基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法的研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络由于能够实时处理复杂环境下指定范围内的目标检测与跟踪,具有快速部署、抗毁性强等特点而受到重视,但目前对无线传感器网络最主要的限制是节点携带的电能有限,这会导致部分节点因环境或能量耗尽而失效,从而严重影响整个网络的生存期和数据传输的有效性,因此如何在无线传感器网络能量有限的前提下高效的使用能量,延长网络的生命周期就显得尤为重要。
基于以上问题,为了延长无线传感器网络的生存期,并尽可能提高传输的有效性,设计了一种基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,并对该模型的结构、传输机制及组织、多路经路由算法等进行了较为深入的研究,主要研究工作及成果有以下几个方面：
(1)分析了影响无线传感器网络能量均衡的主要因素,在定义能量均衡的熵的基础上,采用双层结构设计了基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,该模型结构简单,易于实施,具有均衡网络节点能量的自控力。
(2)对于基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,从Sink集中控制、节点自组织维护和网络重构三个方面设计了基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络的传输机制及其组织处理流程。
(3)在考虑了能量均衡无线传感器网络路由传输中存在的能耗不均因素的前提下,对AODV协议进行了优化,从而避免了AODV协议存在的热点和网络分隔问题,并易于恢复断链。
(4)设计了一种能量均衡的无线传感器双层网络拓扑结构下的多路径路由算法,并从能耗均衡、网络生存期、路由开销以及分组平均投递率等方面对算法的可用性及有效性进行了仿真验证和分析。
Great attention is paid to the wireless sensor networks because they have such characteristics as rapid deployment and strong survivability, so they can handle the target detection, track in the specified range and complicated circumstances. But the main limitation of the sensor network is that the power carried by the nodes is limited, which results in the failure of some nodes because of their environment or energy depletion, so it can affect the survival of the entire network and the validity of the transmission. It is very important to efficiently use energy and prolong the network lifetime under the premise of limited energy of wireless sensor networks.
Based on the above problem, in order to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks and enhance the efficiency of transmission as high as possible, a wireless sensor network model based on energy balance is designed. And a deeper research is done on its structure, transport mechanisms and organizations and multi-path routing algorithm. The main achievements of my research are as follows:
(1)The paper analyses the main factors which affect energy balance of wireless sensor networks. Based on the definition of energy balance entropy, a model is made by using a double-layer topology structure. The structure is simple and easy to implement, and has the capacity to control itself in balancing the energy of network nodes.
(2)As to wireless sensor network model based on energy balance, the transport mechanisms of wireless sensor networks and organizational processes is designed from three aspects:Sink centralized control, self-organizing maintenance of nodes and network reconstruction.
(3)Under the premise of considering the imbalance of energy consumption in the transmission of wireless sensor networks, the AODV protocol is optimized, which avoids the hot issues and network separation problems, and broken links are easy to restore.
(4)A multi-path routing algorithm is designed based on the double-layer topology of energy balanced wireless sensor network, A simulation verification and analysis are carried out in terms of availability and effectiveness of the algorithm from the aspect of energy balance, network lifetime, routing overhead and average packet delivery ratio.
基于以上问题,为了延长无线传感器网络的生存期,并尽可能提高传输的有效性,设计了一种基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,并对该模型的结构、传输机制及组织、多路经路由算法等进行了较为深入的研究,主要研究工作及成果有以下几个方面：
(1)分析了影响无线传感器网络能量均衡的主要因素,在定义能量均衡的熵的基础上,采用双层结构设计了基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,该模型结构简单,易于实施,具有均衡网络节点能量的自控力。
(2)对于基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络模型,从Sink集中控制、节点自组织维护和网络重构三个方面设计了基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络的传输机制及其组织处理流程。
(3)在考虑了能量均衡无线传感器网络路由传输中存在的能耗不均因素的前提下,对AODV协议进行了优化,从而避免了AODV协议存在的热点和网络分隔问题,并易于恢复断链。
(4)设计了一种能量均衡的无线传感器双层网络拓扑结构下的多路径路由算法,并从能耗均衡、网络生存期、路由开销以及分组平均投递率等方面对算法的可用性及有效性进行了仿真验证和分析。
Great attention is paid to the wireless sensor networks because they have such characteristics as rapid deployment and strong survivability, so they can handle the target detection, track in the specified range and complicated circumstances. But the main limitation of the sensor network is that the power carried by the nodes is limited, which results in the failure of some nodes because of their environment or energy depletion, so it can affect the survival of the entire network and the validity of the transmission. It is very important to efficiently use energy and prolong the network lifetime under the premise of limited energy of wireless sensor networks.
Based on the above problem, in order to extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks and enhance the efficiency of transmission as high as possible, a wireless sensor network model based on energy balance is designed. And a deeper research is done on its structure, transport mechanisms and organizations and multi-path routing algorithm. The main achievements of my research are as follows:
(1)The paper analyses the main factors which affect energy balance of wireless sensor networks. Based on the definition of energy balance entropy, a model is made by using a double-layer topology structure. The structure is simple and easy to implement, and has the capacity to control itself in balancing the energy of network nodes.
(2)As to wireless sensor network model based on energy balance, the transport mechanisms of wireless sensor networks and organizational processes is designed from three aspects:Sink centralized control, self-organizing maintenance of nodes and network reconstruction.
(3)Under the premise of considering the imbalance of energy consumption in the transmission of wireless sensor networks, the AODV protocol is optimized, which avoids the hot issues and network separation problems, and broken links are easy to restore.
(4)A multi-path routing algorithm is designed based on the double-layer topology of energy balanced wireless sensor network, A simulation verification and analysis are carried out in terms of availability and effectiveness of the algorithm from the aspect of energy balance, network lifetime, routing overhead and average packet delivery ratio.
引文
[1]M.Wen,L.Dong,YF.Zheng and KF.Chen.Towards provable security for Data Transmission Protocols in Sensor Network[J] Journal of Information Science and Engineering,2009,25 (1):319-320.
[2]李敦.WSN中节点布置及联盟结构生成问题研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学图书馆,2010：1-2.
[3]Cui L,Ju HL,Miao Y et al.Overview of wireless sensor networks[J].Journal of Computer Reserch and Development,2005,42 (1):163-174.
[4]董玮.面向无线传感网络的嵌入式操作系统设计[D].浙江：浙江大学图书馆,2005：1-2.
[5]奇小刚,刘三阳.无线传感器网络动态路由研究与展望[J].计算机科学,2009,36(8)：1-2.
[6]孙利民,李建中,朱红松等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.124-229.
[7]Stavrou Eliana,Pitsillides Andreas. A survey on secure multipath routing protocols in WSN[J]. Computer Networks,2010(54):2215-2238.
[8]马海,基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的远程数据检测的设计与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2010：4-6.
[9]李旻.基于分簇的可扩展相对定位算法研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学图书馆,2008：1-4,12-14.
[10]萧颖.无线传感器自定位技术研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学图书馆,2010：11-13.
[11]彭静,刘光枯,谢世欢.无线传感器网络路由协议研究现状与趋势[J].计算机应用研究,2007(2)：4-9.
[12]苏均宇,曾子雄.基于定向扩散路由协议的改进[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(1)：90-93.
[13]范武,李力.无线传感器网络SPIN路由协议改进的方法.计算机与现代化[J],2007(3)：93-96.
[14]Chu M, Haussecker H, Zhao F. Scalable Information Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for Ad Hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS,2002,16 (3):294-302
[15]Lindsey S, Raghavendra C. PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems[C].2002 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS,2002,1-7:1125-1230.
[16]Manjeshwar A,Agarwal D P. TEEN :a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [C],lst Int'l.Wksp.Z Wireless Networks and Mobile Comp,2001.
[17]Ye F, et al. A Two-Tier Data Dissemination Model for LargeScale Wireless Sensor Networks[C].Proc. ACM,IEEE MOBI-COM,2002.
[18]Xu Y,Heidemann J,Estrin D. Geographyinformed Energy Conservation for Ad2hoc Routing[C],Proc.7t h Annual ACM,IEEE Int'l. Conf. Mobile Comp. and Net,2001.
[19]Yu Y, Est rin D, Govindan R. Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing :A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[R].UCLA Comp. Sci.Dept.,UCLA2CSD TR2010023,2001.
[20]Sohrabi K,ottie J. Protocol s for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network[J]. IEEE Pers. Commun.,2000,7 (5):16-27.
[21]宋立军.无线传感器网络LEACH路由协议的改进与仿真[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2010：38-55.
[22]苗伟.基于AODV的无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D].北京：北京邮电大学图书馆,2009：11-16.
[23]张纬,基于层次拓扑结构的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法的研究与实现[D].镇江：江苏大学图书馆,2008：21-27.
[24]胡耀锋.能量感知的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法研究[D].镇江：江苏大学图书馆,2008：19-34.
[25]Mueller S,Tsang RP,Ghosal D. Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Newtokorks:Issues and Challenges[C].PERFORMANCE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS TO NETWORKED SYSTEMS,2004,2965:209-234.
[26]Nasipuri A, Das S.R..on-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Newtokrs[C]. Proceedings Eight International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks,1999:64-67.
[27]沈晖,石冰心,邹玲,石坚,周建新.Ad Hoc网中基于熵的长寿分布式QoS路由算法[J].软件学报,2005,16(3)：445-451.
[28]Jia-Liang Lu,Valois F,Dohler M,et al. Quantifying Organization by Means of Entropy[J]. IEEE Communications Letters,2008,12(3):185-187.
[29]Liming He,Efficient Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM),2010:4.
[30]Simplicio Marcos A. Jr.,Barreto Paulo S. L. M., Margi Cintia B. A survey on key management mechanisms for distributed Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Computer Networks,2010,54(15):2591-2612.
[31]沈连丰,叶芝慧.信息论与编码[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：4-51.
[32]郁有文,常健,程继红.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社(第三版)[M],2010：62-97.
[33]黄飞.编码的传感器网络能量分析技术研究[D].南京：南京理工大学图书馆,2009：11-27.
[34]Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle EJ. An Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. THE CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS,2003(3):1713-1723.
[35]郭书城,卢昱,许定根.基于分簇无线传感器网络的路由算法研究[J].通信学报,2010,31(8A)：63-69.
[36]胡英,无线传感器网络分簇路由算法研究与改进[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2009：18-35.
[37]于继明,卢先领,杨余旺,孙亚民,杨静宇.无线传感器网络多路径路由协议研究进展[J].计算机应用研究.2007,24(6).
[38]李占波,庞海波Ad Hoc网络中AOMDV协议的一种改进方案[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(11-3)：131-132.
[39]Zaman M.S.,RamaMurthy G.Clustered and Leveled Disjoint Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.2009 First Asian Himalayas International Conference on Internet,2009:5.
[40]Vu Chinh T.,Gao Shan,Deshmukh Wiwek P,et al.Distributed energy-efficient scheduling approach for k-coverage in wireless sensor networks[C].MILCOM 2006,2006:1103-1109.
[41]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.ns与网络模拟[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2003：1-156.
[42]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模型基础与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2009：1-113,196-223.
[43]柯志亨,程荣详,邓德隽.NS2仿真实验-多媒体和无线网络通信[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2009：82-104,343-353.
[44]屈凤姣.无线传感器网络基于簇的数据传输可靠性研究[M].湘潭：湖南科技大学,2008：25-33.
[2]李敦.WSN中节点布置及联盟结构生成问题研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学图书馆,2010：1-2.
[3]Cui L,Ju HL,Miao Y et al.Overview of wireless sensor networks[J].Journal of Computer Reserch and Development,2005,42 (1):163-174.
[4]董玮.面向无线传感网络的嵌入式操作系统设计[D].浙江：浙江大学图书馆,2005：1-2.
[5]奇小刚,刘三阳.无线传感器网络动态路由研究与展望[J].计算机科学,2009,36(8)：1-2.
[6]孙利民,李建中,朱红松等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.124-229.
[7]Stavrou Eliana,Pitsillides Andreas. A survey on secure multipath routing protocols in WSN[J]. Computer Networks,2010(54):2215-2238.
[8]马海,基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的远程数据检测的设计与实现[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2010：4-6.
[9]李旻.基于分簇的可扩展相对定位算法研究[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学图书馆,2008：1-4,12-14.
[10]萧颖.无线传感器自定位技术研究[D].西安：西安电子科技大学图书馆,2010：11-13.
[11]彭静,刘光枯,谢世欢.无线传感器网络路由协议研究现状与趋势[J].计算机应用研究,2007(2)：4-9.
[12]苏均宇,曾子雄.基于定向扩散路由协议的改进[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(1)：90-93.
[13]范武,李力.无线传感器网络SPIN路由协议改进的方法.计算机与现代化[J],2007(3)：93-96.
[14]Chu M, Haussecker H, Zhao F. Scalable Information Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for Ad Hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS,2002,16 (3):294-302
[15]Lindsey S, Raghavendra C. PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems[C].2002 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS,2002,1-7:1125-1230.
[16]Manjeshwar A,Agarwal D P. TEEN :a Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [C],lst Int'l.Wksp.Z Wireless Networks and Mobile Comp,2001.
[17]Ye F, et al. A Two-Tier Data Dissemination Model for LargeScale Wireless Sensor Networks[C].Proc. ACM,IEEE MOBI-COM,2002.
[18]Xu Y,Heidemann J,Estrin D. Geographyinformed Energy Conservation for Ad2hoc Routing[C],Proc.7t h Annual ACM,IEEE Int'l. Conf. Mobile Comp. and Net,2001.
[19]Yu Y, Est rin D, Govindan R. Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing :A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[R].UCLA Comp. Sci.Dept.,UCLA2CSD TR2010023,2001.
[20]Sohrabi K,ottie J. Protocol s for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network[J]. IEEE Pers. Commun.,2000,7 (5):16-27.
[21]宋立军.无线传感器网络LEACH路由协议的改进与仿真[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2010：38-55.
[22]苗伟.基于AODV的无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D].北京：北京邮电大学图书馆,2009：11-16.
[23]张纬,基于层次拓扑结构的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法的研究与实现[D].镇江：江苏大学图书馆,2008：21-27.
[24]胡耀锋.能量感知的无线传感器网络多路径路由算法研究[D].镇江：江苏大学图书馆,2008：19-34.
[25]Mueller S,Tsang RP,Ghosal D. Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Newtokorks:Issues and Challenges[C].PERFORMANCE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS TO NETWORKED SYSTEMS,2004,2965:209-234.
[26]Nasipuri A, Das S.R..on-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Newtokrs[C]. Proceedings Eight International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks,1999:64-67.
[27]沈晖,石冰心,邹玲,石坚,周建新.Ad Hoc网中基于熵的长寿分布式QoS路由算法[J].软件学报,2005,16(3)：445-451.
[28]Jia-Liang Lu,Valois F,Dohler M,et al. Quantifying Organization by Means of Entropy[J]. IEEE Communications Letters,2008,12(3):185-187.
[29]Liming He,Efficient Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM),2010:4.
[30]Simplicio Marcos A. Jr.,Barreto Paulo S. L. M., Margi Cintia B. A survey on key management mechanisms for distributed Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Computer Networks,2010,54(15):2591-2612.
[31]沈连丰,叶芝慧.信息论与编码[M].北京：科学出版社,2005：4-51.
[32]郁有文,常健,程继红.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社(第三版)[M],2010：62-97.
[33]黄飞.编码的传感器网络能量分析技术研究[D].南京：南京理工大学图书馆,2009：11-27.
[34]Bandyopadhyay S, Coyle EJ. An Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. THE CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS,2003(3):1713-1723.
[35]郭书城,卢昱,许定根.基于分簇无线传感器网络的路由算法研究[J].通信学报,2010,31(8A)：63-69.
[36]胡英,无线传感器网络分簇路由算法研究与改进[D].武汉：武汉理工大学图书馆,2009：18-35.
[37]于继明,卢先领,杨余旺,孙亚民,杨静宇.无线传感器网络多路径路由协议研究进展[J].计算机应用研究.2007,24(6).
[38]李占波,庞海波Ad Hoc网络中AOMDV协议的一种改进方案[J].微计算机信息,2008,24(11-3)：131-132.
[39]Zaman M.S.,RamaMurthy G.Clustered and Leveled Disjoint Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.2009 First Asian Himalayas International Conference on Internet,2009:5.
[40]Vu Chinh T.,Gao Shan,Deshmukh Wiwek P,et al.Distributed energy-efficient scheduling approach for k-coverage in wireless sensor networks[C].MILCOM 2006,2006:1103-1109.
[41]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.ns与网络模拟[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2003：1-156.
[42]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模型基础与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2009：1-113,196-223.
[43]柯志亨,程荣详,邓德隽.NS2仿真实验-多媒体和无线网络通信[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2009：82-104,343-353.
[44]屈凤姣.无线传感器网络基于簇的数据传输可靠性研究[M].湘潭：湖南科技大学,2008：25-33.