我国未来老年公寓模式的研究
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摘要
养老问题是社会发展过程中的一个世界性的问题,发达国家面临这一问题,发展中国家也面临这一问题。自七十年代末我国开始实行计划生育政策以来,我国的人口快速增长的局面得到了有效的控制,新增人口数量不断的下降。但是由此而来的就是老年人在人口中的数量越来越多,至现在我国已经进入了老龄化社会,面对越来越多需要养老的老人,如何解决他们的养老问题成为子女、社会、政府都需要解决的问题。当前,我国的养老模式主要是家庭养老,社会养老虽然已经初具规模,但是其作用和地位还远不如家庭养老。而老年公寓在我国的发展历史也非常短暂,是改革开放以后,西方国家的养老思想与社会主义市场经济发展的共同作用下产生的。发展里程短、水平低、作用小是我国老年公寓发展的现状。而随着我国快速的步入老年社会,养老问题的重要性逐渐提升,已经成为危害我国社会稳定和经济发展的最不安定的因素之一。为了解决这一问题我国历史上曾经大力发展过多种养老形式,如家庭养老、集体经济组织养老等等。进入新世纪以后,为了提高我国养老水平,很多专家学者对中国的养老现状做了深入而细致的研究,采取了经济补偿、养老保险等多种综合措施应对人口老龄化带来的养老压力,在这其中发达国家实施的一些措施是值得我们借鉴的,老年公寓便是其中的一种。本文主要从分析当前我国老年公寓发展的现状入手,分析我国养老模式的发展状况,着重说明当前我国所面临的严峻养老问题的表现,以及发展老年公寓、提升我国养老水平的重要性和紧迫性,主要从老龄人口增多、传统的养老方式正在逐步受到冲击等方面进行分析。在此基础上借助于当前有关老年公寓发展的已有的研究资料,从政策、法律、社会保障自身等多种角度对社会养老中存在的主要问题进行阐述,总结出开发老年公寓的重要意义。在此基础上通过图标对比分析政府、慈善机构合作经营管理,专业公司经营管理,社区覆盖管理的经营模式三种老年公寓形式的优势和弊端,结合我国老年人的收入水平、生活习惯和对老年公寓的接受程度分析三种国内老年住宅经营模式之间的优劣,确定在我国发展什么样的老年公寓,哪种老年公寓形式最适合当前老年人的养老需要。并且就我国老年公寓的销售、管理、设施等多方面的开发设计提出自己的独特的建议,不断丰富老年公寓的发展理论。同时介绍老年公寓在世界范围内的几个比较成功的例子,点出它们之所以成功的主要原因,以及他们的经营管理特点,以期能够为我国老年公寓的快速发展提供一点借鉴。
Pension security is a global issue both in developed and developing nations in the process of social development. Since the late seventies when we carried out the family planning policy, the situation of swift growth in population had been controlled effectively, while the additional population declined. However, the proportion of elderly takes more and more part in the population size coming with the situation above. By this time, we has stepped into the aging society, facing the problem of how to providing for more and more elderly, and it also becomes the problem must be solved by children, society and government. In the current, household old-age support is the main style of our pension security, so although the social support has taken shapes, it can't be compared with household support either in function or status. Meanwhile, the history of apartment for the aged in our country is very short. It came into existence by the coactions of western pension thought and development of the socialist market economy after Chinese reform and opening. The current situation of our apartment for the aged is the short time in development, low level in quality and function. With the acceleration of our aged society, the problem of pension security becomes more and more important, and it has been one of the destabilizing factors in our social stability and economic development. To solve the problem, we had tried various styles of elderly supports, such as household support and collective economic support.In the new century, many experts and scholars are doing some further research on the current status of Chinese pension in order to improve its level. They took some comprehensive measures, such as financial compensation and endowment insurance, to cope with the pressure of aging population. There are some measures carried out in developed countries that are worth learning by us, apartment for aged is one of them. This paper mainly analyzes the development of the current status of our pension model by analyzing the development situation of department for aged. It particularly stresses the severe situation of our pension problem, and analyzes importance and urgency of improving the level of apartment of aged and other pension measures in aspects of aged population growth and the negative impact to traditional pension measure. On this basis, the paper describes the main problems in social pension from different perspectives in policy, law and social security by means of the existing research data, and sums up the importance of exploiting apartment for aged. On the basis, it analyzes the advancement and drawback among systems of cooperative management by government and charity, by specialized company and by community which are three main models in apartment for aged in our country through the icon comparative analysis. Combining the income level, living habits and their acceptance to apartment for aged, the paper analyzes the advantage and disadvantage on the three models, and discusses what kind of model should we take to satisfy the requirement of our aged. It proposes some insightful views in sales, management and facilities to perfect the theory of apartment for aged. There are also several successful examples in the world scale by pointing out their main reason for success and their manage features, in order to provide reference for improving development of our apartment for aged.
Pension security is a global issue both in developed and developing nations in the process of social development. Since the late seventies when we carried out the family planning policy, the situation of swift growth in population had been controlled effectively, while the additional population declined. However, the proportion of elderly takes more and more part in the population size coming with the situation above. By this time, we has stepped into the aging society, facing the problem of how to providing for more and more elderly, and it also becomes the problem must be solved by children, society and government. In the current, household old-age support is the main style of our pension security, so although the social support has taken shapes, it can't be compared with household support either in function or status. Meanwhile, the history of apartment for the aged in our country is very short. It came into existence by the coactions of western pension thought and development of the socialist market economy after Chinese reform and opening. The current situation of our apartment for the aged is the short time in development, low level in quality and function. With the acceleration of our aged society, the problem of pension security becomes more and more important, and it has been one of the destabilizing factors in our social stability and economic development. To solve the problem, we had tried various styles of elderly supports, such as household support and collective economic support.In the new century, many experts and scholars are doing some further research on the current status of Chinese pension in order to improve its level. They took some comprehensive measures, such as financial compensation and endowment insurance, to cope with the pressure of aging population. There are some measures carried out in developed countries that are worth learning by us, apartment for aged is one of them. This paper mainly analyzes the development of the current status of our pension model by analyzing the development situation of department for aged. It particularly stresses the severe situation of our pension problem, and analyzes importance and urgency of improving the level of apartment of aged and other pension measures in aspects of aged population growth and the negative impact to traditional pension measure. On this basis, the paper describes the main problems in social pension from different perspectives in policy, law and social security by means of the existing research data, and sums up the importance of exploiting apartment for aged. On the basis, it analyzes the advancement and drawback among systems of cooperative management by government and charity, by specialized company and by community which are three main models in apartment for aged in our country through the icon comparative analysis. Combining the income level, living habits and their acceptance to apartment for aged, the paper analyzes the advantage and disadvantage on the three models, and discusses what kind of model should we take to satisfy the requirement of our aged. It proposes some insightful views in sales, management and facilities to perfect the theory of apartment for aged. There are also several successful examples in the world scale by pointing out their main reason for success and their manage features, in order to provide reference for improving development of our apartment for aged.
引文
①中华人民共和国国家统计局.2005年全国1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报[EB/OL].中国人口信息网,2006-03-17.
②齐中熙.中国将面临老龄化挑战[N].文汇报,2004-05-14.
①杨华云.我国养老金空账约1.3万亿官员称国家自会兜底新京报.2010年7月。
①刘颖春.老龄住宅相关问题初探[J].人口学刊,2003(3)：40-42.
①杜鹏,翟振武,陈卫.中国人口老龄化百年发展趋势[J].人口研究,2005,(6)：90-93.
①孙志强.银色产业与房地产构架新商机——老年公寓.中国建设报2001年02月14日
①江西省国家税务局关于印发《江西省国家税务局税收减免管理实施办法》的通知赣国税发[2006]20号
①应斌.简评西方国家老年住宅开发模式[J].商业时代,2005(2)：236-237.
①包宗华.构建老年住宅政策体系的探讨[J].上海房地产,2008(9)：246
①张福顺,王磊.浅谈我国老年住宅的开发问题.山西建筑.2009年4月。
①吕静,修智英,赵苇.探析住宅设计中亟待关注的老年问题[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2002.
①韦公远.老年住宅的开发浅谈[J].中国房地产信息,2003(9)：43-44.
①吕华菊,赵淑兰.人口老龄化与养老模式探析[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008,(8).
①龙奋杰.老年住宅的供给模式及启动对策[J].中国房地产,2003(1)：1-5.
①翟峰.老年保健公寓的开发设计.中国建设报2003-03-17
①赵明鹏,汤冰.老龄居住环境研究与探讨[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006(1)：56-57.
②张燕红,李芳尚.浅析政府养老机构建设与养老服务提供.牡丹江大学学报.2009年3月
①荆兰竹.开创老年住宅建设新局面[J].城市开发,2008(12)：156-157.
①吴庆国.对中国养老问题的思考[J].唐山职业技术学院学报,2007,(7).
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2005年全国1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报[EB/OL].中国人口信息网,2006-03-17.
[2]齐中熙.中国将面临老龄化挑战[N].文汇报,2004-05-14.
[3]林宝.中国退休年龄改革的时机和方案选择[J].中国人口科学,2001,(1)：25-31.
[4]黄瑞.中国人口老龄化及对策研究.当代经济.2010年3月(上)
[5]朱庆芳.我国老龄化社会的特点、问题和对策[EB/0L].中国社会学网,2007-10-20.
[6]陆伟,林文洁.我国城市老年人居住环境现状与问题初探.大连理工大学学报社会科学版,1999.12.
[7]应斌.简评西方国家老年住宅开发模式[J].商业时代,2005(2)：236-237.
[8]谭建三.美国老年公寓与护理体系考察见闻.http://www.lortui.com/main/html/54/n-75454.html
[9]孙亚洲.美国的老年公寓市场现状.《中国社会导刊》2007年第07Z期
[10]吴燕日本政府推动建设老年公寓.http://www.older99.com/html/news/1690.html
[11]张国忠.中国老年公寓需求市场分析.http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4ce4501e0100af4c.html
[12]杨华云.我国养老金空账约1.3万亿官员称国家自会兜底.新京报.2010年7月。
[13]刘颖春.老龄住宅相关问题初探[J].人口学刊,2003(3)：40-42.
[14]杜鹏,翟振武,陈卫.中国人口老龄化百年发展趋势[J].人口研究,2005,(6)：90-93.
[15]孙志强.银色产业与房地产构架新商机——老年公寓.中国建设报2001年02月14日
[16]江西省国家税务局关于印发《江西省国家税务局税收减免管理实施办法》 的通知赣国税发[2006]20号
[17]包宗华.构建老年住宅政策体系的探讨[J].上海房地产,2008(9)：246
[18]张福顺,王磊..浅谈我国老年住宅的开发问题..山西建筑.2009年4月。
[19]吕静,修智英,赵苇.探析住宅设计中亟待关注的老年问题[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2002.
[20]邰葆清,郑思明.入住公寓老年人心里健康状况及生活满意度的调查.护理研究.2009年11月。
[21]韦公远.老年住宅的开发浅谈[J].中国房地产信息,2003(9)：43-44.包宗华.老年住宅的几种形式[J].上海房地产,2008(4)：123-124.
[22]吕华菊,赵淑兰.人口老龄化与养老模式探析[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008,(8).
[23]龙奋杰.老年住宅的供给模式及启动对策[J].中国房地产,2003(1)：1-5.
[24]翟峰.老年保健公寓的开发设计.中国建设报.2003-03-17
[25]赵明鹏,汤冰.老龄居住环境研究与探讨[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006(1)：56-57.
[26]张燕红,李芳尚.浅析政府养老机构建设与养老服务提供.牡丹江大学学报.2009年3月
[27]方可欣.发达国家居家养老的社会服务.http://house.focus.cn/dmc/article/showarticle.php?article_id=12438 &group_id=841
[28]荆兰竹.开创老年住宅建设新局面[J].城市开发,2008(12)：156-157.
[29]吴庆国.对中国养老问题的思考[J].唐山职业技术学院学报,2007,(7).
[30]王庆.老年社区设计探讨——东方太阳城老年社区设计[J].建筑学报,2005(4)：102-103.
[31]朱凤泊.实录：打造老年无忧生活之城访北京太阳城老总.http://office.focus.cn/news/2006-07-26/225294.html
②齐中熙.中国将面临老龄化挑战[N].文汇报,2004-05-14.
①杨华云.我国养老金空账约1.3万亿官员称国家自会兜底新京报.2010年7月。
①刘颖春.老龄住宅相关问题初探[J].人口学刊,2003(3)：40-42.
①杜鹏,翟振武,陈卫.中国人口老龄化百年发展趋势[J].人口研究,2005,(6)：90-93.
①孙志强.银色产业与房地产构架新商机——老年公寓.中国建设报2001年02月14日
①江西省国家税务局关于印发《江西省国家税务局税收减免管理实施办法》的通知赣国税发[2006]20号
①应斌.简评西方国家老年住宅开发模式[J].商业时代,2005(2)：236-237.
①包宗华.构建老年住宅政策体系的探讨[J].上海房地产,2008(9)：246
①张福顺,王磊.浅谈我国老年住宅的开发问题.山西建筑.2009年4月。
①吕静,修智英,赵苇.探析住宅设计中亟待关注的老年问题[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2002.
①韦公远.老年住宅的开发浅谈[J].中国房地产信息,2003(9)：43-44.
①吕华菊,赵淑兰.人口老龄化与养老模式探析[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008,(8).
①龙奋杰.老年住宅的供给模式及启动对策[J].中国房地产,2003(1)：1-5.
①翟峰.老年保健公寓的开发设计.中国建设报2003-03-17
①赵明鹏,汤冰.老龄居住环境研究与探讨[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006(1)：56-57.
②张燕红,李芳尚.浅析政府养老机构建设与养老服务提供.牡丹江大学学报.2009年3月
①荆兰竹.开创老年住宅建设新局面[J].城市开发,2008(12)：156-157.
①吴庆国.对中国养老问题的思考[J].唐山职业技术学院学报,2007,(7).
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2005年全国1%人口抽样调查主要数据公报[EB/OL].中国人口信息网,2006-03-17.
[2]齐中熙.中国将面临老龄化挑战[N].文汇报,2004-05-14.
[3]林宝.中国退休年龄改革的时机和方案选择[J].中国人口科学,2001,(1)：25-31.
[4]黄瑞.中国人口老龄化及对策研究.当代经济.2010年3月(上)
[5]朱庆芳.我国老龄化社会的特点、问题和对策[EB/0L].中国社会学网,2007-10-20.
[6]陆伟,林文洁.我国城市老年人居住环境现状与问题初探.大连理工大学学报社会科学版,1999.12.
[7]应斌.简评西方国家老年住宅开发模式[J].商业时代,2005(2)：236-237.
[8]谭建三.美国老年公寓与护理体系考察见闻.http://www.lortui.com/main/html/54/n-75454.html
[9]孙亚洲.美国的老年公寓市场现状.《中国社会导刊》2007年第07Z期
[10]吴燕日本政府推动建设老年公寓.http://www.older99.com/html/news/1690.html
[11]张国忠.中国老年公寓需求市场分析.http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4ce4501e0100af4c.html
[12]杨华云.我国养老金空账约1.3万亿官员称国家自会兜底.新京报.2010年7月。
[13]刘颖春.老龄住宅相关问题初探[J].人口学刊,2003(3)：40-42.
[14]杜鹏,翟振武,陈卫.中国人口老龄化百年发展趋势[J].人口研究,2005,(6)：90-93.
[15]孙志强.银色产业与房地产构架新商机——老年公寓.中国建设报2001年02月14日
[16]江西省国家税务局关于印发《江西省国家税务局税收减免管理实施办法》 的通知赣国税发[2006]20号
[17]包宗华.构建老年住宅政策体系的探讨[J].上海房地产,2008(9)：246
[18]张福顺,王磊..浅谈我国老年住宅的开发问题..山西建筑.2009年4月。
[19]吕静,修智英,赵苇.探析住宅设计中亟待关注的老年问题[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,2002.
[20]邰葆清,郑思明.入住公寓老年人心里健康状况及生活满意度的调查.护理研究.2009年11月。
[21]韦公远.老年住宅的开发浅谈[J].中国房地产信息,2003(9)：43-44.包宗华.老年住宅的几种形式[J].上海房地产,2008(4)：123-124.
[22]吕华菊,赵淑兰.人口老龄化与养老模式探析[J].科技信息(学术研究),2008,(8).
[23]龙奋杰.老年住宅的供给模式及启动对策[J].中国房地产,2003(1)：1-5.
[24]翟峰.老年保健公寓的开发设计.中国建设报.2003-03-17
[25]赵明鹏,汤冰.老龄居住环境研究与探讨[J].洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006(1)：56-57.
[26]张燕红,李芳尚.浅析政府养老机构建设与养老服务提供.牡丹江大学学报.2009年3月
[27]方可欣.发达国家居家养老的社会服务.http://house.focus.cn/dmc/article/showarticle.php?article_id=12438 &group_id=841
[28]荆兰竹.开创老年住宅建设新局面[J].城市开发,2008(12)：156-157.
[29]吴庆国.对中国养老问题的思考[J].唐山职业技术学院学报,2007,(7).
[30]王庆.老年社区设计探讨——东方太阳城老年社区设计[J].建筑学报,2005(4)：102-103.
[31]朱凤泊.实录：打造老年无忧生活之城访北京太阳城老总.http://office.focus.cn/news/2006-07-26/225294.html