个体隐性知识的结构分析与管理研究
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摘要
人们普遍认为，蓬勃发展的知识管理，其对象包含人和组织的全部知识，而组织的知识类型除了可编码的显性知识外，还存在难以用语言明确表达的隐性知识。从隶属层次来看，隐性知识分属组织层次和个体层次。个体隐性知识是组织知识创造的源泉和知识转化的对象。因此探讨个体隐性知识的结构与管理问题，不仅对于深化关于知识和知识管理的理论有重要的学术价值，而且对于全部知识进行有效的管理，提高组织的核心竞争力和自主创新能力，从而为组织赢得更强的竞争优势，有着重要的现实意义。
通过绘制有关隐性知识研究的知识图谱，揭示了关于隐性知识研究的相关学术群体及其代表人物，形象地显示了近年来国际上隐性知识研究的主要学术群体及相关主要学科基础，并展现了个体隐性知识研究的发展态势。
借鉴和吸收前人关于隐性知识概念的研究成果，进一步剖析个体隐性知识的内涵与结构，是对其进行有效管理的前提与基础。个体隐性知识指的是个体在一定情境下的，同卓越绩效有内在联系的，难以用语言明确表达的知识。它可分为通用隐性知识和专用隐性知识两大类。在个体隐性知识的层次金字塔模型中，可分为价值观层、认知层、中间技能层和专业技能层四个知识层次，且下层和上层稳定性不同，专业性不同，测评方法不同。个体隐性知识的结构维度可分为元认知、价值观、情感、人际和技能五个方面。实证分析验证了个体隐性知识的层次差异，也为后面的测评方法研究提供了支持论据。
隐性知识难以用语言表达，但并非不可感知和测度。探索个体隐性知识的测评，是对隐性知识进行实质性有效管理的重要手段和途径。个体隐性知识的测评采用黑箱模式。在参考中国传统思维方式获取和传播隐性知识的直观体验认知模式和西方心理学上对隐性知识测量研究的基础上，总结归纳出与个体隐性知识相关的具体指标，然后采用与专家访谈的形式对这些指标进行调整、归类、删补，最后抽象出个体隐性知识的5个维度和28项相关具体指标。在测评方法上，尝试探讨运用笔试问卷法，学历和工作年限评定法以及模糊综合测评方法。通过实证研究表明，测评结果能够反映个体隐性知识能力的基本情况。
在个体隐性知识的结构分析与测评研究基础上，提出并论证了个体隐性知识的管理模式。“干中学”模式是获取隐性知识的重要途径；师徒制模式是转移隐性知识的方法；隐喻、认知地图、基于案例的推理是隐性知识显性化的工具；“隐性知识酶”是进行知识创造的媒介。本文对每一模式的机理进行了分析，用案例事实验证了理论的可行性。
People generally believe that the object of knowledge management developing vigorously contains all the knowledge of individuals and organizations.The types, of organizational knowledge include not only explicit knowledge, which is easy to code, but also tacit knowledge, difficult to express in words. According to owners of knowledge, tacit knowledge has individual tacit knowledge and organizational tacit knowledge. Individual tacit knowledge is the resource of knowledge creation and the object of knowledge transformation. Therefore, the discussion on the structure and management of individual tacit knowledge, not only deepens the theory of knowledge and knowledge management, which is of importance in academic value, but also effectively manages all knowledge and improves organizations' core competitiveness and abilities of independent innovation in order to win better competitive advantages, which have important practical significance.
The knowledge map of the international research on tacit knowledge revealS academic groups and their representative schoars with regard to tacit knowledge. The knowledge map displays the main academic groups and relative main basic subjects and the international trend for tacit knowledge vividly in recent years.
The paper refers to and assimilates the previous studies on the concept of tacit knowledge, further analyzes the definition and structure of individual tacit knowledge, which are both the precondition and foundation for effectively managing it.Individual tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge, an inherent link with excellent performance, which is hard to articulate in words in certain situations. It can be divided into general tacit knowledge and special tacit knowledge. In the pyramid model of individual tacit knowledge, it has four such levels as view of value, cognition, middle skills and professional skills. Furthermore the upper and the lower are different in stability, profession and evaluative methods'. The structure dimensions of individual tacit knowledge have five parts: meta-cognition, view of value, emotion, interpersonal and special skills. The empirical research validates the different levels of individual tacit knowledge, which provides argument support for selecting evaluative methods behind.
Although tacit Knowledge is difficult to express in words, it could be apperceived and measured. Exploring the evaluation of individual tacit knowledge is a very important way to essentially and validly manage tacit knowledge.The black-box model is used in evaluation of individual tacit knowledge. Based on the intuitional cognitive model of experience acquiring and sharing tacit knowledge in Chinese traditional thinking and research on tacit knowledge measure in western psychology, the paper summarizes some indexes associated with individual tacit knowledge, adjusting, classifying and deleting them by interviews with experts, and finally five dimensions and 28 relevant indexes are abstracted. As to evaluative methods, the paper explores such methods of evaluation of individual tacit knowledge as questionnaires, educational level, job years and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The empirical research shows the evaluative result could reflect fundamental abilities of individual tacit knowledge.
Based on the structure analysis and evaluation research of individual tacit knowledge, the paper puts forward several management patterns of individual tacit knowledge. "Learning by doing" is an important way to acquire tacit knowledge. Apprenticeship is a method of transferring tacit knowledge.Metaphor, cognitive maps and case-based reasoning are tools of making tacit knowledge explicit. "Tacit knowledge enzyme" is a medium of knowledge creation. The paper deeply analyzes the mechanism of each pattern and feasibility of the theories is testified with practical cases.
通过绘制有关隐性知识研究的知识图谱，揭示了关于隐性知识研究的相关学术群体及其代表人物，形象地显示了近年来国际上隐性知识研究的主要学术群体及相关主要学科基础，并展现了个体隐性知识研究的发展态势。
借鉴和吸收前人关于隐性知识概念的研究成果，进一步剖析个体隐性知识的内涵与结构，是对其进行有效管理的前提与基础。个体隐性知识指的是个体在一定情境下的，同卓越绩效有内在联系的，难以用语言明确表达的知识。它可分为通用隐性知识和专用隐性知识两大类。在个体隐性知识的层次金字塔模型中，可分为价值观层、认知层、中间技能层和专业技能层四个知识层次，且下层和上层稳定性不同，专业性不同，测评方法不同。个体隐性知识的结构维度可分为元认知、价值观、情感、人际和技能五个方面。实证分析验证了个体隐性知识的层次差异，也为后面的测评方法研究提供了支持论据。
隐性知识难以用语言表达，但并非不可感知和测度。探索个体隐性知识的测评，是对隐性知识进行实质性有效管理的重要手段和途径。个体隐性知识的测评采用黑箱模式。在参考中国传统思维方式获取和传播隐性知识的直观体验认知模式和西方心理学上对隐性知识测量研究的基础上，总结归纳出与个体隐性知识相关的具体指标，然后采用与专家访谈的形式对这些指标进行调整、归类、删补，最后抽象出个体隐性知识的5个维度和28项相关具体指标。在测评方法上，尝试探讨运用笔试问卷法，学历和工作年限评定法以及模糊综合测评方法。通过实证研究表明，测评结果能够反映个体隐性知识能力的基本情况。
在个体隐性知识的结构分析与测评研究基础上，提出并论证了个体隐性知识的管理模式。“干中学”模式是获取隐性知识的重要途径；师徒制模式是转移隐性知识的方法；隐喻、认知地图、基于案例的推理是隐性知识显性化的工具；“隐性知识酶”是进行知识创造的媒介。本文对每一模式的机理进行了分析，用案例事实验证了理论的可行性。
People generally believe that the object of knowledge management developing vigorously contains all the knowledge of individuals and organizations.The types, of organizational knowledge include not only explicit knowledge, which is easy to code, but also tacit knowledge, difficult to express in words. According to owners of knowledge, tacit knowledge has individual tacit knowledge and organizational tacit knowledge. Individual tacit knowledge is the resource of knowledge creation and the object of knowledge transformation. Therefore, the discussion on the structure and management of individual tacit knowledge, not only deepens the theory of knowledge and knowledge management, which is of importance in academic value, but also effectively manages all knowledge and improves organizations' core competitiveness and abilities of independent innovation in order to win better competitive advantages, which have important practical significance.
The knowledge map of the international research on tacit knowledge revealS academic groups and their representative schoars with regard to tacit knowledge. The knowledge map displays the main academic groups and relative main basic subjects and the international trend for tacit knowledge vividly in recent years.
The paper refers to and assimilates the previous studies on the concept of tacit knowledge, further analyzes the definition and structure of individual tacit knowledge, which are both the precondition and foundation for effectively managing it.Individual tacit knowledge refers to the knowledge, an inherent link with excellent performance, which is hard to articulate in words in certain situations. It can be divided into general tacit knowledge and special tacit knowledge. In the pyramid model of individual tacit knowledge, it has four such levels as view of value, cognition, middle skills and professional skills. Furthermore the upper and the lower are different in stability, profession and evaluative methods'. The structure dimensions of individual tacit knowledge have five parts: meta-cognition, view of value, emotion, interpersonal and special skills. The empirical research validates the different levels of individual tacit knowledge, which provides argument support for selecting evaluative methods behind.
Although tacit Knowledge is difficult to express in words, it could be apperceived and measured. Exploring the evaluation of individual tacit knowledge is a very important way to essentially and validly manage tacit knowledge.The black-box model is used in evaluation of individual tacit knowledge. Based on the intuitional cognitive model of experience acquiring and sharing tacit knowledge in Chinese traditional thinking and research on tacit knowledge measure in western psychology, the paper summarizes some indexes associated with individual tacit knowledge, adjusting, classifying and deleting them by interviews with experts, and finally five dimensions and 28 relevant indexes are abstracted. As to evaluative methods, the paper explores such methods of evaluation of individual tacit knowledge as questionnaires, educational level, job years and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The empirical research shows the evaluative result could reflect fundamental abilities of individual tacit knowledge.
Based on the structure analysis and evaluation research of individual tacit knowledge, the paper puts forward several management patterns of individual tacit knowledge. "Learning by doing" is an important way to acquire tacit knowledge. Apprenticeship is a method of transferring tacit knowledge.Metaphor, cognitive maps and case-based reasoning are tools of making tacit knowledge explicit. "Tacit knowledge enzyme" is a medium of knowledge creation. The paper deeply analyzes the mechanism of each pattern and feasibility of the theories is testified with practical cases.
引文
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