可穿戴计算平台的总体设计及其低功耗研究
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摘要
可穿戴计算机是超微型、超轻型、个性化、多用途可穿戴的移动计算系统，它的诞生为传统的人机交互关系带来了巨大的变革，体现了“以人为本”的交互理念，并将对我们的生活产生重要影响。
随着计算机技术的发展，可穿戴计算机的应用已由原来的特殊领域转向日常生活领域，与此同时，人们对可穿戴计算机的性能和可持续工作时间的要求也将会越来越高。目前，采用高性能低功耗嵌入式处理器为核心的可穿戴计算机，在国内还未曾有研究报道和研究成果，本文基于高性能低功耗嵌入式处理器和嵌入式操作系统构成的模块化的体系结构，完成了本课题的需求分析和总体设计，并在模拟平台上实现了对系统功耗的优化。
本文的主要工作如下：
1、总结了目前各研究机构的可穿戴计算机体系结构及其低功耗研究现状；
2、分析对比了目前主流嵌入式处理器和嵌入式操作系统，确定了适合于本课题的专用体系结构；
3、完成了本课题系统需求分析和总体设计，并在系统模拟平台上成功地构建了开发环境；
4、在模拟平台上实现了系统的功耗优化，并分析了功耗优化的结果。
Wearable Computer is a wearable mobile computing system , with the characteristics of subminiature, ultralight, individualize and multipurpose. Its birth has brought a significant change for traditional ship of human computer interaction, incarnates the "people first" interaction idea, and will exercise important influence on our life.
Following with the development of the computer technique, wearable computer has turn to daily life from particular fields, at the same time, people has the ever-higher level request of performance and duration of work on wearable computer. Now, there are not research report and achievements in the wearable computer centering on high performance and low-power embedded processor in our country. This paper completed the requirement analysis and the overall design of the research issue, and carried through the power optimization on the system simulated platform, based on high performance and low power embedded processor and Wearable Computer modular architecture made up by embedded operating system.
The main works of this paper are as follows:
1、Summarized the present research status of wearable computer'sarchitecture and its low-power of research institutes;
2、Analyzed and contrasted present mainstream embedded processor and embedded operating system, established a special system architecture which is fit for this research issue;
3、Accomplished the requirement analysis and the general design of the research issue, made up the develop environment on the system simulate platform successfully;
4、Realized the power optimization on the system simulated platform, and then analyzed the result of power optimization.
随着计算机技术的发展，可穿戴计算机的应用已由原来的特殊领域转向日常生活领域，与此同时，人们对可穿戴计算机的性能和可持续工作时间的要求也将会越来越高。目前，采用高性能低功耗嵌入式处理器为核心的可穿戴计算机，在国内还未曾有研究报道和研究成果，本文基于高性能低功耗嵌入式处理器和嵌入式操作系统构成的模块化的体系结构，完成了本课题的需求分析和总体设计，并在模拟平台上实现了对系统功耗的优化。
本文的主要工作如下：
1、总结了目前各研究机构的可穿戴计算机体系结构及其低功耗研究现状；
2、分析对比了目前主流嵌入式处理器和嵌入式操作系统，确定了适合于本课题的专用体系结构；
3、完成了本课题系统需求分析和总体设计，并在系统模拟平台上成功地构建了开发环境；
4、在模拟平台上实现了系统的功耗优化，并分析了功耗优化的结果。
Wearable Computer is a wearable mobile computing system , with the characteristics of subminiature, ultralight, individualize and multipurpose. Its birth has brought a significant change for traditional ship of human computer interaction, incarnates the "people first" interaction idea, and will exercise important influence on our life.
Following with the development of the computer technique, wearable computer has turn to daily life from particular fields, at the same time, people has the ever-higher level request of performance and duration of work on wearable computer. Now, there are not research report and achievements in the wearable computer centering on high performance and low-power embedded processor in our country. This paper completed the requirement analysis and the overall design of the research issue, and carried through the power optimization on the system simulated platform, based on high performance and low power embedded processor and Wearable Computer modular architecture made up by embedded operating system.
The main works of this paper are as follows:
1、Summarized the present research status of wearable computer'sarchitecture and its low-power of research institutes;
2、Analyzed and contrasted present mainstream embedded processor and embedded operating system, established a special system architecture which is fit for this research issue;
3、Accomplished the requirement analysis and the general design of the research issue, made up the develop environment on the system simulate platform successfully;
4、Realized the power optimization on the system simulated platform, and then analyzed the result of power optimization.
引文
[1] 陈东义．可穿戴式计算机的发展与趋势(Ⅰ)．重庆大学学报自然科学版[J]，2000，3：15-20
[2] 陈东义．可穿戴式计算机的发展与趋势(Ⅱ)．重庆大学学报自然科学版[J]，2000，4：23-25
[3] 迎九．嵌入式芯片技术漫笔．电子产品世界[J]，2003，10：2-4
[4] Steve Mann. Wearable Computing as means for Personal Empowerment Keynote Address, 1998 International Conference on wearable Computing ICWC-98, Fairfax VA, May 1998.
[5] Bass, L. Conveners report of CHI '97 Workshop on Wearable Computers, Personal Communication to attendees. CHI '97 Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers. http://www.media.mit.edu/project/wearable/chi.html
[6] 从明．可穿戴计算机简介 计算机仿真[J]，2005，22，2：261-263
[7] MANN S. Humanistic Computing: WearComp as a New Framework and Application for Intelligent Signal [J]. Proceedings of The IEEE. 1998, 86,11:2123-2151.
[8] LINDE J, JAYARMAN S, PARK S, etal. A Sensate Liner for Personnel Monitoring Applications[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers[C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1997.98-107.
[9] ROSS D A, SANFORDJ A. The Wearable Computer as a Remote Interface for People with Disabilities[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers[C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1997. 161-162.
[10] SIEGEL J, KRAUTRE, JOHNBE, etal. An Empirical Study of Collaborative Wearable Computer Systems [A]. Proceedings of the CHI'95: Mosaic of Creativity[C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 1995.312-313
[11] MATIASE, MACKENZIEIS, BUXTONW.A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other Non-Desktop Environments[A].Proceedings of the CHI'96 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems[C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM:69-70.
[12] STARNERT. Human-powered wearable computing [J].IBM Systems Journal.1996, 35,3&4:618-629
[13] 杨孝宗．身“披”利器走四方 —可穿戴计算机发展现状．计算机世界报．2002，8
[14] BASS L, KASABACH C, MARTIN R, etal. The Design of a Wearable Computer[A]. Proceedings of the CHI'97[C].New York, NY: ACM, 1997, 139-146
[15] FICKAS S,KORTUEM G, SEGALL Z.Software Organization for Dynamic and Adaptable Wearable Systems[A].Proceedings of the First Intemational Symposium on Wearable Computers [C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA:IEEE Computer Society, 1997:56-65
[16] SIEGEL J,BAUER M. A field usability evaluation of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers.Los Alamitos[C]. CA, USA:IEEE Computer Society. 1997.139-146
[17] STARNER T, KIRSCH D, ASSEFA S. The Locust Swarm:An Environmentally-Powered, Networkless Location and Messaging System[A]. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Weaeable Computers. Los Alamitos[C].CA.USA:IEEE Computer Society, 1997.169-170
[18] 刘锬．Linux嵌入式系统开发平台选型探讨．单片机与嵌入式系统应用[J]．2004，17：5-7
[19] 马忠梅，李善平等．ARM&Linux嵌入式系统教程[M]，北京航空航天大学出版社，2004，9
[20] 2006 Embedded Linux Market Survey, http://www.Linuxdevices.com
[21] Kiran Puttaswamy, Kyu-Won Choi, Jun Cheol Park.System Level Power-Performance Trade-Offs in Embedded Systems Using Voltage and Frequency Scaling of Off-Chip Buses and Memory. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2002, (10): 1-20
[22] 王艳松，朱素芳．嵌入式ARM处理器的选型及应用．计算机控制、监测与管理[J]．2004，10：65-67
[23] 孙天泽，袁文菊等．嵌入式设计及Linux驱动开发指南——基于ARM9处理器[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2005．2
[24] 郭玉东，Linux操作系统结构分析[M]，西安电子科技大学出版社，2002，1，226-237
[25] 刘峥嵘，张智超等．嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2004．6
[26] Mike Willey, Ktis Stafford.Low Power Design. Embedded Systems Programming. 2001,12
[27] Lammert Jan Bies. Rs232 Specification. Lammertbies Inc.1998,3,17
[28] Dynamic Power Management for Embedded Systems IBM and MorntaVista Software Version 1.1, November 19, 2002
[29] YF2410开发板手册技术资料，深圳远峰计算机有限公司，2004，5
[30] Qinru Qiu, Q. Wu, M. Pedram. Stochastic Modeling of a Power-Managed System: Construction and Optimization. IEEE transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2001, Volume 20 (Issue 10): 1200-1217,
[31] Benini L,Hodgson R,Siegel L. System-level power estimation and optimization.in: Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design. Monterey. 1998. New York: ACM Press, 1998.173-178
[32] 赵荣彩，唐志敏，张兆庆等．编译指导的多线程低功耗技术研究．计算机研究与发展[J]．2002，39，12：1572-1579
[33] 涂刚，阳富民，胡贯荣．嵌入式操作系统综述．计算机应用研究[J]，2000，11：4-5
[34] 梁宇，韩奇，魏同立等．低功耗数字系统设计方法．东南大学学报[J]．2000，30，5：136-142
[35] Ren Zhiyuan, Krogh B H, Marculescu R. Hierarchical Adaptive Dynamic Power Management. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition Volume Ⅰ, Paris, 2004,136-141
[36] 吴业进，刘锋．嵌入式系统面向低功耗的协同设计．单片机及嵌入式系统应用[J]．2003，7：14-16
[37] ONO PW, YAN RH. Power Conscious Software Design-A Framework for Modeling Software on Hardware[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design[C].1994.36-37
[38] Trevor Pering,Tom Burd,Robert Brodersen.The Simulation and Evaluation of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms. in:International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. Monterey. 1998.New York:ACM Press. 1998.76-81
[39] Ren Zhiyuan, Krogh B H, Marculescu R. Hierarchical Adaptive Dynamic Power Management. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition Volume Ⅰ, Paris, 2004,136-141
[40] S3C2410 Processors Developer's Manual. USA: Embet Corporation, 2002.14-45
[41] 马忠梅，马广云，徐英慧等．ARM嵌入式处理器结构与应用基础[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002：2-7
[42] Q.Qiu. M.Pedram.Dynamic Power Management Based on Continuous-Time Markov Decision Processes. 1999,9.ACM 555-560
[43] 李善平，刘文峰，李程远等．Linux内核2.4版源代码分析大全[M]．机械工业出版社，2002：383-384
[44] O.Hemandez-Lerma. Adaptive Markov Control Processes. Springer-Verlag, 1989.
[45] 吴慧良，史烈，陈小平等．Linux下休眠功能的软件实现．计算机工程[J]．2002，28，4：235-236
[46] 郑杰．郭隐彪．嵌入式系统中的低功耗设计．设计技术[J]：，2005，6，69-72
[2] 陈东义．可穿戴式计算机的发展与趋势(Ⅱ)．重庆大学学报自然科学版[J]，2000，4：23-25
[3] 迎九．嵌入式芯片技术漫笔．电子产品世界[J]，2003，10：2-4
[4] Steve Mann. Wearable Computing as means for Personal Empowerment Keynote Address, 1998 International Conference on wearable Computing ICWC-98, Fairfax VA, May 1998.
[5] Bass, L. Conveners report of CHI '97 Workshop on Wearable Computers, Personal Communication to attendees. CHI '97 Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers. http://www.media.mit.edu/project/wearable/chi.html
[6] 从明．可穿戴计算机简介 计算机仿真[J]，2005，22，2：261-263
[7] MANN S. Humanistic Computing: WearComp as a New Framework and Application for Intelligent Signal [J]. Proceedings of The IEEE. 1998, 86,11:2123-2151.
[8] LINDE J, JAYARMAN S, PARK S, etal. A Sensate Liner for Personnel Monitoring Applications[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers[C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1997.98-107.
[9] ROSS D A, SANFORDJ A. The Wearable Computer as a Remote Interface for People with Disabilities[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers[C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 1997. 161-162.
[10] SIEGEL J, KRAUTRE, JOHNBE, etal. An Empirical Study of Collaborative Wearable Computer Systems [A]. Proceedings of the CHI'95: Mosaic of Creativity[C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 1995.312-313
[11] MATIASE, MACKENZIEIS, BUXTONW.A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other Non-Desktop Environments[A].Proceedings of the CHI'96 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems[C]. New York, NY, USA: ACM:69-70.
[12] STARNERT. Human-powered wearable computing [J].IBM Systems Journal.1996, 35,3&4:618-629
[13] 杨孝宗．身“披”利器走四方 —可穿戴计算机发展现状．计算机世界报．2002，8
[14] BASS L, KASABACH C, MARTIN R, etal. The Design of a Wearable Computer[A]. Proceedings of the CHI'97[C].New York, NY: ACM, 1997, 139-146
[15] FICKAS S,KORTUEM G, SEGALL Z.Software Organization for Dynamic and Adaptable Wearable Systems[A].Proceedings of the First Intemational Symposium on Wearable Computers [C]. Los Alamitos, CA, USA:IEEE Computer Society, 1997:56-65
[16] SIEGEL J,BAUER M. A field usability evaluation of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers.Los Alamitos[C]. CA, USA:IEEE Computer Society. 1997.139-146
[17] STARNER T, KIRSCH D, ASSEFA S. The Locust Swarm:An Environmentally-Powered, Networkless Location and Messaging System[A]. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Weaeable Computers. Los Alamitos[C].CA.USA:IEEE Computer Society, 1997.169-170
[18] 刘锬．Linux嵌入式系统开发平台选型探讨．单片机与嵌入式系统应用[J]．2004，17：5-7
[19] 马忠梅，李善平等．ARM&Linux嵌入式系统教程[M]，北京航空航天大学出版社，2004，9
[20] 2006 Embedded Linux Market Survey, http://www.Linuxdevices.com
[21] Kiran Puttaswamy, Kyu-Won Choi, Jun Cheol Park.System Level Power-Performance Trade-Offs in Embedded Systems Using Voltage and Frequency Scaling of Off-Chip Buses and Memory. Georgia Institute of Technology. 2002, (10): 1-20
[22] 王艳松，朱素芳．嵌入式ARM处理器的选型及应用．计算机控制、监测与管理[J]．2004，10：65-67
[23] 孙天泽，袁文菊等．嵌入式设计及Linux驱动开发指南——基于ARM9处理器[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2005．2
[24] 郭玉东，Linux操作系统结构分析[M]，西安电子科技大学出版社，2002，1，226-237
[25] 刘峥嵘，张智超等．嵌入式Linux应用开发详解[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2004．6
[26] Mike Willey, Ktis Stafford.Low Power Design. Embedded Systems Programming. 2001,12
[27] Lammert Jan Bies. Rs232 Specification. Lammertbies Inc.1998,3,17
[28] Dynamic Power Management for Embedded Systems IBM and MorntaVista Software Version 1.1, November 19, 2002
[29] YF2410开发板手册技术资料，深圳远峰计算机有限公司，2004，5
[30] Qinru Qiu, Q. Wu, M. Pedram. Stochastic Modeling of a Power-Managed System: Construction and Optimization. IEEE transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2001, Volume 20 (Issue 10): 1200-1217,
[31] Benini L,Hodgson R,Siegel L. System-level power estimation and optimization.in: Proceedings of the 1998 international symposium on Low power electronics and design. Monterey. 1998. New York: ACM Press, 1998.173-178
[32] 赵荣彩，唐志敏，张兆庆等．编译指导的多线程低功耗技术研究．计算机研究与发展[J]．2002，39，12：1572-1579
[33] 涂刚，阳富民，胡贯荣．嵌入式操作系统综述．计算机应用研究[J]，2000，11：4-5
[34] 梁宇，韩奇，魏同立等．低功耗数字系统设计方法．东南大学学报[J]．2000，30，5：136-142
[35] Ren Zhiyuan, Krogh B H, Marculescu R. Hierarchical Adaptive Dynamic Power Management. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition Volume Ⅰ, Paris, 2004,136-141
[36] 吴业进，刘锋．嵌入式系统面向低功耗的协同设计．单片机及嵌入式系统应用[J]．2003，7：14-16
[37] ONO PW, YAN RH. Power Conscious Software Design-A Framework for Modeling Software on Hardware[A]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design[C].1994.36-37
[38] Trevor Pering,Tom Burd,Robert Brodersen.The Simulation and Evaluation of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms. in:International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. Monterey. 1998.New York:ACM Press. 1998.76-81
[39] Ren Zhiyuan, Krogh B H, Marculescu R. Hierarchical Adaptive Dynamic Power Management. In: Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition Volume Ⅰ, Paris, 2004,136-141
[40] S3C2410 Processors Developer's Manual. USA: Embet Corporation, 2002.14-45
[41] 马忠梅，马广云，徐英慧等．ARM嵌入式处理器结构与应用基础[M]．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002：2-7
[42] Q.Qiu. M.Pedram.Dynamic Power Management Based on Continuous-Time Markov Decision Processes. 1999,9.ACM 555-560
[43] 李善平，刘文峰，李程远等．Linux内核2.4版源代码分析大全[M]．机械工业出版社，2002：383-384
[44] O.Hemandez-Lerma. Adaptive Markov Control Processes. Springer-Verlag, 1989.
[45] 吴慧良，史烈，陈小平等．Linux下休眠功能的软件实现．计算机工程[J]．2002，28，4：235-236
[46] 郑杰．郭隐彪．嵌入式系统中的低功耗设计．设计技术[J]：，2005，6，69-72