青藏高原及邻区壳幔速度结构及面波方位各向异性
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摘要
青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块碰撞俯冲的产物,其地壳上地幔结构复杂,深部结构是青藏高原隆升动力学机制研究的基础和关键。在近期的青藏高原地球动力学研究中,壳幔变形和耦合的问题是当前研究的热点之一。本文试图利用青藏高原及其周边的宽频带数字记录作Rayleigh面波的层析成像,以获得青藏高原及邻区从地壳到岩石圈地幔的群速度和方位各向异性图像,以及三维S波速度结构,了解俯冲碰撞模型并探讨壳幔变形耦合的构造意义。
本文收集了CDSN、IRIS、INDEPTH、PASSCAL、中国国家数字地震台网以及2000-2001年和2004-2006年期间在云南和川西藏东地区布设宽频带流动台网台站的中长周期面波资料,路径覆盖中国大陆及其邻近区域(120S-55°N,70°-145°E),利用多重滤波技术提取了6000多条混合路径Rayleigh波群速度频散,采用1°×1°网格划分的Occam反演方法获得青藏高原及邻区(18°-45°N,70°-115°E)7-184秒42个周期的群速度和各向异性分布。再由纯路径频散反演青藏高原及邻区每个经纬度节点介质的S波速度随深度的变化,获得0-350km深度地壳上地幔三维速度分布,给出了11条纬向、7条经向速度剖面和7个不同深度范围的速度平面分布图。最后分析解释青藏高原及邻区各地体的速度结构及方位各向异性,并与面波相速度(?)SKS结果进行了对比分析。
本文研究结果显示出青藏高原及邻区的深部速度结构和各向异性分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征：其一,青藏高原具有厚壳(60-70km)和厚岩石圈(超过200km),并且青藏高原的中地壳(25-45km)存在速度约为3.2km/s的低速层；在青藏高原北部羌塘地体、松潘-甘孜-可可西里地体是低速岩石圈上地幔,而南部的喜马拉雅地体、拉萨地体是高速的岩石圈上地幔；其二,青藏高原地壳的各向异性快波方向表现为环绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转,在88°E以西地区各向异性快波方向为NS向,以东地区各向异性快波方向为从NE-EW-NW向变化,其各向异性快波方向基本与相速度及SKS快波方向结果一致；高原的上地幔岩石圈各向异性快波方向大约为NEE或EW向；软流圈各向异性快波方向EW向；各向异性的强度总体上随周期(深度)增大而减小：其三,青藏高原东南部邻区的滇缅泰板块和印支板块之间的上地幔有巨型低速体,低速体物质上涌到地壳,可能与印度板块向东俯冲到缅甸弧之下,引起软流圈上升有关；其四,青藏高原面波各向异性快波方向从地壳到上地幔在大部分区域变化较小,可能属于垂直连贯变形的壳幔变形模型；而在高原外的云南地区,快波方向从地壳到上地幔变化较大,可能属于壳幔解耦模型；其五,在青藏高原及其邻近区域(180一45°N,700一1150E)内射线较密的地区(青藏高原西南的印度板块除外),各向异性强度大于2%且水平尺度大于400km的群速度和各向异性特征是分辨出来的；最后,反演结果约束了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞动力学模式,即在青藏高原南部,印度板块岩石圈盖层的速度与青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅地体、拉萨地体岩石圈盖层的速度是一致的,印度板块上地幔盖层可能低角度俯冲到青藏高原上地幔之中,使得青藏高原南部岩石圈厚度超过200km,而北部岩石圈上地幔存在低速层的结构,类似于岩石圈拆离下沉,软流圈物质侵入到上地幔顶部的情形。
Tibetan Plateau is the dynamic consequence of the collision between India and Eurasian plates, and the crust and upper mantle structure in this region is extremely complex.The research of deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau is the basis and key for understanding the dynamic mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau uplift.In the recent studies on the geodynamics of Tibetan Plateau, the deformation and coupling of crust and mantle is one of the current foci of research.
This thesis attempts to use the broadband digital records from the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas to perform a Rayleigh surface wave tomography to obtain group volocity and azimuthal anisotropy images and3-D S wave velocity images from crust to lithospheric mantle beneath the Tibetan Plateau, to understands the subduction-collision model and probes into the tectonic significance of the crust-mantle deformation coupling. To ensure a better path coverage, the long period surface wave data are collected from broadband seismic stations in a large region (12°-5°N,70°-145°E) including those of CDSN, IRIS, PASSCAL in1991-1992, INDEPTH in1994and1999, and the China Earthquake network established in2002,especially broadband temporary networks(total35stations)deployed in Yunnan during2000-2001, and from eastern Tibet to western Sichuan during2004-2006. More than6000mixed path dispersions of Rayleigh wave group velocity were measured by means of time-frequency analysis based on multiple-filter.China and adjacent regions(12°S-55°N,70°-145°E) was divided into a1°×1°grid, and group velocity and azimuthal anisotropy distributions of fundamental Rayleigh wave between7-184s were determined by Occam's inversion.From the pure-path dispersion curves, the three-dimensional shear velocity structures in0-350km depths are inverted at each node in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas(18°-45°N,70°-115°E). Seven average velocity distributions of shear wave in different depth rages, eleven profiles along parallels and seven profiles along meridians of shear wave velocity were displayed to analyze and explain the velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy of each terrane of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas, and then compare the velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy images with those of the phase velocity of surface waves and SKS results.
The inversion results indicate that the Tibetan plateau and surrounding areas show obvious lateral variation of crust and upper mantle velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy images in different terranes. At first, the Tibetan plateau has a thick crust (60-70km) and very thick lithosphere (exceeding200km), there also exists a low velocity layer (Vs<3.2km/s) in the middle crust (about in25-45km depth range).The Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganze-Hoh Xil terranes in north Tibetan plateau show high velocity of upper mantle lithosphere, but Himalayan and Lhasa terranes located in south Tibetan plateau depict low velocity of upper mantle lithosphere. Second, the crust anisotropy images show clockwise rotation surrounding the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The fast wave directions for azimuthal anisotropy in west of88°E are NS,while in east part the fast wave directions change from NE-EW-NW which are consistent with fast wave directions of phase velocity and SKS. Third, the huge low velocity body exists in Yunnan-Burma-Thai block and Indochina block of southeast Tibetan plateau and upwells to crust which may be associated with the Indian plate eastward subducted under the Burma Arc, causing an uplift of the asthenosphere. Fourth, the fast wave directions of surface wave anisotropy are small changes from the crust to upper mantle in most regions inside Tibetan plateau which may belong to the vertical coherent deformation of the crust and mantle deformation model; while in Yunnan outside the plateau, the fast directions from the crust to upper mantle are large changes which may belong to the model of the crust-mantle decoupling.Fiveth. in the areas of good path coverage (excluding Indian plate on the southwest of the Tibetan Plateau) of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas((18°-45°N,70°-115°E) the group velocity and anisotropic features of scope greater than400km and strength greater than2%are reliable.At last, the inversion result constrains the collision model between the India and Eurasian plates. In Himalayan and Lhasa terranes of south Tibetan plateau, there is a north- dipping lithosphere lid of high velocity similar to that of India plate, mimicking a subducting plate. In north Tibetan plateau, upper mantle shows a sub-Moho low velocity zone, which could be explained by lithosphere delaminating and sinking and asthenosphere uplifting to the top of upper mantle.
本文收集了CDSN、IRIS、INDEPTH、PASSCAL、中国国家数字地震台网以及2000-2001年和2004-2006年期间在云南和川西藏东地区布设宽频带流动台网台站的中长周期面波资料,路径覆盖中国大陆及其邻近区域(120S-55°N,70°-145°E),利用多重滤波技术提取了6000多条混合路径Rayleigh波群速度频散,采用1°×1°网格划分的Occam反演方法获得青藏高原及邻区(18°-45°N,70°-115°E)7-184秒42个周期的群速度和各向异性分布。再由纯路径频散反演青藏高原及邻区每个经纬度节点介质的S波速度随深度的变化,获得0-350km深度地壳上地幔三维速度分布,给出了11条纬向、7条经向速度剖面和7个不同深度范围的速度平面分布图。最后分析解释青藏高原及邻区各地体的速度结构及方位各向异性,并与面波相速度(?)SKS结果进行了对比分析。
本文研究结果显示出青藏高原及邻区的深部速度结构和各向异性分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征：其一,青藏高原具有厚壳(60-70km)和厚岩石圈(超过200km),并且青藏高原的中地壳(25-45km)存在速度约为3.2km/s的低速层；在青藏高原北部羌塘地体、松潘-甘孜-可可西里地体是低速岩石圈上地幔,而南部的喜马拉雅地体、拉萨地体是高速的岩石圈上地幔；其二,青藏高原地壳的各向异性快波方向表现为环绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转,在88°E以西地区各向异性快波方向为NS向,以东地区各向异性快波方向为从NE-EW-NW向变化,其各向异性快波方向基本与相速度及SKS快波方向结果一致；高原的上地幔岩石圈各向异性快波方向大约为NEE或EW向；软流圈各向异性快波方向EW向；各向异性的强度总体上随周期(深度)增大而减小：其三,青藏高原东南部邻区的滇缅泰板块和印支板块之间的上地幔有巨型低速体,低速体物质上涌到地壳,可能与印度板块向东俯冲到缅甸弧之下,引起软流圈上升有关；其四,青藏高原面波各向异性快波方向从地壳到上地幔在大部分区域变化较小,可能属于垂直连贯变形的壳幔变形模型；而在高原外的云南地区,快波方向从地壳到上地幔变化较大,可能属于壳幔解耦模型；其五,在青藏高原及其邻近区域(180一45°N,700一1150E)内射线较密的地区(青藏高原西南的印度板块除外),各向异性强度大于2%且水平尺度大于400km的群速度和各向异性特征是分辨出来的；最后,反演结果约束了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞动力学模式,即在青藏高原南部,印度板块岩石圈盖层的速度与青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅地体、拉萨地体岩石圈盖层的速度是一致的,印度板块上地幔盖层可能低角度俯冲到青藏高原上地幔之中,使得青藏高原南部岩石圈厚度超过200km,而北部岩石圈上地幔存在低速层的结构,类似于岩石圈拆离下沉,软流圈物质侵入到上地幔顶部的情形。
Tibetan Plateau is the dynamic consequence of the collision between India and Eurasian plates, and the crust and upper mantle structure in this region is extremely complex.The research of deep structure of the Tibetan Plateau is the basis and key for understanding the dynamic mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau uplift.In the recent studies on the geodynamics of Tibetan Plateau, the deformation and coupling of crust and mantle is one of the current foci of research.
This thesis attempts to use the broadband digital records from the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas to perform a Rayleigh surface wave tomography to obtain group volocity and azimuthal anisotropy images and3-D S wave velocity images from crust to lithospheric mantle beneath the Tibetan Plateau, to understands the subduction-collision model and probes into the tectonic significance of the crust-mantle deformation coupling. To ensure a better path coverage, the long period surface wave data are collected from broadband seismic stations in a large region (12°-5°N,70°-145°E) including those of CDSN, IRIS, PASSCAL in1991-1992, INDEPTH in1994and1999, and the China Earthquake network established in2002,especially broadband temporary networks(total35stations)deployed in Yunnan during2000-2001, and from eastern Tibet to western Sichuan during2004-2006. More than6000mixed path dispersions of Rayleigh wave group velocity were measured by means of time-frequency analysis based on multiple-filter.China and adjacent regions(12°S-55°N,70°-145°E) was divided into a1°×1°grid, and group velocity and azimuthal anisotropy distributions of fundamental Rayleigh wave between7-184s were determined by Occam's inversion.From the pure-path dispersion curves, the three-dimensional shear velocity structures in0-350km depths are inverted at each node in the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas(18°-45°N,70°-115°E). Seven average velocity distributions of shear wave in different depth rages, eleven profiles along parallels and seven profiles along meridians of shear wave velocity were displayed to analyze and explain the velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy of each terrane of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas, and then compare the velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy images with those of the phase velocity of surface waves and SKS results.
The inversion results indicate that the Tibetan plateau and surrounding areas show obvious lateral variation of crust and upper mantle velocity structure and azimuthal anisotropy images in different terranes. At first, the Tibetan plateau has a thick crust (60-70km) and very thick lithosphere (exceeding200km), there also exists a low velocity layer (Vs<3.2km/s) in the middle crust (about in25-45km depth range).The Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganze-Hoh Xil terranes in north Tibetan plateau show high velocity of upper mantle lithosphere, but Himalayan and Lhasa terranes located in south Tibetan plateau depict low velocity of upper mantle lithosphere. Second, the crust anisotropy images show clockwise rotation surrounding the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The fast wave directions for azimuthal anisotropy in west of88°E are NS,while in east part the fast wave directions change from NE-EW-NW which are consistent with fast wave directions of phase velocity and SKS. Third, the huge low velocity body exists in Yunnan-Burma-Thai block and Indochina block of southeast Tibetan plateau and upwells to crust which may be associated with the Indian plate eastward subducted under the Burma Arc, causing an uplift of the asthenosphere. Fourth, the fast wave directions of surface wave anisotropy are small changes from the crust to upper mantle in most regions inside Tibetan plateau which may belong to the vertical coherent deformation of the crust and mantle deformation model; while in Yunnan outside the plateau, the fast directions from the crust to upper mantle are large changes which may belong to the model of the crust-mantle decoupling.Fiveth. in the areas of good path coverage (excluding Indian plate on the southwest of the Tibetan Plateau) of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas((18°-45°N,70°-115°E) the group velocity and anisotropic features of scope greater than400km and strength greater than2%are reliable.At last, the inversion result constrains the collision model between the India and Eurasian plates. In Himalayan and Lhasa terranes of south Tibetan plateau, there is a north- dipping lithosphere lid of high velocity similar to that of India plate, mimicking a subducting plate. In north Tibetan plateau, upper mantle shows a sub-Moho low velocity zone, which could be explained by lithosphere delaminating and sinking and asthenosphere uplifting to the top of upper mantle.
引文
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