竞技体育人才隐性知识的测评与管理
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摘要
随着知识经济和信息技术的快速发展,特别是在竞技体育国际化背景下,运动项目组织竞争的内外部环境发生巨大变化,不论是竞技体育人才个体还是运动项目组织间的竞争都将更加激烈,当显性知识已不再成为组织和个人获得可持续竞争优势的决定性因素时,竞技体育人才隐性知识就成为运动项目组织构筑自己竞争优势以提升组织核心竞争力的关键。此时,对竞技体育人才隐性知识管理就显得尤为重要。
本文从竞技体育人才隐性知识研究面临的现实和理论问题出发,以知识管理和体育学的相关理论为基础,吸收相关学科对隐性知识的研究成果,充分考虑到竞技体育人才知识主体的特点,对竞技体育人才隐性知识的定义及特征进行了界定和分析；运用双向行为事件访谈法确立了竞技体育人才隐性知识内容的21项要素；运用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、结构方程等方法构建了涵盖元认知、个人特质、人际技能、专业技能等四个维度的结构模型,并对其内部层次、演化机制进行了分析；运用团体焦点访谈法和AHP标准化权向量法构建了包括认知能力、基础能力、临场发挥能力三个维度的竞技体育人才比赛能力模型,重点研究了竞技体育人才隐性知识与其比赛能力的关系,得出了竞技体育人才隐性知识的四个维度与其比赛能力正相关的结论,从理论上进一步论证了竞技体育人才隐性知识对于其取得优异成绩的重要作用；对竞技体育人才隐性知识测评的必要性、可行性及特点进行了论述和分析,设计了涵盖四个维度、20个要素的三层测评指标体系,详细介绍竞技体育人才隐性知识测评的实施步骤,并以2006年冬奥会自由式滑雪空中技巧冠军国家队运动员韩晓鹏为例进行了具体的应用；以基于SECI模型和中国传统思维方式的直观体验认知模式两个方面对竞技体育人才隐性知识的获取、转化和传播进行分析的基础上,结合竞技运动训练及比赛的特殊性,尝试建立了竞技体育人才隐性知识的管理模式与机制模型,并以此为理论支撑针对竞技体育人才获取、转移、共享、利用隐性知识的机理进行了分析,并结合每个阶段的特点提出了具体的组织干预对策；以自由式滑雪空中技巧国家队为个案研究对象进行了实证研究,形成了具有推广意义的运动项目组织隐性知识管理实施方案。文章最后对研究结论、研究局限性和未来研究展望进行了总结。
With the rapid development of knowledge and information, especially in the background of the internationalization of competitive sport, the internal and external environment of the event organizations has changed immensely, making the competition between competitive sport talents and event organizations more fiercely. When visible knowledge is no longer the decisive factor for organizations and individuals to gain sustainable competitive advantage, the tacit knowledge of the competitive sport talents is becoming the key of event organizations to establishing their own competitive advantage, so as to strengthen the capacity of competition of the organization. Meanwhile, the management of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge is highlighted.
This essay, beginning with practical and theoretical problems of competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge, based on knowledge management and physical relevant theories, defines competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge and analyses the futures, taking in researches on tacit knowledge of relevant subjects, and taking competitive sport talents' knowledge into consideration. Twenty first factors of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge is confirmed by bidirectional behavior of event interview methods; metacogitive, individual characteristics, communicative skills and professional skills are established by analysis of explorative factors, analysis of test and verified factors and structure equation. Meanwhile, the internal layers and evolution system are analyzed. Competitive sport talents' competing ability model including cognitive capacity,basic capacity and the capacity of improvisational Exertion are set up by team focused interviews and AHP。The relationship between competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge and their competing ability is the focus and the conclusion is positive correlation,that their tacit knowledge plays a vital role in their perfect grade。In addition, the necessity, feasibility and features of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge are commented and analyzed by designing three estimated systems covering four aspects and 20 factors and measures of testing competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge are explained in detail.And apply it in Han Xiaopeng, an athlete on national team, who is a champion in 2006 Winter Olympic freestyle skiing。On the basis of analyzing competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge's gaining, transferring and spreading by SECI and experiencing cognition model, management and system model about competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge is attempted to establish, on which mechanism of how competitive sport talents gain, transfer, share and make use of tacit knowledge is analyzed. Specific organization interference policies are put forward according to features of different stages. Authentic proof research is carried out in freestyle skiing of national team, making a management scheme for event organization tacit knowledge that can be spread.
本文从竞技体育人才隐性知识研究面临的现实和理论问题出发,以知识管理和体育学的相关理论为基础,吸收相关学科对隐性知识的研究成果,充分考虑到竞技体育人才知识主体的特点,对竞技体育人才隐性知识的定义及特征进行了界定和分析；运用双向行为事件访谈法确立了竞技体育人才隐性知识内容的21项要素；运用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析、结构方程等方法构建了涵盖元认知、个人特质、人际技能、专业技能等四个维度的结构模型,并对其内部层次、演化机制进行了分析；运用团体焦点访谈法和AHP标准化权向量法构建了包括认知能力、基础能力、临场发挥能力三个维度的竞技体育人才比赛能力模型,重点研究了竞技体育人才隐性知识与其比赛能力的关系,得出了竞技体育人才隐性知识的四个维度与其比赛能力正相关的结论,从理论上进一步论证了竞技体育人才隐性知识对于其取得优异成绩的重要作用；对竞技体育人才隐性知识测评的必要性、可行性及特点进行了论述和分析,设计了涵盖四个维度、20个要素的三层测评指标体系,详细介绍竞技体育人才隐性知识测评的实施步骤,并以2006年冬奥会自由式滑雪空中技巧冠军国家队运动员韩晓鹏为例进行了具体的应用；以基于SECI模型和中国传统思维方式的直观体验认知模式两个方面对竞技体育人才隐性知识的获取、转化和传播进行分析的基础上,结合竞技运动训练及比赛的特殊性,尝试建立了竞技体育人才隐性知识的管理模式与机制模型,并以此为理论支撑针对竞技体育人才获取、转移、共享、利用隐性知识的机理进行了分析,并结合每个阶段的特点提出了具体的组织干预对策；以自由式滑雪空中技巧国家队为个案研究对象进行了实证研究,形成了具有推广意义的运动项目组织隐性知识管理实施方案。文章最后对研究结论、研究局限性和未来研究展望进行了总结。
With the rapid development of knowledge and information, especially in the background of the internationalization of competitive sport, the internal and external environment of the event organizations has changed immensely, making the competition between competitive sport talents and event organizations more fiercely. When visible knowledge is no longer the decisive factor for organizations and individuals to gain sustainable competitive advantage, the tacit knowledge of the competitive sport talents is becoming the key of event organizations to establishing their own competitive advantage, so as to strengthen the capacity of competition of the organization. Meanwhile, the management of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge is highlighted.
This essay, beginning with practical and theoretical problems of competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge, based on knowledge management and physical relevant theories, defines competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge and analyses the futures, taking in researches on tacit knowledge of relevant subjects, and taking competitive sport talents' knowledge into consideration. Twenty first factors of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge is confirmed by bidirectional behavior of event interview methods; metacogitive, individual characteristics, communicative skills and professional skills are established by analysis of explorative factors, analysis of test and verified factors and structure equation. Meanwhile, the internal layers and evolution system are analyzed. Competitive sport talents' competing ability model including cognitive capacity,basic capacity and the capacity of improvisational Exertion are set up by team focused interviews and AHP。The relationship between competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge and their competing ability is the focus and the conclusion is positive correlation,that their tacit knowledge plays a vital role in their perfect grade。In addition, the necessity, feasibility and features of competitive sport talents' tacit knowledge are commented and analyzed by designing three estimated systems covering four aspects and 20 factors and measures of testing competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge are explained in detail.And apply it in Han Xiaopeng, an athlete on national team, who is a champion in 2006 Winter Olympic freestyle skiing。On the basis of analyzing competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge's gaining, transferring and spreading by SECI and experiencing cognition model, management and system model about competitive sport talents'tacit knowledge is attempted to establish, on which mechanism of how competitive sport talents gain, transfer, share and make use of tacit knowledge is analyzed. Specific organization interference policies are put forward according to features of different stages. Authentic proof research is carried out in freestyle skiing of national team, making a management scheme for event organization tacit knowledge that can be spread.
引文
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