智能变电站站域后备保护原理及实现技术研究
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摘要
长期以来,传统的阶梯式后备保护存在动作延时长、整定配合困难、容易引起连锁跳闸事故等缺陷,始终是电网稳定运行的薄弱环节,已经越来越不适应智能电网的建设要求。智能变电站中采用了非常规互感器、智能一次设备和IEC61850通信标准等新技术,实现了信息采集的数字化、信息传输的网络化以及信息建模的统一化,为研究基于信息共享的新型后备保护提供了极为有利的条件。据此,本文围绕适用于智能变电站的站域后备保护原理及实现技术进行深入研究,完成的主要工作如下：
提出了电流差动站域后备保护原理(Substation-area Differential Backup Protection, SDBP)及实现方法。对站域保护做了明确定义,分析了站域保护概念的内涵和外延。定义了边界差动区、站内差动区、元件差动区和搜寻差动区等不同类型的差动区。SDBP根据各差动区的动作状态可以精确定位故障元件,并根据主保护动作信息和断路器位置信息完成整个变电站的后备保护功能。SDBP摈弃了传统后备保护的阶梯式整定原则；动作时间固定并小于一个时间级差；具有绝对的选择性和较高的灵敏度；不受潮流转移引起的过负荷影响,避免了传统后备误动引起的连锁反应。讨论了SDBP的差动判据动作特性、整定原则及灵敏度等关键问题；分析了TA饱和、励磁涌流对SDBP的影响及对策。利用PSCAD仿真软件,对正常运行状态、区内外各种类型故障进行了大量仿真实验,验证了SDBP原理的正确性。
针对站域后备保护数据处理量极大的特点,提出了适合于SDBP原理的数据处理新方法,即以傅里叶运算为基础的实用修正算法。新方法不需要进行数据插值和采样率转换,而是直接对采样值序列进行傅里叶运算,然后根据实测的信号频率对有效值和相位进行修正。相比于全数字化保护中广泛采用的数据插值、抽取的预处理方法,新方法大大缩减了计算量,并省去了抗混叠低通滤波环节,从而避免低通环节引入的附加量化误差和滤波器延时。通过ATP和MATLAB等工具验证了新方法完全适用于SDBP等采用相量比较原理的继电保护应用。
提出了基于窄带滤波器的变数据窗相量求取新算法—NBDF-Phaselet算法。先利用1/4周期数据窗的Phaselet算法得到窄带滤波器的近似初值,对采样值序列进行窄带滤波,再使用不同数据窗长的Phaselet算法进行精确相量估计。采用新算法后,站域后备保护可以接收相邻变电站的Phaselet数据替代采样值数据,可有效降低SDBP原理对站间数据通信的要求,简化了站域后备保护的设计。通过PSCAD和RTDS试验数据,验证了NBDF-Phaselet算法应用于相量电流差动原理的有效性。
设计了站域后备保护装置的实现方案,研制了满足站域后备保护需求的高性能软硬件平台,采用了CPU+DSP的多处理器架构和嵌入式实时多任务操作系统。由PowerPC模块完成管理和网络通信等功能,具备过程层多路千兆以太网通信接口；采用浮点DSP作为数据协处理器。软件上对采样值传输、GOOSE信息的收发等关键模块进行了优化设计,提高了信息处理的实时性。建立了符合IEC61850标准和Q/GDW396标准的站域后备保护信息模型。提出了基于IEC61850标准利用EoS和广域以太网技术扩展过程层网络直接传输采样值的通信方案。
The traditional stepped backup protection is always the weakness of power system stability because of its action delay, difficulty to setting and easy to cause a chain of accidents. Therefore the traditional backup protection has become increasingly unsuited to the requirements of smart grid. The intelligent substation adopts a number of new technologies, such as non-conventional instrument transformers, intelligent primary equipment and IEC61850communication standard. As a result, it achieves the digitized information collection, the information transmission network and unification information modeling. All the technologies provide extremely favorable conditions to study the new type of backup protection based on information sharing. So the main research contents of the dissertation are protection principle and implementation technology of substation-area backup protection for intelligent substation.
This dissertation defines substation-area protection specifically, analyses the concept's connotation and extension, and puts forward a substation-area backup protection scheme based on current differential principle (abbr. SDBP). The new scheme defines boundary differential zone, inner-station differential zone, extended differential zone and equipment differential zone. SDBP can accurately locate the fault component according whether the differential zones lie in restraining state or operating state, and implement backup trip according the act information of main protection and breaker. Several particular problems are discussed, including operation characteristic, setting principle and sensitivity. Then the author analyses the impact of TA saturation and inrush current, and gives the corresponding countermeasures. SDBP abandons the stepped setting principle of traditional backup protection, and has the following advantages: action time is fixed and is less than a At; it has absolute selectivity and high sensitivity; it is not affected by overload impact due to flow transferring and can avoid chain reaction caused by backup protection malfunction. The validity of SDBP has been verified by PSCAD simulation software under the condition of normal state and fault state with different types and locations.
This dissertation presents the practical correction method to meet the data processing requirements of SDBP, which does not require interpolation, decimation or sample rate conversion. The new method applies the Fourier algorithm immediately to equal-interval sampling data, then amends the sine/cosine items according to real-time frequency, and finally acquires the signal's virtual value and phase. Compared with the data processing scheme of interpolation and decimation in complete digital relays, the new method not only greatly reduces computation amount, but also eliminates the anti-aliasing low-pass filtering which will introduce additional quantization error and filter delay. The new method is completely suitable for the application of phasor based protective relays, especially for SDBP, verified by ATP and MATLAB.
A variable data-window algorithm is put forward for phasor estimation based on narrow band-pass filter and Phaselet, abbr. NBDF-Phaselet. Firstly the approximate initial values of the Narrow Band-pass Digital Filter are get by Phaselet method with1/4cycle data-window. Then the sampled value sequence is filtered by the NBDF. Finally the accurate phasor is estimated by Phaselet method with different data-window. SDBP which employs the new algorithm can receive Phaselet of adjacent substation instead of sampled value. Therefore it can reduce the communication demand between substations and simplify the implementation of SDBP. The simulation with PSCAD and RTDS show that the NBDF-Phaselet algorithm is effective when applied to phase current differential principle.
Finally the author designs the implement scheme of substation-area backup protection. The high performance hardware-software platform which suits for SDBP specially has been developed, which adopts multi-processor architecture and RTOS. The platform is mainly composed of PowerPC module and DSP module. The former realizes network communication function with Gigabit Ethernet interface and the latter acts as a data association processor. The critical software including sampled values transmission module and GOOSE transceiver module have been improved, which can enhance the real-time of information processing. The SDBP's information model based on IEC61850and Q/GDW396standards is established. The communication solution which directly transmits sampled values is introduced into SDBP. The solution extends the process-level network from substation internal to between-substation by EoS and wide-area Ethernet technology based on IEC61850.
提出了电流差动站域后备保护原理(Substation-area Differential Backup Protection, SDBP)及实现方法。对站域保护做了明确定义,分析了站域保护概念的内涵和外延。定义了边界差动区、站内差动区、元件差动区和搜寻差动区等不同类型的差动区。SDBP根据各差动区的动作状态可以精确定位故障元件,并根据主保护动作信息和断路器位置信息完成整个变电站的后备保护功能。SDBP摈弃了传统后备保护的阶梯式整定原则；动作时间固定并小于一个时间级差；具有绝对的选择性和较高的灵敏度；不受潮流转移引起的过负荷影响,避免了传统后备误动引起的连锁反应。讨论了SDBP的差动判据动作特性、整定原则及灵敏度等关键问题；分析了TA饱和、励磁涌流对SDBP的影响及对策。利用PSCAD仿真软件,对正常运行状态、区内外各种类型故障进行了大量仿真实验,验证了SDBP原理的正确性。
针对站域后备保护数据处理量极大的特点,提出了适合于SDBP原理的数据处理新方法,即以傅里叶运算为基础的实用修正算法。新方法不需要进行数据插值和采样率转换,而是直接对采样值序列进行傅里叶运算,然后根据实测的信号频率对有效值和相位进行修正。相比于全数字化保护中广泛采用的数据插值、抽取的预处理方法,新方法大大缩减了计算量,并省去了抗混叠低通滤波环节,从而避免低通环节引入的附加量化误差和滤波器延时。通过ATP和MATLAB等工具验证了新方法完全适用于SDBP等采用相量比较原理的继电保护应用。
提出了基于窄带滤波器的变数据窗相量求取新算法—NBDF-Phaselet算法。先利用1/4周期数据窗的Phaselet算法得到窄带滤波器的近似初值,对采样值序列进行窄带滤波,再使用不同数据窗长的Phaselet算法进行精确相量估计。采用新算法后,站域后备保护可以接收相邻变电站的Phaselet数据替代采样值数据,可有效降低SDBP原理对站间数据通信的要求,简化了站域后备保护的设计。通过PSCAD和RTDS试验数据,验证了NBDF-Phaselet算法应用于相量电流差动原理的有效性。
设计了站域后备保护装置的实现方案,研制了满足站域后备保护需求的高性能软硬件平台,采用了CPU+DSP的多处理器架构和嵌入式实时多任务操作系统。由PowerPC模块完成管理和网络通信等功能,具备过程层多路千兆以太网通信接口；采用浮点DSP作为数据协处理器。软件上对采样值传输、GOOSE信息的收发等关键模块进行了优化设计,提高了信息处理的实时性。建立了符合IEC61850标准和Q/GDW396标准的站域后备保护信息模型。提出了基于IEC61850标准利用EoS和广域以太网技术扩展过程层网络直接传输采样值的通信方案。
The traditional stepped backup protection is always the weakness of power system stability because of its action delay, difficulty to setting and easy to cause a chain of accidents. Therefore the traditional backup protection has become increasingly unsuited to the requirements of smart grid. The intelligent substation adopts a number of new technologies, such as non-conventional instrument transformers, intelligent primary equipment and IEC61850communication standard. As a result, it achieves the digitized information collection, the information transmission network and unification information modeling. All the technologies provide extremely favorable conditions to study the new type of backup protection based on information sharing. So the main research contents of the dissertation are protection principle and implementation technology of substation-area backup protection for intelligent substation.
This dissertation defines substation-area protection specifically, analyses the concept's connotation and extension, and puts forward a substation-area backup protection scheme based on current differential principle (abbr. SDBP). The new scheme defines boundary differential zone, inner-station differential zone, extended differential zone and equipment differential zone. SDBP can accurately locate the fault component according whether the differential zones lie in restraining state or operating state, and implement backup trip according the act information of main protection and breaker. Several particular problems are discussed, including operation characteristic, setting principle and sensitivity. Then the author analyses the impact of TA saturation and inrush current, and gives the corresponding countermeasures. SDBP abandons the stepped setting principle of traditional backup protection, and has the following advantages: action time is fixed and is less than a At; it has absolute selectivity and high sensitivity; it is not affected by overload impact due to flow transferring and can avoid chain reaction caused by backup protection malfunction. The validity of SDBP has been verified by PSCAD simulation software under the condition of normal state and fault state with different types and locations.
This dissertation presents the practical correction method to meet the data processing requirements of SDBP, which does not require interpolation, decimation or sample rate conversion. The new method applies the Fourier algorithm immediately to equal-interval sampling data, then amends the sine/cosine items according to real-time frequency, and finally acquires the signal's virtual value and phase. Compared with the data processing scheme of interpolation and decimation in complete digital relays, the new method not only greatly reduces computation amount, but also eliminates the anti-aliasing low-pass filtering which will introduce additional quantization error and filter delay. The new method is completely suitable for the application of phasor based protective relays, especially for SDBP, verified by ATP and MATLAB.
A variable data-window algorithm is put forward for phasor estimation based on narrow band-pass filter and Phaselet, abbr. NBDF-Phaselet. Firstly the approximate initial values of the Narrow Band-pass Digital Filter are get by Phaselet method with1/4cycle data-window. Then the sampled value sequence is filtered by the NBDF. Finally the accurate phasor is estimated by Phaselet method with different data-window. SDBP which employs the new algorithm can receive Phaselet of adjacent substation instead of sampled value. Therefore it can reduce the communication demand between substations and simplify the implementation of SDBP. The simulation with PSCAD and RTDS show that the NBDF-Phaselet algorithm is effective when applied to phase current differential principle.
Finally the author designs the implement scheme of substation-area backup protection. The high performance hardware-software platform which suits for SDBP specially has been developed, which adopts multi-processor architecture and RTOS. The platform is mainly composed of PowerPC module and DSP module. The former realizes network communication function with Gigabit Ethernet interface and the latter acts as a data association processor. The critical software including sampled values transmission module and GOOSE transceiver module have been improved, which can enhance the real-time of information processing. The SDBP's information model based on IEC61850and Q/GDW396standards is established. The communication solution which directly transmits sampled values is introduced into SDBP. The solution extends the process-level network from substation internal to between-substation by EoS and wide-area Ethernet technology based on IEC61850.
引文
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