城市污泥农用的农学和环境效应研究
|
摘要
近年来,随着城市污水处理率的迅速提高,城市污水处理过程中的副产物污泥的处置及其环境影响受到越来越多的关注。目前,污泥的土地利用成为经济、高效的污泥处置方式之一。但是污泥中的重金属成为污泥土地利用的主要限制因素,因此,我们动态监测了北京市污泥养分和重金属含量,采用盆栽方法研究了污泥中重金属的植物有效性,并研究了大田模式下污泥施用对土壤环境和小麦重金属含量的影响,初步探讨了北京市污泥农用的肥料和环境效应。主要研究结果如下:
1.北京市污泥有机质、氮、磷、钾的含量分别为35.5%、2.7%、3.8%、0.2%,总体呈现高有机质、氮、磷,低钾的趋势,并且除了钾含量外,其它都比常规有机肥猪粪、猪厩肥和鸡粪中的含量要高。
2.北京市污泥处置厂发酵污泥重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量依次为1665 mg/kg、238 mg/kg、98 mg/kg、79 mg/kg、46 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、13 mg/kg,而北京市污水处理厂生污泥重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Hg含量的平均值分别为821 mg/kg、149 mg/kg、31 mg/kg、35 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、21 mg/kg、14 mg/kg;将北京市污泥重金属含量与城镇污泥农用标准(GB18918-2002)的重金属限量值比较发现,除了Hg的含量超出了城镇污泥农用标准pH
With the rapid increase of sewage treatment plants, the disposal and the environmental impact of sewage sludge have been paid more and more attention. Now, land application of sewage sludge has become an important way for sewage sludge disposal duo to its lower cost and higher efficiency. But heavy metals are the key factor that affects the land application of sewage sludge. So we have done some researches on the monitoring of nutrient and heavy metal concentration and the phytoavailability of heavy metal in soil treated of sewage sludge by a pot experiment. Also the impacts of soil environmental and heavy metal contents in wheat by land applications of sewage sludge were evaluated to assess the agronomic benefits and environmental impacts of sewage sludge application to soils. The main results obtained were as the following:
1. The content of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sewage sludge from Beijing is 35.5%, 2.7%, 3.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Except potassium, those are higher than organic fertilizer as pig manure and chicken manure.
2. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, As and Hg in sewage sludge from sludge disposal plant are 1665 mg/kg, 238 mg/kg, 98 mg/kg, 79 mg/kg, 46 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 13 mg/kg, respectively, and are 821 mg/kg, 149 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg respectively from sewage treatment plant. Compared with the heavy metal limits of sewage sludge for land application in china, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and As concentrations in sewage sludge are lower than the limits value, and Hg concentrations in sewage sludge is overran the limits value for pH
1.北京市污泥有机质、氮、磷、钾的含量分别为35.5%、2.7%、3.8%、0.2%,总体呈现高有机质、氮、磷,低钾的趋势,并且除了钾含量外,其它都比常规有机肥猪粪、猪厩肥和鸡粪中的含量要高。
2.北京市污泥处置厂发酵污泥重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量依次为1665 mg/kg、238 mg/kg、98 mg/kg、79 mg/kg、46 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、13 mg/kg,而北京市污水处理厂生污泥重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、As、Hg含量的平均值分别为821 mg/kg、149 mg/kg、31 mg/kg、35 mg/kg、40 mg/kg、21 mg/kg、14 mg/kg;将北京市污泥重金属含量与城镇污泥农用标准(GB18918-2002)的重金属限量值比较发现,除了Hg的含量超出了城镇污泥农用标准pH
With the rapid increase of sewage treatment plants, the disposal and the environmental impact of sewage sludge have been paid more and more attention. Now, land application of sewage sludge has become an important way for sewage sludge disposal duo to its lower cost and higher efficiency. But heavy metals are the key factor that affects the land application of sewage sludge. So we have done some researches on the monitoring of nutrient and heavy metal concentration and the phytoavailability of heavy metal in soil treated of sewage sludge by a pot experiment. Also the impacts of soil environmental and heavy metal contents in wheat by land applications of sewage sludge were evaluated to assess the agronomic benefits and environmental impacts of sewage sludge application to soils. The main results obtained were as the following:
1. The content of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in sewage sludge from Beijing is 35.5%, 2.7%, 3.8% and 0.2%, respectively. Except potassium, those are higher than organic fertilizer as pig manure and chicken manure.
2. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, As and Hg in sewage sludge from sludge disposal plant are 1665 mg/kg, 238 mg/kg, 98 mg/kg, 79 mg/kg, 46 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 13 mg/kg, respectively, and are 821 mg/kg, 149 mg/kg, 31 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 21 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg respectively from sewage treatment plant. Compared with the heavy metal limits of sewage sludge for land application in china, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and As concentrations in sewage sludge are lower than the limits value, and Hg concentrations in sewage sludge is overran the limits value for pH
引文
[1] 安淼,周琪,李永秋.城市污泥中重金属的形态分布和处理方法的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):199-202.
[2] 蔡全英,莫测辉,王伯光,等.城市污泥和化肥对水稻土种植的通菜中多环芳烃(PAHs) 的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22 (7):1091-1097.
[3] 蔡全英,莫测辉,吴启堂,等.城市污泥中氯苯类化合物(CB s) 的堆肥处理研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20 (3):229-233.
[4] 蔡全英,莫测辉,朱夕珍,等.城市污泥对通菜-水稻土中有机污染物的累积效应[J] .中国环境科学,2003,23(3):321-326.
[5] 陈茂林,胡忻,王超.我国部分城市污泥中重金属元素形态的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1102-1105.
[6] 陈涛,熊先哲.污泥的的农林处置与利用[J].云南环境科学,2000,19(增刊):207-209.
[7] 陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].2003,23(5):561-569.
[8] 陈同斌,李艳霞,金燕,等.城市污泥复合肥的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):643-648.
[9] 付华,周志宇,张洪荣,等.苜蓿施用污泥效果的研究:Ⅰ:对苜蓿生长及元素含量的影响[J].草业学报,2001,10(4):64-71.
[10] 付克强,王殿武,李贵宝,等.城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤-植物系统中养分及重金属 Cd、Pb 的影响.水土保持学报,2006,20(4):62-66.
[11] 高定,郑国砥,陈同斌,等.堆肥处理对排水污泥中重金属的钝化作用[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(4):7-10.
[12] 郭兰,米尔芳,田若涛,等.城市污泥和污泥与垃圾堆肥的农田施用对土壤性质的影响[J].农业环境保护,1994,13 (5):204-209.
[13] 杭世珺,陈吉宁,等.污泥处理处置的认识误区与控制对策.国际污泥无害化经验交流会论文汇编,2004.
[14] 后藤茂子,茅野充男,山岸顺子,等.长期施用污泥导致重金属在土壤中蓄积[J].水土保持科技情报,1999,(3):1-4.
[15] 胡忻,陈茂林,吴云海,等.城市污水处理厂污泥化学组分与重金属元素形态分布研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):387-391.
[16] 黄游,陈玲,邱家洲,等.污泥堆肥中重金属的生物有效性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(6):1455-1458.
[17] 姜城,杨金,陈振天,等.污泥、污泥复合肥农业应用的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(2):46-50.
[18] 李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的重金属生物活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(7):60-64.
[19] 李国学.施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜(Brassicachinensis)重金属积累特性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(1):113-118.
[20] 李慧君,殷宪强,谷胜意,等.污泥及污泥堆肥对改善土壤物理性质的探讨[J].陕西农业科学,2004,(1):29-31.
[21] 李艳霞,陈同斌,黄启飞,等.中国城市污泥的有机质和养分含量与土地利用[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2464-2474.
[22] 李宇庆,陈玲,赵建夫.施用污泥堆肥对木槿生长的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):894-897.
[23] 林葆.化肥与无公害农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003,86-95.
[24] 林代炎,杨菁,叶美锋,等.不同污泥肥料对水稻和大豆的肥效实验研究[J].安全与环境学报,2007,1(7):111-114.
[25] 刘俊华,王文华,彭安.土壤中汞生物有效性的研究[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(4):216-220.
[26] 刘荣乐,李书田,王秀斌,等.我国商品有机肥料和有机废弃物中重金属的含量状况与分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):392-397.
[27] 吕彦,马利民.快速堆肥对污泥中重金属的影响[J].东华理工学院学报,2005,28(1):30-33.
[28] 马利民,陈玲,吕彦,等.污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].生态环境 2004,13(2):151-153.
[29] 马利民,陈玲,马娜,等.几种花卉植物对污泥中铅的富集特征[J].生态学杂志, 2005,24(6):644-647.
[30] 马娜,陈玲,熊飞.我国城市污泥的处置与利用[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):92-95.
[31] 孟昭福,张增强,张一平,等.几种污泥中重金属生物有效性及其影响因素的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(1):115-118.
[32] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂,等.城市污泥及其堆肥施用对通菜中有机污染物的累积效应[J].环境科学,2004,23(5):52-56.
[33] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂,等.微生物方法降低城市污泥的重金属含量研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(5):511-515.
[34] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂.城市污泥与稻草堆肥中多环芳烃的研究[J].环境化学,2002,(21)2:132-138.
[35] 莫测辉,吴启堂.城市污泥对作物种子发芽及幼苗生长影响的初步研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(6):645-649.
[36] 申荣艳,骆永明,章钢娅,等.城市污泥农用对植物和土壤中有机污染物的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(2):651- 657.
[37] 孙颖,桂长华.污泥堆肥化对重金属生物可利用性的影响[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2007,29(3):110-114.
[38] 谭启玲,胡承孝,周后建,等.城市污泥中的重金属形态及其对潮土酶活性的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(1):36-39.
[39] 王连敏,王春艳,王立志,等.污泥对水稻分蘖及产量形成影响的研究[J].安全与环境学报,2005,5(1):35-37.
[40] 王新,陈涛,梁仁禄,等.污泥土地利用对农作物及土壤的影响研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(2):163-166.
[41] 王新,周启星,陈涛,等.污泥土地利用对草坪草及土壤的影响[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):50-53.
[42] 王新,周启星.污泥堆肥土地利用对树木生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1):174-177.
[43] 吴正松,彭绪亚,蔡华帅,等.微生物在堆肥化中的应用研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2005,27(1):92-96.
[44] 阎双堆.污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(3):524-527.
[45] 杨国栋,石晓枫.含铬皮革废水污灌和施用含铬污泥时铬在土壤环境中的残留[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(1):28-30,37.
[46] 杨林章,毛景东.污泥在农业上的合理应用[J].土壤学进展,1995,23(6):43-47.
[47] 杨玉荣,穆国俊,魏静.重金属在污泥堆肥过程中的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(增刊):226-228.
[48] 姚刚.德国的污泥利用和处置[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000,13 (1) :43-47.
[49] 叶静,岳巍,郑纪慈.污泥复合肥在海涂棉花上的效应[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(6):333-335.
[50] 殷宪强,张增强,孙慧敏,等.施用污泥堆肥对土壤中 Cu、Zn 形态分布的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3):448-451.
[51] 张勤,姚天举,胡坚,等.城市低有机质污泥的好氧堆肥研究[J].中国给水排水,2006, 22(13):94-97.
[52] 张晓耕, 叶美锋,林瑛,等.利用城市生活污泥生产的有机-无机混配肥料在西瓜上的应用效果[J].广西农学报,2006,21(2):7-9.
[53] 张雪英,周顺桂,周立祥,等.堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质形态及其重金属分配的影响[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):30-33.
[54] 中国肥料信息网,http://www.natesc.gov.cn/sfb/TfgjYjf.asp
[55] 中国环境年鉴[M],2005,中国环境科学出版社.
[56] 周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢,等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):185-193.
[57] 周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢.城市生活污泥农田利用对土壤肥力性状的影响[J].土壤通报,1994, 25(3):126-129.
[58] 周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(3):269-274.
[59] 周志宇,付华,张洪荣,等.施用污泥对无芒雀麦生育的影响[J].草地学报,2000,8(2):144-149.
[60] 朱萍,李晓晨,马海涛,等.污泥中重金属形态分布与可浸出性的相关性研究[J] .河海大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(2):121-124.
[61] Anthony C. Methyl mercury contamination and emission to the atmosphere from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1997, 26(6):1650-1654.
[62] Bell P F, James B R, Chaney R L. Heavy metal extractability in long-term sewage sludge and metal salt-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1991, 20: 481-486.
[63] Brown S L, Chaney R L, Angle J S, et al. The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1998, 27:1071-1078.
[64] Brown S L, Chaney R L, Angle J S, et al. The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27(5):1071-1078.
[65] Casado-Vela J, Selles S, Navarro J. Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils [J]. Waste Management, 2006, 26: 946–952.
[66] Chaudri A, McGrath S, Gibbs P, et al. Cadmium availability to Wheat grain in soils treated with sewage sludge or metal salts [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66:1415-1423.
[67] Cheng H F, Xu W P, Liu J L. Application of composted sewage sludge (CSS) as a soil amendment for turf grass growth [J]. Ecological engineering, 2007, 29: 96-104
[68] Craig G C, Andy I B, Steven C F, et al. Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications of tall fescue [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30: 2188–2194.
[69] Cunningham J D, Keeney D R, Ryan J A. Phytotoxicity and uptake of metals added to soils as inorganic salts or in sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1975b, 4:460-462.
[70] Davis R D. The impact of EU and UK environmental pressures on future of sludge treatment and disposal [J]. Water and Environmental Management Journal, 1996, 10(2):10-13.
[71] EEA, European Environmental Agency. Sludge Treatment and Disposal management approaches and experience .European Environmental Agency.1997.
[72] Gao S D, Walker W J, Dahlgren R A, et al. Simultaneous sorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cr on soils treated with sewage sludge supernatant [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1997, 93: 331-345.
[73] Guerra P, Ahumada I, Carrasco A. Effect of biosolid incorporation to mollisol soils on Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn fractionation and relationship with their bioavailability[J].Chemosphere, 2007, 68(11):2021-2027.
[74] Inmaculada P, Carmen A, Carlos G, et al. Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98:29–37.
[75] Kizilkaya R, Bayrakli B, Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2005, 30(3):192–202.
[76] Li ZB, Ryan JA, Chen JL, et al. Adsorption of cadmium on biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 2001, 30 (3): 903-911.
[77] MacNicol R D, Beckett P H. The distribution of heavy metal between the principal components of digested sewage sludge [J].Water Research, 1989, 23(2):199-206.
[78] Mantovi P, Baldoni G and Toderi G. Reuse of liquid,dewatered and composted sewage sludge on agricultural land:effects of long-tern long-term application on soil and crop[J], Water Research,2005,39:289-296.
[79] McGrath S P. Metal concentrations in sludges and soil from a long-term field trial [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1994,103:25-35.
[80] McLaughlin M J, Whatmuff M, Warne M, et al. A field investigation of solubility and food chain accumulation of biosolid-cadmium across diverse soil types [J]. Environmental chemistry, 2006, 3(6):428-432.
[81] Ojeda G., Alcaniz J M, Ortiz O. Runoff and losses by erosion in soils amended with sewage sludge [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2003, 14 (6): 563–573.
[82] Oliver D P, Hannam R, Tiller K G, et al. The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium concentration in wheat grain [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1994, 23:705-711.
[83] Parat C, Chaussod R, Leveque J, et al. Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37:673–679.
[84] Paulsrud B, Nedland K T. Strategy for Land Application of Sewage Sludge in Norway [J]. Water Science Technology, 1997, 36(11):283-290.
[85] Ravichandran M, Aiken G R, Redd M M, et al. Enhanced dissolution of cinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32:3305-3311.
[86] Ravichandran M. Interactions between mercury and dissolved organic mater--A review [J].Chemosphere, 2004, 55:319-331.
[87] Richard B K, Steenhuis T S. Effect of sludge processing mode, soil texture and soil pH on metal mobility in undisturbed soil columns under accelerated loading[J]. Environnmental Pollution, 2000, 109: 327-346.
[88] Shoham-Frider E, Shelef G and Kress N. Mercury speciation in sediments at a municipal sewage sludge marine disposal site [J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2007, 64:601-615.
[89] Shuman LM, Dudka S, Das K. Cadmium forms and plant availability in compost-amended soil[J].Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 2002, 33 (5-6): 737-748.
[90] Singh S S. Uptake of cadmium by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as influenced by its addition to soil as inorganic or in sewage sludge [J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 1981, 61:19-28.
[91] Sopper WE. Utilization of sewage sludge in the United States for mine land reclamation [A]. In: Hall JE. (Ed). Alternative Uses for Sewage Sludge[C]. Pergamon Press, 1989: 21-40.
[92] Steven Criquet, Armelle Braud, Sylvie Ne`ble. Short-term effects of sewage sludge application on phosphatase activities and vailable P fractions in Mediterranean soils [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39:921–929.
[93] Street J J, Lindsay W L, Sabey B R. Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1997, 6:72-77.
[94] Tore Krogstad,Trine A.Sogn,Asmund Asdal. Influence of chemical and biologically stabilized sewage sludge on plant-available phosphorous in soil [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2005, 25: 51-60.
[95] USEPA. Biosolids generation, use and disposal in the United States. EPA 530-R-99-009, 1999.
[96] Viera R F, de Souza Silva C M M. Soil amendment with sewage sludge and its impact on soil microflora [J]. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 2003, 34:56–58.
[97] Waldron L J, Terry N. Effect of mercury vapors on sugar beets [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1975, 4:58-60.
[98] Walter I, Martnez F, Cala V. Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 139: 507-514.
[99] Werner W. Warnusz J. Ecological evaluation of long-term application of sewage sludges according to the legislative permissions [J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1997, 43:1047.
[100] Wei Y J, Liu Y S. Effects of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3-year field study [J]. Chemosphere, 2005, 59 (9): 1257-1265.
[2] 蔡全英,莫测辉,王伯光,等.城市污泥和化肥对水稻土种植的通菜中多环芳烃(PAHs) 的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22 (7):1091-1097.
[3] 蔡全英,莫测辉,吴启堂,等.城市污泥中氯苯类化合物(CB s) 的堆肥处理研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20 (3):229-233.
[4] 蔡全英,莫测辉,朱夕珍,等.城市污泥对通菜-水稻土中有机污染物的累积效应[J] .中国环境科学,2003,23(3):321-326.
[5] 陈茂林,胡忻,王超.我国部分城市污泥中重金属元素形态的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1102-1105.
[6] 陈涛,熊先哲.污泥的的农林处置与利用[J].云南环境科学,2000,19(增刊):207-209.
[7] 陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].2003,23(5):561-569.
[8] 陈同斌,李艳霞,金燕,等.城市污泥复合肥的肥效及其对小麦重金属吸收的影响[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):643-648.
[9] 付华,周志宇,张洪荣,等.苜蓿施用污泥效果的研究:Ⅰ:对苜蓿生长及元素含量的影响[J].草业学报,2001,10(4):64-71.
[10] 付克强,王殿武,李贵宝,等.城市污泥与湖泊底泥土地利用对土壤-植物系统中养分及重金属 Cd、Pb 的影响.水土保持学报,2006,20(4):62-66.
[11] 高定,郑国砥,陈同斌,等.堆肥处理对排水污泥中重金属的钝化作用[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(4):7-10.
[12] 郭兰,米尔芳,田若涛,等.城市污泥和污泥与垃圾堆肥的农田施用对土壤性质的影响[J].农业环境保护,1994,13 (5):204-209.
[13] 杭世珺,陈吉宁,等.污泥处理处置的认识误区与控制对策.国际污泥无害化经验交流会论文汇编,2004.
[14] 后藤茂子,茅野充男,山岸顺子,等.长期施用污泥导致重金属在土壤中蓄积[J].水土保持科技情报,1999,(3):1-4.
[15] 胡忻,陈茂林,吴云海,等.城市污水处理厂污泥化学组分与重金属元素形态分布研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):387-391.
[16] 黄游,陈玲,邱家洲,等.污泥堆肥中重金属的生物有效性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(6):1455-1458.
[17] 姜城,杨金,陈振天,等.污泥、污泥复合肥农业应用的初步研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,1996,18(2):46-50.
[18] 李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的重金属生物活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(7):60-64.
[19] 李国学.施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜(Brassicachinensis)重金属积累特性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(1):113-118.
[20] 李慧君,殷宪强,谷胜意,等.污泥及污泥堆肥对改善土壤物理性质的探讨[J].陕西农业科学,2004,(1):29-31.
[21] 李艳霞,陈同斌,黄启飞,等.中国城市污泥的有机质和养分含量与土地利用[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2464-2474.
[22] 李宇庆,陈玲,赵建夫.施用污泥堆肥对木槿生长的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):894-897.
[23] 林葆.化肥与无公害农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003,86-95.
[24] 林代炎,杨菁,叶美锋,等.不同污泥肥料对水稻和大豆的肥效实验研究[J].安全与环境学报,2007,1(7):111-114.
[25] 刘俊华,王文华,彭安.土壤中汞生物有效性的研究[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(4):216-220.
[26] 刘荣乐,李书田,王秀斌,等.我国商品有机肥料和有机废弃物中重金属的含量状况与分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):392-397.
[27] 吕彦,马利民.快速堆肥对污泥中重金属的影响[J].东华理工学院学报,2005,28(1):30-33.
[28] 马利民,陈玲,吕彦,等.污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].生态环境 2004,13(2):151-153.
[29] 马利民,陈玲,马娜,等.几种花卉植物对污泥中铅的富集特征[J].生态学杂志, 2005,24(6):644-647.
[30] 马娜,陈玲,熊飞.我国城市污泥的处置与利用[J].生态环境,2003,12(1):92-95.
[31] 孟昭福,张增强,张一平,等.几种污泥中重金属生物有效性及其影响因素的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(1):115-118.
[32] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂,等.城市污泥及其堆肥施用对通菜中有机污染物的累积效应[J].环境科学,2004,23(5):52-56.
[33] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂,等.微生物方法降低城市污泥的重金属含量研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(5):511-515.
[34] 莫测辉,蔡全英,吴启堂.城市污泥与稻草堆肥中多环芳烃的研究[J].环境化学,2002,(21)2:132-138.
[35] 莫测辉,吴启堂.城市污泥对作物种子发芽及幼苗生长影响的初步研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(6):645-649.
[36] 申荣艳,骆永明,章钢娅,等.城市污泥农用对植物和土壤中有机污染物的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(2):651- 657.
[37] 孙颖,桂长华.污泥堆肥化对重金属生物可利用性的影响[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2007,29(3):110-114.
[38] 谭启玲,胡承孝,周后建,等.城市污泥中的重金属形态及其对潮土酶活性的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2002,21(1):36-39.
[39] 王连敏,王春艳,王立志,等.污泥对水稻分蘖及产量形成影响的研究[J].安全与环境学报,2005,5(1):35-37.
[40] 王新,陈涛,梁仁禄,等.污泥土地利用对农作物及土壤的影响研究[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(2):163-166.
[41] 王新,周启星,陈涛,等.污泥土地利用对草坪草及土壤的影响[J].环境科学,2003,24(2):50-53.
[42] 王新,周启星.污泥堆肥土地利用对树木生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1):174-177.
[43] 吴正松,彭绪亚,蔡华帅,等.微生物在堆肥化中的应用研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2005,27(1):92-96.
[44] 阎双堆.污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响[J].土壤学报,2006,43(3):524-527.
[45] 杨国栋,石晓枫.含铬皮革废水污灌和施用含铬污泥时铬在土壤环境中的残留[J].农业环境保护,1999,18(1):28-30,37.
[46] 杨林章,毛景东.污泥在农业上的合理应用[J].土壤学进展,1995,23(6):43-47.
[47] 杨玉荣,穆国俊,魏静.重金属在污泥堆肥过程中的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(增刊):226-228.
[48] 姚刚.德国的污泥利用和处置[J].城市环境与城市生态,2000,13 (1) :43-47.
[49] 叶静,岳巍,郑纪慈.污泥复合肥在海涂棉花上的效应[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(6):333-335.
[50] 殷宪强,张增强,孙慧敏,等.施用污泥堆肥对土壤中 Cu、Zn 形态分布的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3):448-451.
[51] 张勤,姚天举,胡坚,等.城市低有机质污泥的好氧堆肥研究[J].中国给水排水,2006, 22(13):94-97.
[52] 张晓耕, 叶美锋,林瑛,等.利用城市生活污泥生产的有机-无机混配肥料在西瓜上的应用效果[J].广西农学报,2006,21(2):7-9.
[53] 张雪英,周顺桂,周立祥,等.堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质形态及其重金属分配的影响[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(1):30-33.
[54] 中国肥料信息网,http://www.natesc.gov.cn/sfb/TfgjYjf.asp
[55] 中国环境年鉴[M],2005,中国环境科学出版社.
[56] 周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢,等.城市污泥土地利用研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(2):185-193.
[57] 周立祥,胡霭堂,戈乃玢.城市生活污泥农田利用对土壤肥力性状的影响[J].土壤通报,1994, 25(3):126-129.
[58] 周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(3):269-274.
[59] 周志宇,付华,张洪荣,等.施用污泥对无芒雀麦生育的影响[J].草地学报,2000,8(2):144-149.
[60] 朱萍,李晓晨,马海涛,等.污泥中重金属形态分布与可浸出性的相关性研究[J] .河海大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(2):121-124.
[61] Anthony C. Methyl mercury contamination and emission to the atmosphere from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1997, 26(6):1650-1654.
[62] Bell P F, James B R, Chaney R L. Heavy metal extractability in long-term sewage sludge and metal salt-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1991, 20: 481-486.
[63] Brown S L, Chaney R L, Angle J S, et al. The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1998, 27:1071-1078.
[64] Brown S L, Chaney R L, Angle J S, et al. The phytoavailability of cadmium to lettuce in long-term biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27(5):1071-1078.
[65] Casado-Vela J, Selles S, Navarro J. Evaluation of composted sewage sludge as nutritional source for horticultural soils [J]. Waste Management, 2006, 26: 946–952.
[66] Chaudri A, McGrath S, Gibbs P, et al. Cadmium availability to Wheat grain in soils treated with sewage sludge or metal salts [J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 66:1415-1423.
[67] Cheng H F, Xu W P, Liu J L. Application of composted sewage sludge (CSS) as a soil amendment for turf grass growth [J]. Ecological engineering, 2007, 29: 96-104
[68] Craig G C, Andy I B, Steven C F, et al. Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications of tall fescue [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30: 2188–2194.
[69] Cunningham J D, Keeney D R, Ryan J A. Phytotoxicity and uptake of metals added to soils as inorganic salts or in sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1975b, 4:460-462.
[70] Davis R D. The impact of EU and UK environmental pressures on future of sludge treatment and disposal [J]. Water and Environmental Management Journal, 1996, 10(2):10-13.
[71] EEA, European Environmental Agency. Sludge Treatment and Disposal management approaches and experience .European Environmental Agency.1997.
[72] Gao S D, Walker W J, Dahlgren R A, et al. Simultaneous sorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cr on soils treated with sewage sludge supernatant [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 1997, 93: 331-345.
[73] Guerra P, Ahumada I, Carrasco A. Effect of biosolid incorporation to mollisol soils on Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn fractionation and relationship with their bioavailability[J].Chemosphere, 2007, 68(11):2021-2027.
[74] Inmaculada P, Carmen A, Carlos G, et al. Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2007, 98:29–37.
[75] Kizilkaya R, Bayrakli B, Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2005, 30(3):192–202.
[76] Li ZB, Ryan JA, Chen JL, et al. Adsorption of cadmium on biosolids-amended soils [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 2001, 30 (3): 903-911.
[77] MacNicol R D, Beckett P H. The distribution of heavy metal between the principal components of digested sewage sludge [J].Water Research, 1989, 23(2):199-206.
[78] Mantovi P, Baldoni G and Toderi G. Reuse of liquid,dewatered and composted sewage sludge on agricultural land:effects of long-tern long-term application on soil and crop[J], Water Research,2005,39:289-296.
[79] McGrath S P. Metal concentrations in sludges and soil from a long-term field trial [J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1994,103:25-35.
[80] McLaughlin M J, Whatmuff M, Warne M, et al. A field investigation of solubility and food chain accumulation of biosolid-cadmium across diverse soil types [J]. Environmental chemistry, 2006, 3(6):428-432.
[81] Ojeda G., Alcaniz J M, Ortiz O. Runoff and losses by erosion in soils amended with sewage sludge [J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2003, 14 (6): 563–573.
[82] Oliver D P, Hannam R, Tiller K G, et al. The effects of zinc fertilization on cadmium concentration in wheat grain [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1994, 23:705-711.
[83] Parat C, Chaussod R, Leveque J, et al. Long-term effects of metal-containing farmyard manure and sewage sludge on soil organic matter in a fluvisol[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37:673–679.
[84] Paulsrud B, Nedland K T. Strategy for Land Application of Sewage Sludge in Norway [J]. Water Science Technology, 1997, 36(11):283-290.
[85] Ravichandran M, Aiken G R, Redd M M, et al. Enhanced dissolution of cinnabar (mercuric sulfide) by dissolved organic matter isolated from the Florida Everglades [J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, 32:3305-3311.
[86] Ravichandran M. Interactions between mercury and dissolved organic mater--A review [J].Chemosphere, 2004, 55:319-331.
[87] Richard B K, Steenhuis T S. Effect of sludge processing mode, soil texture and soil pH on metal mobility in undisturbed soil columns under accelerated loading[J]. Environnmental Pollution, 2000, 109: 327-346.
[88] Shoham-Frider E, Shelef G and Kress N. Mercury speciation in sediments at a municipal sewage sludge marine disposal site [J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2007, 64:601-615.
[89] Shuman LM, Dudka S, Das K. Cadmium forms and plant availability in compost-amended soil[J].Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 2002, 33 (5-6): 737-748.
[90] Singh S S. Uptake of cadmium by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as influenced by its addition to soil as inorganic or in sewage sludge [J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 1981, 61:19-28.
[91] Sopper WE. Utilization of sewage sludge in the United States for mine land reclamation [A]. In: Hall JE. (Ed). Alternative Uses for Sewage Sludge[C]. Pergamon Press, 1989: 21-40.
[92] Steven Criquet, Armelle Braud, Sylvie Ne`ble. Short-term effects of sewage sludge application on phosphatase activities and vailable P fractions in Mediterranean soils [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39:921–929.
[93] Street J J, Lindsay W L, Sabey B R. Solubility and plant uptake of cadmium in soils amended with cadmium and sewage sludge [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1997, 6:72-77.
[94] Tore Krogstad,Trine A.Sogn,Asmund Asdal. Influence of chemical and biologically stabilized sewage sludge on plant-available phosphorous in soil [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2005, 25: 51-60.
[95] USEPA. Biosolids generation, use and disposal in the United States. EPA 530-R-99-009, 1999.
[96] Viera R F, de Souza Silva C M M. Soil amendment with sewage sludge and its impact on soil microflora [J]. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 2003, 34:56–58.
[97] Waldron L J, Terry N. Effect of mercury vapors on sugar beets [J]. Journal Environmental Quality, 1975, 4:58-60.
[98] Walter I, Martnez F, Cala V. Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 139: 507-514.
[99] Werner W. Warnusz J. Ecological evaluation of long-term application of sewage sludges according to the legislative permissions [J]. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 1997, 43:1047.
[100] Wei Y J, Liu Y S. Effects of sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3-year field study [J]. Chemosphere, 2005, 59 (9): 1257-1265.