in tea plant were measured in pot experiment with different pH of acid rain and contents of exogenous Al treatment. The results showed that the content of aluminum in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant increased with increasing aluminum treatment. Acid rain increased aluminum accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant under suitable aluminum treatment, while the simulated acid rain at high acidity and the aluminum at high concentration inhibited aluminum accumulation in tea plant. Exogenous aluminum promoted P and Cu accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant and K accumulation in shoots and leaves, while had no obvious effects on K in roots of tea plant. Exogenous aluminum inhibited Ca, Mg, Zn accumulation in roots of tea plant, and had no obvious effect on their translocation in tea plant, thus these element increased in the shoots and leaves of tea plant. Simulated acid rain had no apparent effects on P in roots and shoots, while simulated acid rain at pH4.5increased P accumulation in tea leaves. Simulated acid rain had no apparent effects on Cu, K, Ca, Mg and Zn content in tea plant. Exogenous aluminum promoted Fe accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves. Under exogenous aluminum treatment, simulated acid rain obviously decreased Fe content in roots, shoots and leaves.
The physiological characteristics effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum on tea plants were studied in a hydroponic experiment with three pH levels of3.0,4.0and5.0and four aluminum degree of0,10,20and30mg/L. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased later with increasing Al concentration and increased with increasing acidity of acid rain. At higher Al concentration, the decrease of SOD, POD, CAT and APX caused by Al were intensified by acid rain. The superoxide anion radical (O2-) generation rate and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in tea leaves treated with10mg/L A1showed no difference compared with that without Al treatment, and than increased with increasing Al concentration. O2-generation rate and MDA content in tea leaves was not affected by acid rain. The increases of them caused by Al were intensified by acid rain at high Al concentration. Proline content in tea leaves increased with increasing A1concentration and was not affected by acid rain. The accumulation of proline in tea leaves caused by A1was intensified by acid rain. The soluble sugar in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased later with increasing A1concentration. Acid rain at pH3.0significantly increased soluble sugar content in tea leaves. These results suggested that Tea plant can adapt to acid rain and lower Al contentration by strengthening antioxidase activities and increasing osmoregulation substance. However, higher A1concentration are harmful to growth of tea plant and the harm of tea plant caused by Al are aggravated by acid rain.
In order to provide information on improving the qualities and security of tea leaves, the effects of Ca addition on uptake and accumulation of Ca, Al and other mineral nutrition of tea plants and main chemical qualities of tea leaves were studied with one-year cutting seedlings of varity fudingdabai. The results showed that Ca addition increased tea polyphenol, caffeine, catechin, flavone, total sugar and amino acid contents of tea leaves under the treatment without Al or with different levels of Al addition. Ca addition decreased Al uptake and accumulation of tea plant, but increased Ca uptake and accumulation. Ca addition increased uptake and accumulation of P and K and had no effects on Fe uptake and accumulation of tea plant. Ca decreased uptake and accumulation of Cu when Al concentration were lower than20mg/L, while had no effects on that when Al concentration were30mg/L. Ca decreased the uptake and accumulation of Mg and Zn of tea plant. While Cu, Mg and Zn content of tea plant treated with Ca are not less than that of control (no aluminum and normal calcium). These results suggested that Ca addition had no evident effects on the use of these elements for tea plant under Al stress. Taken together, suitable Ca can increased these chemical qualities of tea leaves determined in this paper, decreased Al content and increased Ca content of tea leaves, and had no effects on other mineral nutrition for use of tea plants. Thus, application of Ca in tea garden can increase qualities of tea leaves, increase Ca and decrease Al content of tea leaves, and increase security of tea.
为了解种植年限与土壤铝形态的关系以及茶树体铝的分布规律,以江西典型丘陵红壤区不同种植年限(荒地、10年以下、10-20年、20-30年、30-40年、40-50年)茶园为对象,研究不同0-20cm和20-40cm土壤的基本化学特性,土壤铝形态和茶树体不同组织铝分布格局及其相关性。结果表明：茶园土壤总铝、可提取态铝和各种形态铝含量总体均随种植年限延长而增加(P<0.05)。土壤交换态铝、有机结合态铝、无机吸附态铝含量占可提取态铝比例远低于铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物、腐殖酸铝,前三者之和低于可提取态铝总量的30%。茶叶铝含量随种植年限的延长而增加,与土壤交换态铝和有机结合态铝显著正相关,而与无机吸附态铝、铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物和腐殖酸铝相关性不显著。总体来看,交换态和有机结合态铝是茶树可吸收利用的主要有效态铝；随着种植年限的延长茶园铝生物地球化学循环强度和速率不断加强和加快。
采用盆栽试验,研究了模拟酸雨和铝添加对茶树铝吸收积累、茶叶主要化学品质及红壤土铝形态的影响。结果表明,铝添加增加根际和根外土壤交换态铝、有机结合态铝、无机吸附态铝、铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物的含量。酸雨增加根际和根外土壤交换态铝和有机结合态铝的含量,降低无机吸附态铝和铝的水合氧化物和氢氧化物的含量。铝添加和酸雨对腐殖酸铝含量没有明显影响。铝添加增加茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收和积累。在低铝添加条件下,酸雨增强茶树对铝的吸收和积累,而在高铝添加条件下却抑制茶树对铝的吸收和积累。随着添加铝浓度的增加,茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素和氨基酸含量增加,在同一铝添加处理下,pH4.5的酸雨处理的茶叶以上化学品质高于pH3.0和pH6.0酸雨处理的。随着茶叶铝含量的增加,咖啡碱、儿茶素和氨基酸先增加后下降,而茶多酚和黄酮含量总体上增加。基于以上结果,我们推测适度的酸雨和适量的铝浓度有利于提高茶叶的化学品质。
为进一步了解酸雨和铝双重作用对茶叶化学品质的影响,采用溶液培养法,研究了模拟酸雨和铝浓度对茶叶主要化学品质的影响。结果表明,在模拟酸度范围内(pH3-5),茶叶茶多酚和咖啡碱含量随酸雨酸度增加先增加后下降,茶叶氨基酸、儿茶素和可溶性糖含量随酸度增加而下降,茶叶黄酮含量随酸度增加无显著差异；随着铝浓度的增加,茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素、黄酮和可溶性糖含量均为先增加后下降；模拟酸雨和铝浓度对茶叶茶多酚、儿茶素和黄酮含量具有显著交互作用,对咖啡碱、氨基酸和可溶性糖含量没有明显交互作用,高酸高铝显著抑制儿茶素含量(P<0.05)。综合来看,适度的酸度和适量的铝浓度有利于提高和稳定茶叶的品质。
以一年生福鼎大白茶实生苗为材料,研究了模拟酸雨和铝对茶树生长发育及光合生理的影响。结果表明,适量的铝促进茶树鲜重、干重、茎长、茎粗、根长和根体积的生长,提高茶树根系的活力和茶树叶片叶绿素a,a/b及叶绿素总量的含量,有利于光合作用(Pn)、蒸腾作用(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的提高。适度的酸雨提高茶树鲜重、干重、茎粗、茎长和根体积的生长,增强根系活力,提高叶绿素a,b和叶绿素总量的含量,增加茶树的Pn、 Tr、Gs和Ci。适量的铝和适度的酸雨有利于以上各测定生长指标的生长,提高根系活力,提高茶树叶绿素a,叶绿素b,叶绿素a/b和叶绿素总量的含量,有利于Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci的提高。过高的铝和过高的酸度不利于各测定生长指标的生长,抑制根系活力和降低叶绿素a,b,a/b及总量的含量。适量的铝和适度的酸雨增加叶绿体的体积、类囊体数量及其片层数量,过高的铝和过高的酸度破坏叶绿体结构,类囊体空泡化,外周膜系统解体。结果表明,适量的铝和适度酸度的酸雨有利于茶树的生长、根系活力、光合作用和叶绿体结构。酸雨和铝对茶树生长的影响可能与茶树根系活力及光合作用有关。酸雨和铝对茶树光合作用的影响可能通过影响气孔导度,叶绿素含量和叶绿体结构方面综合起作用。
采用盆栽方法,研究了模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响。结果表明,随着外源铝浓度的增加,茶树根、茎和叶中铝含量增加,在适度浓度外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨促进茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收与积累,高酸高铝则抑制茶树各器官中铝的积累。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对磷和铜的吸收与积累,促进茶树茎和叶对钾的吸收与积累,但对茶树根中钾含量没有明显的影响；外源铝抑制茶树根对钙、镁和锌的吸收与积累,但不影响它们在茶树中的运输,茎和叶中含量增加。模拟酸雨对茶树根和茎中磷含量没有明显影响,pH4.5的模拟酸雨有利于茶叶磷的积累。模拟酸雨对茶树根、茎和叶中铜、钾、钙、镁和锌含量没有明显的影响。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对铁的吸收与积累。在外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨明显降低茶树根、茎和叶中铁的含量。
以茶树实生苗为材料,研究了模拟酸雨和铝对茶树抗氧化酶及一些抗性指标的影响。结果表明,随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)先增加后下降。随着酸雨强度的增加,SOD、POD、CAT和APX增加。在高铝浓度(30mg/L)处理下,酸雨加居SOD、POD、CAT和APX的下降。与无铝处理相比,10mg/L铝浓度处理茶树叶片超氧阴离子产生速率(O2-)和丙二醛(MDA)含量没有明显差异,然而随着铝处理浓度的增加,他们的含量也增加。酸雨强度对茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA含量没有明显影响。酸雨加剧铝引起的茶树叶片O2-产生速率和MDA的积累。随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片脯氨酸含量增加,而酸雨对脯氨酸含量没有明显影响,但酸雨加剧铝对茶树叶片脯氨酸的积累。随着铝处理浓度的增加,茶树叶片可溶性糖含量先增加后下降。pH3.0的酸雨明显提高茶树叶片可溶性糖的含量。这些结果表明,茶树可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和一些渗透调节物质来增强对酸雨和低浓度铝的适应性和耐受能力。高浓度的铝(30mg/L)对茶树的生长具有伤害作用,酸雨加剧铝对茶树的伤害。
以福鼎大白一年生茶树扦插苗为材料,研究了钙在铝胁迫下茶树钙铝及其他矿质营养吸收积累及茶叶主要化学品质的影响,以期为提高茶叶品质和安全提供资料。结果表明：钙添加提高茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、黄酮、可溶性总糖和氨基酸的含量,特别是在高铝浓度(30mg/L)下提高的幅度更大。钙增加茶树对磷和钾的吸收和积累,对铁没有明显的影响；当铝浓度小于20mg/L时,钙降低茶树对铜的吸收和积累,但其仍高于对照组(无铝无钙处理组)；当铝浓度为30mg/L时钙对茶叶铜含量没有明显影响。钙降低茶树对镁和锌的吸收和积累,但其仍高于对照组。这些结果表明,在铝胁迫下,增加培养液中的钙并不会影响茶树对这些元素的利用。综合来看,在铝胁迫下,增加培养液中钙的浓度能够增加茶叶各测定品质指标的含量,降低茶叶中铝的含量,增加茶叶中钙的含量,而对其他矿质元素的利用没有不利影响。因此,在茶园适当增施钙可以提高茶叶的品质,降低茶叶中铝的含量,提高茶叶的安全性。
Tea is a no alcohol beverage planted mainly in our country. The contents of chemical ingredients and microelements in tea leaves are the material basis and key feature for measurement of tea qualities. Tea tree(Camellia sinensis) is a typical aluminum (Al) accumulator and has high Al content in tea leaves. Some researchers suggested that drinking tea containing high Al frequently may result in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the absorption and accumulation of tea plant on Al and the biological effects of A1on tea plant have aroused wide attention by researchers. The bioavailability and biotoxicity of A1to plant is not only dependent on its amounts but also its chemical forms. Acid rain is one of the important environmental problems in our country and even all of the world and it can result in soil acidification. Soil acidification can promote soil Al release and change Al species. Therefore, the increase of acidity of acid rain often accompany with soil soluble Al increase. However, the effects of increase of acidity of acid rain and soluble Al on Al cycling of tea plant, the microelements and chemical ingredients of tea leaves and the coupling relationship between them are not clear. In order to provide information on estimating the combined effects of acid rain and aluminum on aluminum cycling of soil-tea plant system, the growth of tea plant and tea qualities and managing tea garden scientifically. In this study, the aluminum species in tea garden soils of different planting years and distribution pattern of aluminum in tea plant were investigated using position monitor. The effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum addition on the cycling of aluminum from tea garden soils to tea plant, the mineral nutrition, the growth and development and the physiological activities of tea plant and the main chemical qualities of tea leaves were studied in pot experiment and/or hydroculture experiment, and the effects of calcium on the aluminum cycling, mineral nutrition and chemical qualities were preliminary studied. the results were summarized as follows:
In order to understand the relationship between the planting years of tea garden farms and soil aluminum species and the distribition of aluminum in the plants, the soil physical and chemical property of tea garden, the distribution of soil aluminum species and the distribution of aluminum in different organs in tea plant and relationship between them were studied with typical tea gardens with different planting years in hilly red soil region. The results showed that total aluminum, extractable aluminum and different aluminum fraction contents in soil increased with the extension of planting years (P<0.05). Exchangeable aluminum, organic aluminum complexes and sorbed inorganic aluminum are lower than hydrous oxide and hydroxide aluminum and humic acid aluminum and the total of the former three account for less than30%of total extractable aluminum, leaf aluminum content also increased with the extension of planting years. The content of aluminum in tea leaves positivejy related the the exchangeable aluminum and organic aluminum complexes, while it has no obvious relation with the content of sorbed inorganic aluminum, hydrous oxide and hydroxide aluminum and humic acid aluminum. Thus, exchangeable aluminum and organic aluminum complexes was the main effective forms for tea plant. The biogeochemical cycles of aluminum in tea garden farm continuously strengthened and accelerated with the extension of plant years.
The effects of acid rain and Al addition on Al uptake and accumulation of tea plant, the main chemical quality of tea leaves and the changes of Al forms in red soils were investigated in pot experiments. Al addition increased exchangeable Al, organic Al complexes, sorbed inorganic Al and hydrous oxide and hydroxide Al content in rhizosphere and bulk soils except sorbed inorganic Al in bulk soils. Acid rain increased exchangeable Al and organic Al complexes, decreased sorbed inorganic Al and hydrous oxide and hydroxide Al either in rhizosphere or in bulk soils. However, humic acid Al showed no responses to Al addition and acid rain. Al addition increased Al assimilation and accumulation in tea roots. shoots and leaves. Al assimilation and accumulation were promoted by acid rain at lower Al addition, while inhibited at higher Al addition. The content of tea polyphenol, caffeine, catechin and amino acid increased with the increasing Al addition, while were higher at pH4.5than pH3.0and/or pH6.0acid rain condition within each Al addition. The contents of caffeine, catechin and amino acid in tea leaves were the highest with leaf Al content among7～8mg/g, while the tea polyphenol and flavone generally increased with increasing Al in tea leaves from2to11mg/g. Based on these results, we speculated that moderated acidity of acid rain and suitable Al addition wound be helpful to increase the tea chemical qualities.
The main chemical qualities of tea leaves were further studied in solution culture with different pH of acid rain and contents of A1addition. The results showed that the contents of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased afterwards, and the contents of amino acid, catechin and soluble sugar decreased with increasing acidity, while the flavonoid content showed no difference. With the increasing Al concentrations in solution, the contents of tea polyphenols, caffeine, amino acid, catechin, flavonoid and soluble sugar in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased afterwards. Simulated acid rain and Al addition had significant interactive effects on polyphenols, catechin and flavones, while no interaction on caffeine, soluble sugar and amino acid. The catechin content in tea leaves was inhibited by highest pH and Al concentration in solution. All these results indicated that the moderate acidity and Al content in solution were advantaged to improve tea qualities.
The effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum on the growth and development and photosynthesis physiology of tea plants were studied with tea seedlings of variety fudingdabai in a hydroculture experiment. The results showed that suitable aluminum increased the fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, shoot diameter, root length and root volume, promoted root activities and chlorophyll a, a/b and the total of chlorophyll content and increased photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2concentration of tea leaves. Suitable acidity of acid rain increased fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, shoot diameter and root volume, promoted root activities, chlorophyll a, b and total of chlorophyll and Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci. Suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain were benefical to the increase of each index measured, promoted root activities, chlorophyll a, b, a/b and the total of chlorophyll, Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci, while higher aluminum and acidity of acid rain were harm to the increase of each index measured, inhibited root activities, and decreased chlorophyll a. b, a/b and the total of chlorophyll. Suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain increased chloroplast volume, quantity of thylakoid and its lamellar, while higher aluminum and acidity of acid rain destroyed the structure of chloroplast with thylakoid vacuolized and membrane completely broken. The results suggested that suitable aluminum and moderate acidity of acid rain were beneficial to the growth of tea plant, the activity of tea roots, the photosynthesis of tea leaves and the chloroplasts structure and chlorophyll. The effects of aluminum and acid rain on the growth of tea plant were related with activities of tea roots and photosynthesis. The photosynthesis of tea plant may be affected by the overall effects of stamotal conductance, chlorophyll content and chloroplast structure.
The aluminum and some nutrition elements in tea plant were measured in pot experiment with different pH of acid rain and contents of exogenous Al treatment. The results showed that the content of aluminum in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant increased with increasing aluminum treatment. Acid rain increased aluminum accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant under suitable aluminum treatment, while the simulated acid rain at high acidity and the aluminum at high concentration inhibited aluminum accumulation in tea plant. Exogenous aluminum promoted P and Cu accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves of tea plant and K accumulation in shoots and leaves, while had no obvious effects on K in roots of tea plant. Exogenous aluminum inhibited Ca, Mg, Zn accumulation in roots of tea plant, and had no obvious effect on their translocation in tea plant, thus these element increased in the shoots and leaves of tea plant. Simulated acid rain had no apparent effects on P in roots and shoots, while simulated acid rain at pH4.5increased P accumulation in tea leaves. Simulated acid rain had no apparent effects on Cu, K, Ca, Mg and Zn content in tea plant. Exogenous aluminum promoted Fe accumulation in roots, shoots and leaves. Under exogenous aluminum treatment, simulated acid rain obviously decreased Fe content in roots, shoots and leaves.
The physiological characteristics effects of simulated acid rain and aluminum on tea plants were studied in a hydroponic experiment with three pH levels of3.0,4.0and5.0and four aluminum degree of0,10,20and30mg/L. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased later with increasing Al concentration and increased with increasing acidity of acid rain. At higher Al concentration, the decrease of SOD, POD, CAT and APX caused by Al were intensified by acid rain. The superoxide anion radical (O2-) generation rate and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in tea leaves treated with10mg/L A1showed no difference compared with that without Al treatment, and than increased with increasing Al concentration. O2-generation rate and MDA content in tea leaves was not affected by acid rain. The increases of them caused by Al were intensified by acid rain at high Al concentration. Proline content in tea leaves increased with increasing A1concentration and was not affected by acid rain. The accumulation of proline in tea leaves caused by A1was intensified by acid rain. The soluble sugar in tea leaves increased firstly and decreased later with increasing A1concentration. Acid rain at pH3.0significantly increased soluble sugar content in tea leaves. These results suggested that Tea plant can adapt to acid rain and lower Al contentration by strengthening antioxidase activities and increasing osmoregulation substance. However, higher A1concentration are harmful to growth of tea plant and the harm of tea plant caused by Al are aggravated by acid rain.
In order to provide information on improving the qualities and security of tea leaves, the effects of Ca addition on uptake and accumulation of Ca, Al and other mineral nutrition of tea plants and main chemical qualities of tea leaves were studied with one-year cutting seedlings of varity fudingdabai. The results showed that Ca addition increased tea polyphenol, caffeine, catechin, flavone, total sugar and amino acid contents of tea leaves under the treatment without Al or with different levels of Al addition. Ca addition decreased Al uptake and accumulation of tea plant, but increased Ca uptake and accumulation. Ca addition increased uptake and accumulation of P and K and had no effects on Fe uptake and accumulation of tea plant. Ca decreased uptake and accumulation of Cu when Al concentration were lower than20mg/L, while had no effects on that when Al concentration were30mg/L. Ca decreased the uptake and accumulation of Mg and Zn of tea plant. While Cu, Mg and Zn content of tea plant treated with Ca are not less than that of control (no aluminum and normal calcium). These results suggested that Ca addition had no evident effects on the use of these elements for tea plant under Al stress. Taken together, suitable Ca can increased these chemical qualities of tea leaves determined in this paper, decreased Al content and increased Ca content of tea leaves, and had no effects on other mineral nutrition for use of tea plants. Thus, application of Ca in tea garden can increase qualities of tea leaves, increase Ca and decrease Al content of tea leaves, and increase security of tea.
引文
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