舍饲环境下肉鸡产热产湿量研究
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摘要
肉鸡的产热产湿量对舍内环境影响很大，其取值大小对鸡舍通风系统设计及环境控制设备选型等都有重要影响。目前我国对肉鸡的产热产湿特性尚缺乏系统地研究，人们在进行有关工程设计时主要参考国外的相关数据，这些数据大多来自人工气候室内条件下的小样本试验，或者来自国外生产条件下的数值。我国的气候条件及饲养水平等与国外有较大区别，因此，有必要研究确定在我国气候和舍饲环境条件下的肉鸡产热产湿量，以便为建立我国自身的鸡舍环境控制标准和设计规范提供依据。
本课题是在借鉴国外相关研究方法的基础上，首次将空舍作为对照舍来进行肉鸡产热产湿特性研究。整个试验是在国家家禽测定中心三间建筑结构、舍内环境设备完全相同的肉鸡测定舍内完成的，两组试验鸡群的饲养管理技术完全一致。通过测试舍内外气候环境参数及肉鸡主要生产性能技术指标，利用鸡舍热湿平衡模型计算其不同生长发育阶段的产热产湿量，分析舍饲条件下肉鸡的产热产湿特性与体重、环境温度、相对湿度等环境参数之间的关系。
研究结果表明，在外界空气温度12～36℃、肉鸡饲养密度为7只／m~2条件下，整个生长周期机体的自身产热可使舍温提高0.8～0.9℃；机体产热量随体重增加而逐渐减少，体重由0.04kg增至2kg，其总产热量则由14.8W／kg下降到8.8W／kg，显热量由9.3W／kg下降到2.7W／kg。不同生长发育阶段鸡的总产热量以及显热、潜热分配不同。适宜温度条件下，单位体重的产热量不随鸡龄发生变化；当环境温度超过22℃时，则单位体重的产热量随之减少。在12～36℃范围内，肉鸡的总产热量和显热量随温度上升而下降，温度越高，潜热量所占的比例越大。综合考虑体重和环境温度对肉鸡总产热量、显热量和潜热量的影响较单一考虑体重或温度的回归性更好，所得的产热量数值亦相应增大。
论文还就肉鸡的产热产湿量与ASAE和CIGR的相关参数进行了比较，分析了本次试验结果相对偏低的原因，指出应视生产条件、环境状况等对相关数据加以必要的修正，以使工程设计中的相关参数更为合理。
Heat and moisture production(HP and MP)of broilers has great effect on the inside environment of the house, which is very important on ventilation system design and equipment selection of environmental control system. However systemic research on HP and MP of broilers can rarely be found in China at present. Data from other countries, which is often used for housing design in China, was mainly obtained from the experiments conducted in test chambers or under different production conditions. The climate and feeding conditions vary greatly between China and other countries, therefore it is necessary to study HP and MP of broiler under domestic weather and feeding condition so as to provide foundational information for the environmental control standard and designing criteria.
Based on the research methods of other countries, a practical house without broiler was firstly used as a contrasting house for researching the heat and moisture production. The experiments were carried out in three broiler testing rooms with the completely same constructions and inside facilities.in Chinese National Poultry Testing Center. The two groups of the testing bird were also managed in the same way. Environmental factors inside and outside the testing rooms together with important production indexes were monitored, and HP, MP of broilers were calculated through inner heat-moisture balance models of different growing stages, meanwhile the relationships between HP and MP characteristics and broiler weight, environmental temperature, relative humidity were analyzed.
The results show that during the whole growing period inside temperature can be promoted 0.8~ 0.9 ℃ higher by the heat production of the broilers when the outside temperature was between 12~36 ℃ and the animal density was 7 birds per m2 in the testing rooms. The heat production relatively decreased as the body mass increased. Total heat production of broilers (THP) decreased from 14.8W/kg to 8.8W/kg while the body mass increased from 0.04kg to 2kg, and sensible heat production (SHP) decreased from 9.3 W/kg to 2.7W/kg. THP varied during different growing stages and the ratio of SHP and LHP (latent heat production) also changed. Within proper temperature ranges no significant difference of the heat production per body mass unit was found, however it decreased as temperature increased when the environmental temperature was above 22 ℃. Within the environmental temperature of 12~36℃, THP and SHP decreased as temperature increased, and the higher of the temperature was the larger of the LHP was. Considering the influence of body mass or temperature, THP and SHP and LHP were higher than the value only considering body mass or temperature, and the regression was also much better.
Finally the results of heat and moisture production were compared with values from ASAE and CIGR standards, and the reason for lower value was also analyzed. Suggestions of adjusting some of the parameters are given in the paper under different production and environment conditions in order to make the design more reasonable.
本课题是在借鉴国外相关研究方法的基础上，首次将空舍作为对照舍来进行肉鸡产热产湿特性研究。整个试验是在国家家禽测定中心三间建筑结构、舍内环境设备完全相同的肉鸡测定舍内完成的，两组试验鸡群的饲养管理技术完全一致。通过测试舍内外气候环境参数及肉鸡主要生产性能技术指标，利用鸡舍热湿平衡模型计算其不同生长发育阶段的产热产湿量，分析舍饲条件下肉鸡的产热产湿特性与体重、环境温度、相对湿度等环境参数之间的关系。
研究结果表明，在外界空气温度12～36℃、肉鸡饲养密度为7只／m~2条件下，整个生长周期机体的自身产热可使舍温提高0.8～0.9℃；机体产热量随体重增加而逐渐减少，体重由0.04kg增至2kg，其总产热量则由14.8W／kg下降到8.8W／kg，显热量由9.3W／kg下降到2.7W／kg。不同生长发育阶段鸡的总产热量以及显热、潜热分配不同。适宜温度条件下，单位体重的产热量不随鸡龄发生变化；当环境温度超过22℃时，则单位体重的产热量随之减少。在12～36℃范围内，肉鸡的总产热量和显热量随温度上升而下降，温度越高，潜热量所占的比例越大。综合考虑体重和环境温度对肉鸡总产热量、显热量和潜热量的影响较单一考虑体重或温度的回归性更好，所得的产热量数值亦相应增大。
论文还就肉鸡的产热产湿量与ASAE和CIGR的相关参数进行了比较，分析了本次试验结果相对偏低的原因，指出应视生产条件、环境状况等对相关数据加以必要的修正，以使工程设计中的相关参数更为合理。
Heat and moisture production(HP and MP)of broilers has great effect on the inside environment of the house, which is very important on ventilation system design and equipment selection of environmental control system. However systemic research on HP and MP of broilers can rarely be found in China at present. Data from other countries, which is often used for housing design in China, was mainly obtained from the experiments conducted in test chambers or under different production conditions. The climate and feeding conditions vary greatly between China and other countries, therefore it is necessary to study HP and MP of broiler under domestic weather and feeding condition so as to provide foundational information for the environmental control standard and designing criteria.
Based on the research methods of other countries, a practical house without broiler was firstly used as a contrasting house for researching the heat and moisture production. The experiments were carried out in three broiler testing rooms with the completely same constructions and inside facilities.in Chinese National Poultry Testing Center. The two groups of the testing bird were also managed in the same way. Environmental factors inside and outside the testing rooms together with important production indexes were monitored, and HP, MP of broilers were calculated through inner heat-moisture balance models of different growing stages, meanwhile the relationships between HP and MP characteristics and broiler weight, environmental temperature, relative humidity were analyzed.
The results show that during the whole growing period inside temperature can be promoted 0.8~ 0.9 ℃ higher by the heat production of the broilers when the outside temperature was between 12~36 ℃ and the animal density was 7 birds per m2 in the testing rooms. The heat production relatively decreased as the body mass increased. Total heat production of broilers (THP) decreased from 14.8W/kg to 8.8W/kg while the body mass increased from 0.04kg to 2kg, and sensible heat production (SHP) decreased from 9.3 W/kg to 2.7W/kg. THP varied during different growing stages and the ratio of SHP and LHP (latent heat production) also changed. Within proper temperature ranges no significant difference of the heat production per body mass unit was found, however it decreased as temperature increased when the environmental temperature was above 22 ℃. Within the environmental temperature of 12~36℃, THP and SHP decreased as temperature increased, and the higher of the temperature was the larger of the LHP was. Considering the influence of body mass or temperature, THP and SHP and LHP were higher than the value only considering body mass or temperature, and the regression was also much better.
Finally the results of heat and moisture production were compared with values from ASAE and CIGR standards, and the reason for lower value was also analyzed. Suggestions of adjusting some of the parameters are given in the paper under different production and environment conditions in order to make the design more reasonable.
引文
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[4] 王新颖，施正香，张兰霞．肉鸡产热产湿量对舍内环境的影响．畜牧工程科技创新与发展．北京：中国农业科学技术出版社，2003，152～156
[5] 王云龙，李保明．我国畜牧工程技术及其产业化发展20年．农业工程学报，1999，15(增刊)：1～5
[6] 杨恒广．封闭式鸡舍湿度控制的重要性．山东家禽，2002，12：34～36
[7] 崔治中．近年来全球禽流感流行动态和控制对策．中国禽业导刊，2003，20(17)：3～5
[8] 杨宁，单崇浩，朱元照．现代养鸡生产．北京：北京农业大学出版社，1994，174
[9] 崔引安．农业生物环境工程．北京：中国农业出版社，1994，220～224
[10] 王生雨．中国养鸡学．山东：山东科学技术出版社，1998，347～353
[11] ASAE Standards Engineering Practices Data. Design of ventilation systems for poultry and livestock shelters. ISBN 0-929355-50-4. ASAE: St.Joseph.MI, 1997. 506
[12] ASHRAE Handbook. Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta. GA, 1997. Pp9.1
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