室内燃气火灾蔓延及气相轰然规律的研究
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摘要
本文在国家重点基础研究发展规划(973)的资助下完成了室内燃气火灾轰燃现象的研究。在以往工作的基础上,对大箱体轰燃现象进行研究,提出了局部轰燃现象的定义,并从压力和温度的角度定义了局部轰燃发生的过程,并分析了过程中各个参数的变化。
根据实际火灾场景进行了抽象,简化,建立计算采用的物理模型,用FLUENT6.1进行可燃气体在室内泄露及燃烧过程的数值模拟,并在以往数值模拟的基础上进行了更接近真实燃烧的多步反应的模型建立和模拟工作。
通过分析数值模拟试验得到的大量数据,提出了针对大箱体情况的局部轰燃和压力诱导核心的概念,并提出局部轰燃发展的四个阶段,即点火期、预混火焰扩散期、局部轰燃期、熄火期。
经过实验和数值计算的比较,结果表明实验与数值模拟基本吻合,变化趋势一致,说明采用这种数值模拟的方法来研究火灾现象是可行的。
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973), the study on flashover of indoor gas fire was achieved with the method of numerical simulation and experiment.With the supporting and former work,we definite the gaseous flashover in specifical space by studying the phenomenon of gaseous flashover in a big box,and describe the progress of the phenomenon by the change of the pressure and temperature.
In this paper, a physical model was founded from the real fire scene. Then, the process of leakage and combustion of the indoor fuel gas was simulated by FLUENT6.1 software and on the base of former work we establish a model of fire whose chemistry equation have much steps ,which is more close to the exact combustion ,and simulate the flame.
With a great lot of data gotten from the numerical simulation,we put forward two concepts,one is flashover in special space ,another one is the space in which pressure is the major factor to the other variable. In the same time,we divide the progress of the flashover into special space to four periods,ignition, diffusion of premix flame,flashover in special space,extinguishing.
Verified by the experiments, a conclusion was gained that the numerical simulation results well agree with the experiment which mean that study on the gaseous fire with the numerical simulation method was satisfying.
根据实际火灾场景进行了抽象,简化,建立计算采用的物理模型,用FLUENT6.1进行可燃气体在室内泄露及燃烧过程的数值模拟,并在以往数值模拟的基础上进行了更接近真实燃烧的多步反应的模型建立和模拟工作。
通过分析数值模拟试验得到的大量数据,提出了针对大箱体情况的局部轰燃和压力诱导核心的概念,并提出局部轰燃发展的四个阶段,即点火期、预混火焰扩散期、局部轰燃期、熄火期。
经过实验和数值计算的比较,结果表明实验与数值模拟基本吻合,变化趋势一致,说明采用这种数值模拟的方法来研究火灾现象是可行的。
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973), the study on flashover of indoor gas fire was achieved with the method of numerical simulation and experiment.With the supporting and former work,we definite the gaseous flashover in specifical space by studying the phenomenon of gaseous flashover in a big box,and describe the progress of the phenomenon by the change of the pressure and temperature.
In this paper, a physical model was founded from the real fire scene. Then, the process of leakage and combustion of the indoor fuel gas was simulated by FLUENT6.1 software and on the base of former work we establish a model of fire whose chemistry equation have much steps ,which is more close to the exact combustion ,and simulate the flame.
With a great lot of data gotten from the numerical simulation,we put forward two concepts,one is flashover in special space ,another one is the space in which pressure is the major factor to the other variable. In the same time,we divide the progress of the flashover into special space to four periods,ignition, diffusion of premix flame,flashover in special space,extinguishing.
Verified by the experiments, a conclusion was gained that the numerical simulation results well agree with the experiment which mean that study on the gaseous fire with the numerical simulation method was satisfying.
引文
[1] 吴启鸿,肖学锋,朱东杰,今后若干年内我国火灾发展趋势的探讨,消防科学与技术,2003.22(5):19-41
[2] 秘义行,杜霞.液化石油气泄漏及火灾事故早期援救.消防技术与产品信息,2002,(10):55-59
[3] 汤广官.扑救气体火灾应该注意的问题.劳动保护,2001,(06):38
[4] 程晓舫,徐志明,火灾科学基础研究的功能,国际消防,1996.11
[5] 杨立中,江大白.中国火灾与社会经济因素的关系.中国工程科学,2003,5(02):62-67
[6] 蒋军成,王省身. 矿井竖巷内火灾燃烧模拟实验研究.火灾科学,1998,7(1):55-59
[7] 徐志胜,周庆,徐彧等. 运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究.中国安全科学学报,2003,13(7): 8-11
[8] B Philippe,P Sebastien,P Pierre,Realistic and controllable fire simulation. Proceedings - Graphics Interface, 2001, 159-166
[9] R G Rehm, H R Baum.The Equations of Motion for Thermally Driven, Buoyant Flows.J. Research of Nat. Bur. Standards, 1978,83:297-308
[10] P W H Barker, A D Johnson,N Goto.CFD calculation of the combustion and radiation properties of large-scale natural gas jet flames.Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series,1995, 139:195-211
[11] R BHoward.Large Eddy Simulations of Fires- From Concepts to Computations.Fire protection engineering.2000, 6: 36-38
[12] R BHoward , K B McGrattan.Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fire Phenomena.Fire safety science, 1994: 185-193[52] H R Baum, K B McGrattan, R G Rehm.Three Dimensional Simulation of Fire PlumeDynamics.Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Y Hasemi, Ed, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1997 511-522
[13] H R Baum, K B McGrattan. “Simulation of Large Industrial Outdoor Fires” .Fire Safety Science- Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, to appear
[14] P W H Barker, A D Johnson, N Goto.CFD calculation of the combustion and radiation properties of large-scale natural gas jet flames.Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 1995 (139): 195-211
[15] K B McGrattan,F Jason.A mixture fraction combustion model for large scale fire simulation.International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2001, 1: 1-5
[16] PH Thomas, ML Bullen, JG Qunitiere, BJ McCaffrey, Flashover and Instabilities in Fire Behavior, Combustion and Flames 38:1980,159-171
[17] S Klopovic, OF Turan, Flames Venting Externally During Full-Scale Flashover Fires:Two Sample Ventilation Cases, Fire Safety Journal,v31:1998,117-142
[18] TL Graham, GM Makhviladze, JP Roberts, On the Theory of Flashover Development, Fire Safety Journal,v25:1995,229-259
[19] TL Graham, GM Makhviladze, P Roberts, Effects of the thermal inertia of the walls upon flasheover development, Fire Safety Journal,v32:1999,35-60
[20] S Jolly; K Saito, Scale modeling of fires with emphasis on room flashover phenomenon,Fire Safety Journal, v18:1992,139-182
[21] SR Bishop, PG Holborn, AN Beard, DD Drysdale, Nonlinear Dynamics of Flashover in Compartment Fires, Fire Safety Journal,v21:1993,11-45
[22] WK Chow, New Inspection Criteria for Flashover in Compartmental Fires, Fire and Materials,v23:1999,13-15
[23] AN Beard, A Neural Network Approach to Flashover, Based on the paper “An Artificial Neural Network For Flashover Prediction-A Preliminary Study”. Presented at the 11th international Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert and Systems, Castellon, Spain, June1-4,1998
[24] J Knapp, C Delisio, Flashover survival strategy, Fire Engineering,v149,1996,7
[25] V Novozhilov, Flashover control under fire suppression conditions, Fire Safety Journal,v36:2001,641-660
[26] B Hagglund, R Jannson, B Onnermark, Fire Development in Residential Rooms after Ignition from Nuclear Explosion, FOA C20016-DG(A3), Forsvarets Forskningsastalt,Stockholm:1974
[27] JB Fang, Fire Buildup in A Room and the Role of interior Finish Materials , Natl Bue Stand(U.S),TN879:1975
[28] WJ Paker, BT Lee, Fire Build-up in Reduced Size Enclosures In:Butler MJ, Slater JA,editor,Fire Safety Research,Proc Symp Held at the NBS,Gaithersburg,MD on Aug 1973 Natl Bur Stand (U.S),NBS SP-411:1974,139-153
[29] 金京涛,吴国林,耿军.液化石油气泄漏火灾的处置.河南消防,1998,11:36-37
[30] 张平.燃烧诊断学. 北京:兵器工业出版社, 1988,106-121
[31] 郭俊才.当代燃烧测量法.国外建材科技,1991,12(3):90-93
[32] 宁炜, 盛凯夫.用光纤传感系统进行燃烧测量和诊断.光电子.激光,1998,9(3):247-250
[33] 屠昕,黄群星,赵静德,等.基于Web的火焰图象处理和燃烧诊断系统的设计与实现.中国图象图形学报:A辑, 2003,8(3):276-280
[34] Peckcock R D. Define flashover for fire hazard calculation [J]. Fire Safety Journal,1999,32:331-345)
[35] K.B.McGrattan, H.RBaum, R.G.Rehmm, et al. Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version3)—Technical Reference Guide. NISTIR6980.2003
[36] W.W.Jones. A Review of Compartment Fire Models.NBSIR 83-2684.1983
[37] 陶文铨,数值传热学,西安交通大学出版社,1988:250-330
[38] 金忠青,N-S 方程的数值解和紊流模型,河海大学出版社,1989:174-209
[39] 汪箭,范维澄。建筑物多室火灾过程的计算机模拟.中国科学技术大学学报,1996,26(2):204—209
[40] 姚建达,范维澄.辐射模型在烟气运动数值模拟中的应用.火灾科学,1995,4(3):26 一 33
[41] H.R .Baum, W.E Mell.A Radioactive Transport Model for Large-eddy Fire Simulation. The National Institute of Standards and Technology or the Building and Fire Research Laboratory,1998
[42] 张辉,范维澄.火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究.中国科学技术大学学报,1988 ,18(4):459 -465
[43] 张辉 范维澄.单室火灾中浮力修正的雷诺应力模型.中国科学技技术大学学报 1990,20(1):67 一73
[44] 郭鸿志,张欣欣,刘向军.传输过程数值模型.冶金工业出版社,1998:12-50
[45] Smagorinsky J,General circulation experiments with the primitive equation,part1 .the basic experiment .Monthly weather review,1963, 91(1):99-152
[46] 童兵.湍流的三维大涡模拟.博士学位论文,西南交通大学,2001
[47] Veynante D,Vervish L.Turbulent combustion modeling. Progress in Energy and CombustionScience,2002,28:193-266)
[48] GermanoM, Piomeli U,Moin P,etal. A dynamic subgrid—scale eddy viscosity model .Physics of Fluid,1991,3A(7):1760-1765
[49] McDrattan K B,Baum H R,Rehm R G.Large eddy simulations of smoke movement.Fire Safety Journal,1998,30:161-178
[50] Kang M Y,Wen J X,Sing L,etal.The use of a laminar flamelet approach in the large eddy simulation of flame structure at the base of a pool fire .In: Interflam 2001.Edinburgh,UK,2001.743-755
[51] 刘霞,葛新锋,FLUENT 软件及其在我国的应用,能源研究与利用,2003.2,pp36-38
[52] 赵坚行,燃烧的数值模拟,科学出版社,2002,pp71
[53] 王福军,计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件的原理和应用,2004.9,pp125-150
[54] S V Patankar, D B Spalding.A Finite-Difference Procedure for Solving the Equations of the Two-Dimensional Boundary Layer, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1967, 10:1389-1411
[55] B E Launder, D B Spalding.Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, London and New York, 1972:652-664
[56] F H Harlow, P I Nakayama.Turbulence Transport Equations.Physics of Fluids, 1967, 10(11) : 2323-2332,
[57] A N Kolmogorov, Equations of Turbulent Motion of an Incompressible Fluid.Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Phys., 1942, 6 (1/2): 56-58
[58] P Y Chou.Pressure Flow of a Turbulent Field Between Two Infinite Parallel Planes Quart.Appl. Math. 3 1945, 3: 198,
[59] S V Patankar, D B Spalding. A Calculation Procedure for Heat Mass and Momentum Transfer.Pergamon Press 1972, l5 : 1787-1806
[60] 张会强,陈兴隆.湍流燃烧数值模拟研究的综述.力学进展,1999,29(4):567-575
[61] 赵坚行.燃烧的数值模拟.北京:科学出版社,2002,167-178
[62] B F Magnussen.On Mathematical Modelling of Turbulent Combustion with Special Emphasis on Soot Formation and Combustion.16th Symposium(Int.)on Combustion. 1976: 719
[63] 张和平,张仁杰等.建筑物内火灾烟羽流和顶蓬射流诱发的空气运动盐水模拟实验研究.实验力学,1997,12(1):70-79
[64] D B Spalding, Mathematical Model of Turbulent Flames, A Review, Combustion Sci. & Tech.,Special Issue on Turb.Reactive Flows, 1994, 15(1): 334-356
[65] 卢平,厉培德,范维澄,廖光煊,“受限空间火灾轰燃过程的模拟实验研究”火灾科学 Vol .12. ,pp217-217(2003)
[2] 秘义行,杜霞.液化石油气泄漏及火灾事故早期援救.消防技术与产品信息,2002,(10):55-59
[3] 汤广官.扑救气体火灾应该注意的问题.劳动保护,2001,(06):38
[4] 程晓舫,徐志明,火灾科学基础研究的功能,国际消防,1996.11
[5] 杨立中,江大白.中国火灾与社会经济因素的关系.中国工程科学,2003,5(02):62-67
[6] 蒋军成,王省身. 矿井竖巷内火灾燃烧模拟实验研究.火灾科学,1998,7(1):55-59
[7] 徐志胜,周庆,徐彧等. 运行旅客列车隧道火灾模拟实验研究.中国安全科学学报,2003,13(7): 8-11
[8] B Philippe,P Sebastien,P Pierre,Realistic and controllable fire simulation. Proceedings - Graphics Interface, 2001, 159-166
[9] R G Rehm, H R Baum.The Equations of Motion for Thermally Driven, Buoyant Flows.J. Research of Nat. Bur. Standards, 1978,83:297-308
[10] P W H Barker, A D Johnson,N Goto.CFD calculation of the combustion and radiation properties of large-scale natural gas jet flames.Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series,1995, 139:195-211
[11] R BHoward.Large Eddy Simulations of Fires- From Concepts to Computations.Fire protection engineering.2000, 6: 36-38
[12] R BHoward , K B McGrattan.Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fire Phenomena.Fire safety science, 1994: 185-193[52] H R Baum, K B McGrattan, R G Rehm.Three Dimensional Simulation of Fire PlumeDynamics.Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, Y Hasemi, Ed, International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1997 511-522
[13] H R Baum, K B McGrattan. “Simulation of Large Industrial Outdoor Fires” .Fire Safety Science- Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, to appear
[14] P W H Barker, A D Johnson, N Goto.CFD calculation of the combustion and radiation properties of large-scale natural gas jet flames.Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 1995 (139): 195-211
[15] K B McGrattan,F Jason.A mixture fraction combustion model for large scale fire simulation.International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2001, 1: 1-5
[16] PH Thomas, ML Bullen, JG Qunitiere, BJ McCaffrey, Flashover and Instabilities in Fire Behavior, Combustion and Flames 38:1980,159-171
[17] S Klopovic, OF Turan, Flames Venting Externally During Full-Scale Flashover Fires:Two Sample Ventilation Cases, Fire Safety Journal,v31:1998,117-142
[18] TL Graham, GM Makhviladze, JP Roberts, On the Theory of Flashover Development, Fire Safety Journal,v25:1995,229-259
[19] TL Graham, GM Makhviladze, P Roberts, Effects of the thermal inertia of the walls upon flasheover development, Fire Safety Journal,v32:1999,35-60
[20] S Jolly; K Saito, Scale modeling of fires with emphasis on room flashover phenomenon,Fire Safety Journal, v18:1992,139-182
[21] SR Bishop, PG Holborn, AN Beard, DD Drysdale, Nonlinear Dynamics of Flashover in Compartment Fires, Fire Safety Journal,v21:1993,11-45
[22] WK Chow, New Inspection Criteria for Flashover in Compartmental Fires, Fire and Materials,v23:1999,13-15
[23] AN Beard, A Neural Network Approach to Flashover, Based on the paper “An Artificial Neural Network For Flashover Prediction-A Preliminary Study”. Presented at the 11th international Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert and Systems, Castellon, Spain, June1-4,1998
[24] J Knapp, C Delisio, Flashover survival strategy, Fire Engineering,v149,1996,7
[25] V Novozhilov, Flashover control under fire suppression conditions, Fire Safety Journal,v36:2001,641-660
[26] B Hagglund, R Jannson, B Onnermark, Fire Development in Residential Rooms after Ignition from Nuclear Explosion, FOA C20016-DG(A3), Forsvarets Forskningsastalt,Stockholm:1974
[27] JB Fang, Fire Buildup in A Room and the Role of interior Finish Materials , Natl Bue Stand(U.S),TN879:1975
[28] WJ Paker, BT Lee, Fire Build-up in Reduced Size Enclosures In:Butler MJ, Slater JA,editor,Fire Safety Research,Proc Symp Held at the NBS,Gaithersburg,MD on Aug 1973 Natl Bur Stand (U.S),NBS SP-411:1974,139-153
[29] 金京涛,吴国林,耿军.液化石油气泄漏火灾的处置.河南消防,1998,11:36-37
[30] 张平.燃烧诊断学. 北京:兵器工业出版社, 1988,106-121
[31] 郭俊才.当代燃烧测量法.国外建材科技,1991,12(3):90-93
[32] 宁炜, 盛凯夫.用光纤传感系统进行燃烧测量和诊断.光电子.激光,1998,9(3):247-250
[33] 屠昕,黄群星,赵静德,等.基于Web的火焰图象处理和燃烧诊断系统的设计与实现.中国图象图形学报:A辑, 2003,8(3):276-280
[34] Peckcock R D. Define flashover for fire hazard calculation [J]. Fire Safety Journal,1999,32:331-345)
[35] K.B.McGrattan, H.RBaum, R.G.Rehmm, et al. Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version3)—Technical Reference Guide. NISTIR6980.2003
[36] W.W.Jones. A Review of Compartment Fire Models.NBSIR 83-2684.1983
[37] 陶文铨,数值传热学,西安交通大学出版社,1988:250-330
[38] 金忠青,N-S 方程的数值解和紊流模型,河海大学出版社,1989:174-209
[39] 汪箭,范维澄。建筑物多室火灾过程的计算机模拟.中国科学技术大学学报,1996,26(2):204—209
[40] 姚建达,范维澄.辐射模型在烟气运动数值模拟中的应用.火灾科学,1995,4(3):26 一 33
[41] H.R .Baum, W.E Mell.A Radioactive Transport Model for Large-eddy Fire Simulation. The National Institute of Standards and Technology or the Building and Fire Research Laboratory,1998
[42] 张辉,范维澄.火灾问题中湍流模型和数值方法的研究.中国科学技术大学学报,1988 ,18(4):459 -465
[43] 张辉 范维澄.单室火灾中浮力修正的雷诺应力模型.中国科学技技术大学学报 1990,20(1):67 一73
[44] 郭鸿志,张欣欣,刘向军.传输过程数值模型.冶金工业出版社,1998:12-50
[45] Smagorinsky J,General circulation experiments with the primitive equation,part1 .the basic experiment .Monthly weather review,1963, 91(1):99-152
[46] 童兵.湍流的三维大涡模拟.博士学位论文,西南交通大学,2001
[47] Veynante D,Vervish L.Turbulent combustion modeling. Progress in Energy and CombustionScience,2002,28:193-266)
[48] GermanoM, Piomeli U,Moin P,etal. A dynamic subgrid—scale eddy viscosity model .Physics of Fluid,1991,3A(7):1760-1765
[49] McDrattan K B,Baum H R,Rehm R G.Large eddy simulations of smoke movement.Fire Safety Journal,1998,30:161-178
[50] Kang M Y,Wen J X,Sing L,etal.The use of a laminar flamelet approach in the large eddy simulation of flame structure at the base of a pool fire .In: Interflam 2001.Edinburgh,UK,2001.743-755
[51] 刘霞,葛新锋,FLUENT 软件及其在我国的应用,能源研究与利用,2003.2,pp36-38
[52] 赵坚行,燃烧的数值模拟,科学出版社,2002,pp71
[53] 王福军,计算流体动力学分析—CFD软件的原理和应用,2004.9,pp125-150
[54] S V Patankar, D B Spalding.A Finite-Difference Procedure for Solving the Equations of the Two-Dimensional Boundary Layer, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1967, 10:1389-1411
[55] B E Launder, D B Spalding.Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, London and New York, 1972:652-664
[56] F H Harlow, P I Nakayama.Turbulence Transport Equations.Physics of Fluids, 1967, 10(11) : 2323-2332,
[57] A N Kolmogorov, Equations of Turbulent Motion of an Incompressible Fluid.Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR Ser. Phys., 1942, 6 (1/2): 56-58
[58] P Y Chou.Pressure Flow of a Turbulent Field Between Two Infinite Parallel Planes Quart.Appl. Math. 3 1945, 3: 198,
[59] S V Patankar, D B Spalding. A Calculation Procedure for Heat Mass and Momentum Transfer.Pergamon Press 1972, l5 : 1787-1806
[60] 张会强,陈兴隆.湍流燃烧数值模拟研究的综述.力学进展,1999,29(4):567-575
[61] 赵坚行.燃烧的数值模拟.北京:科学出版社,2002,167-178
[62] B F Magnussen.On Mathematical Modelling of Turbulent Combustion with Special Emphasis on Soot Formation and Combustion.16th Symposium(Int.)on Combustion. 1976: 719
[63] 张和平,张仁杰等.建筑物内火灾烟羽流和顶蓬射流诱发的空气运动盐水模拟实验研究.实验力学,1997,12(1):70-79
[64] D B Spalding, Mathematical Model of Turbulent Flames, A Review, Combustion Sci. & Tech.,Special Issue on Turb.Reactive Flows, 1994, 15(1): 334-356
[65] 卢平,厉培德,范维澄,廖光煊,“受限空间火灾轰燃过程的模拟实验研究”火灾科学 Vol .12. ,pp217-217(2003)