我国重大动物疫病区划研究
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摘要
我国是世界上畜牧业大国,肉类总产量居世界第一,畜产品具有明显的价格优势。但我国肉类出口量仅占世界肉类出口总量的3.6%,动物疫病是影响着我国畜牧业持续发展和畜产品国际竞争力的主要因素之一。动物疫病区域化管理是国际上通行的动物疫病管理模式,世界上已有60多个国家和地区被OIE认可为无口蹄疫等重大动物疫病的国家和地区,这些国家和地区在畜产品国际贸易中得到了实惠。新修订的动物防疫法提出我国要实行动物疫病区域化管理,因此,从我国动物疫病发生和流行规律入手,研究动物疫病区划,对于确定无规定动物疫病区和指导动物疫病区域化管理具有重要的现实意义。
本研究从动物疫病区划的角度出发,通过系统分析我国动物防疫工作现状的基础上,研究提出了动物疫病区划的方法体系。重点探讨了动物重大疫病区域划分和各区域重大动物疫病防控策略。在动物疫病区域化管理方面,研究了我国无规定动物疫病区建设的发展战略。
首先,全面分析和总结了我国动物疫病流行特点、防疫体系建设情况和防疫技术措施发展情况。目前我国动物疫情还不断发生,重大动物疫病还未得到有效遏制,无规定动物疫病区还没有得到国际社会的认可。通过与发达国家比较,提出我国动物防疫工作还存在动物疫情应急反应机制不够完善、部分地区防疫技术手段比较落后、基层动物防疫机构不健全、贫困地区基层防疫队伍人员素质不高和动物防疫法律法规体系不够健全等问题。
其次,较系统地研究了动物疫病区划的目标、原则、分类体系、区划方法及区划程序。动物疫病的发生和发展是自然因素和社会因素共同作用的产物,它呈现区域性特点,遵循自然分离规律。通过计算动物疫病流行指数对我国重大动物疫病进行了区划。重大动物疫病的流行区域分成五个等级,分别是洁净区、散发区、中度流行区、较重流行区和严重流行区。分析了各个区的地理分布和疫病流行特点。
第三,研究提出了不同流行区重大动物疫病防制策略。洁净区是消灭重大动物疫病和建设无规定动物疫病区的首选区域,要严格采取扑杀措施防控和净化重大动物疫病;散发区动物疫病的防控策略是建立动物重大疫病隔离带,保证周边的动物疫情不传播到本区域内。同时,通过免疫等技术手段使散发区逐步转化为洁净区;中度流行区要适度发展畜牧业,严禁动物和畜禽产品外调和出口,控制疫病的发展和扩散;动物疫病较重区和严重区主要分布在我国的边界地区,国外疫病影响、经济落后、民族习惯和生活方式以及大都市的国际交流和人员往来是动物疫病发生的主要原因。这些地区的防疫工作要依靠国家来完成。
第四,研究了口蹄疫、禽流感、猪瘟、新城疫和猪蓝耳病等五种重大动物疫病在我国的流行特点、区域分布,总结了国外防制经验和消灭净化方法,提出了我国消灭这五种动物疫病的思路和措施。
最后,研究了我国无规定动物疫病区发展战略。主要战略措施是调整无规定动物疫病区域,鼓励大型养殖企业建设“生物安全小区”;转变无疫区畜禽饲养管理模式,提高畜禽规模化和集约化饲养程度;强无疫区动物疫病的监测能力,摸清疫病流行情况;建立和完善无规定动物疫病区追溯体系建设,强化区内动物及动物产品标识工作;积极推进我国无疫区的国际认证和认可工作。
本文的主要政策建议有尽快制定和实施重大动物疫病扑灭计划、进一步加强重大动物疫病应急反应能力、不断深化兽医管理体制改革和完善国家兽医官制度、进一步完善无规定动物疫病区建设工作、制定和完善动物防疫法律法规等。
China is an important country for livestock industry with the largest meat production in the world. China’s animal products have obvious price competency, but the meat export only account for 3.6 percent of that in the world. Animal disease is one of key factors influencing the sustainable development of animal production and the international competency of animal products. Zoning management of animal diseases is the common management pattern of animal diseases all over the world. So far, more than 60 countries and regions have been identified as disease-free countries and regions by OIE, mainly including foot and mouth disease (FMD) and other major diseases. These countries and regions have been favored in the international trade of animal products. The new revised Animal epidemic prevention law of People's Republic of China proposed that the zoning management of animal disease should be implemented in China. Therefore, it has important and realistic significance to conduct a research on the zoning of animal disease by taking the understanding of the disease occurrence and epidemic law as a start point for identifying special animal disease free zone and guiding the regional management of animal disease.
The methodology of animal disease zoning was put forward in this paper based on the systemic analysis of the current situation of animal disease control in China. The dividing of major animal disease zone and the control strategy in various zones were focused on a discussion. At the aspect of zoning management of animal disease, the development strategy of constructing special animal disease free zone was studied.
Firstly, the epidemic situation of animal disease, the establishment of control system and the technological development of control measures were comprehensively analyzed and summarized. At present, the continuous occurrence of animal diseases in China show that major animal diseases have not been effectively controlled. The special animal disease free zone of China is not recognized by the international community. Based on the comparison with developed countries, the problems existed in animal diseases control were advanced including unimproved emergency response mechanism; lagged control means in selected regions; unimproved control institutions grassroots; lower quality of staff of animal diseases control in poverty-stricken area; as well as unsound regulatory system.
Secondly, the objectives, principles, classification system, zoning methods and zoning procedures of animal diseases were systemically studied. The occurrence and evolution of animal disease is a product of common action by natural and social elements, which exhibit regional feature and comply for natural separation law. By calculating the epidemic index of animal diseases, zoning of major animal diseases was conducted. The epidemic zones were divided into five grades, i.e. clean zone, sporadic zone, moderate epidemic zone, heavy epidemic zone and serious epidemic zone. The geographic distribution and epidemic characteristics of various zones were analyzed.
Thirdly, the control strategies of different epidemic zone were proposed. Clean zone is the area firstly selected for eliminating the diseases and constructing special disease free zone. Therefore, killing campaigns is chosen as control measure,and it must be strictly implemented. For the sporadic zone, the control strategy is establishing disease-isolated area to ensure that animal diseases around the zone don’t spread in the zone. Meanwhile, efforts should be made to change sporadic zone to clean zone by technological means such as vaccination. As for moderate epidemic zone, the export of animals and animal products should be strictly restricted as well as the availability in other regions so as to control the development and spreading of disease. In the heavy and serious epidemic zones which mainly distributed in boundary of China, the effect of foreign diseases, lagged economy, nationality and life style, international personnel exchange in big cities are the main reasons for the occurrence of animal diseases. The disease control in these zones should be undertaken by the country.
Fourthly, the epidemic characteristics, regional distribution of five kinds of major animal diseases were studied, including foot and mouth disease (FMD), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), swine fever, Newcastle Disease (ND) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). And based on summarizing the control experiences and elimination and cleaning methods in foreign countries, the thought way and measure were advanced to eliminate the above mentioned five diseases in China.
At last, the development strategy of special animal disease free zone was studied. The main strategic measures advanced in this paper were as follows: i) to adjust the establishment of special animal disease free zone and encourage the large-scale breeding enterprises to construct the biological safety region; ii) to change the management mode of animal raising in disease free area to promote the degree of lager-scale and integrated production; iii) to enhance the capability of monitoring animal disease in disease free area to understand the epidemic situation; iv) to establish and improve the construction of tracing system in special disease free zone, and to strengthen the labeling of animal and animal products within the zone; v) to actively push forward the work of international certification and ratification.
The policy recommendations advanced in the paper included: i) to formulate and implement the extermination plan of major animal diseases as soon as possible; ii) to further strengthen the emergency response capability; iii) to gradually deepen the reform of veterinary management system and improve the national veterinary officer system; iv) to further perfect the construction of special animal disease free zone; v) to formulate and improve the legislation on disease control.
本研究从动物疫病区划的角度出发,通过系统分析我国动物防疫工作现状的基础上,研究提出了动物疫病区划的方法体系。重点探讨了动物重大疫病区域划分和各区域重大动物疫病防控策略。在动物疫病区域化管理方面,研究了我国无规定动物疫病区建设的发展战略。
首先,全面分析和总结了我国动物疫病流行特点、防疫体系建设情况和防疫技术措施发展情况。目前我国动物疫情还不断发生,重大动物疫病还未得到有效遏制,无规定动物疫病区还没有得到国际社会的认可。通过与发达国家比较,提出我国动物防疫工作还存在动物疫情应急反应机制不够完善、部分地区防疫技术手段比较落后、基层动物防疫机构不健全、贫困地区基层防疫队伍人员素质不高和动物防疫法律法规体系不够健全等问题。
其次,较系统地研究了动物疫病区划的目标、原则、分类体系、区划方法及区划程序。动物疫病的发生和发展是自然因素和社会因素共同作用的产物,它呈现区域性特点,遵循自然分离规律。通过计算动物疫病流行指数对我国重大动物疫病进行了区划。重大动物疫病的流行区域分成五个等级,分别是洁净区、散发区、中度流行区、较重流行区和严重流行区。分析了各个区的地理分布和疫病流行特点。
第三,研究提出了不同流行区重大动物疫病防制策略。洁净区是消灭重大动物疫病和建设无规定动物疫病区的首选区域,要严格采取扑杀措施防控和净化重大动物疫病;散发区动物疫病的防控策略是建立动物重大疫病隔离带,保证周边的动物疫情不传播到本区域内。同时,通过免疫等技术手段使散发区逐步转化为洁净区;中度流行区要适度发展畜牧业,严禁动物和畜禽产品外调和出口,控制疫病的发展和扩散;动物疫病较重区和严重区主要分布在我国的边界地区,国外疫病影响、经济落后、民族习惯和生活方式以及大都市的国际交流和人员往来是动物疫病发生的主要原因。这些地区的防疫工作要依靠国家来完成。
第四,研究了口蹄疫、禽流感、猪瘟、新城疫和猪蓝耳病等五种重大动物疫病在我国的流行特点、区域分布,总结了国外防制经验和消灭净化方法,提出了我国消灭这五种动物疫病的思路和措施。
最后,研究了我国无规定动物疫病区发展战略。主要战略措施是调整无规定动物疫病区域,鼓励大型养殖企业建设“生物安全小区”;转变无疫区畜禽饲养管理模式,提高畜禽规模化和集约化饲养程度;强无疫区动物疫病的监测能力,摸清疫病流行情况;建立和完善无规定动物疫病区追溯体系建设,强化区内动物及动物产品标识工作;积极推进我国无疫区的国际认证和认可工作。
本文的主要政策建议有尽快制定和实施重大动物疫病扑灭计划、进一步加强重大动物疫病应急反应能力、不断深化兽医管理体制改革和完善国家兽医官制度、进一步完善无规定动物疫病区建设工作、制定和完善动物防疫法律法规等。
China is an important country for livestock industry with the largest meat production in the world. China’s animal products have obvious price competency, but the meat export only account for 3.6 percent of that in the world. Animal disease is one of key factors influencing the sustainable development of animal production and the international competency of animal products. Zoning management of animal diseases is the common management pattern of animal diseases all over the world. So far, more than 60 countries and regions have been identified as disease-free countries and regions by OIE, mainly including foot and mouth disease (FMD) and other major diseases. These countries and regions have been favored in the international trade of animal products. The new revised Animal epidemic prevention law of People's Republic of China proposed that the zoning management of animal disease should be implemented in China. Therefore, it has important and realistic significance to conduct a research on the zoning of animal disease by taking the understanding of the disease occurrence and epidemic law as a start point for identifying special animal disease free zone and guiding the regional management of animal disease.
The methodology of animal disease zoning was put forward in this paper based on the systemic analysis of the current situation of animal disease control in China. The dividing of major animal disease zone and the control strategy in various zones were focused on a discussion. At the aspect of zoning management of animal disease, the development strategy of constructing special animal disease free zone was studied.
Firstly, the epidemic situation of animal disease, the establishment of control system and the technological development of control measures were comprehensively analyzed and summarized. At present, the continuous occurrence of animal diseases in China show that major animal diseases have not been effectively controlled. The special animal disease free zone of China is not recognized by the international community. Based on the comparison with developed countries, the problems existed in animal diseases control were advanced including unimproved emergency response mechanism; lagged control means in selected regions; unimproved control institutions grassroots; lower quality of staff of animal diseases control in poverty-stricken area; as well as unsound regulatory system.
Secondly, the objectives, principles, classification system, zoning methods and zoning procedures of animal diseases were systemically studied. The occurrence and evolution of animal disease is a product of common action by natural and social elements, which exhibit regional feature and comply for natural separation law. By calculating the epidemic index of animal diseases, zoning of major animal diseases was conducted. The epidemic zones were divided into five grades, i.e. clean zone, sporadic zone, moderate epidemic zone, heavy epidemic zone and serious epidemic zone. The geographic distribution and epidemic characteristics of various zones were analyzed.
Thirdly, the control strategies of different epidemic zone were proposed. Clean zone is the area firstly selected for eliminating the diseases and constructing special disease free zone. Therefore, killing campaigns is chosen as control measure,and it must be strictly implemented. For the sporadic zone, the control strategy is establishing disease-isolated area to ensure that animal diseases around the zone don’t spread in the zone. Meanwhile, efforts should be made to change sporadic zone to clean zone by technological means such as vaccination. As for moderate epidemic zone, the export of animals and animal products should be strictly restricted as well as the availability in other regions so as to control the development and spreading of disease. In the heavy and serious epidemic zones which mainly distributed in boundary of China, the effect of foreign diseases, lagged economy, nationality and life style, international personnel exchange in big cities are the main reasons for the occurrence of animal diseases. The disease control in these zones should be undertaken by the country.
Fourthly, the epidemic characteristics, regional distribution of five kinds of major animal diseases were studied, including foot and mouth disease (FMD), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), swine fever, Newcastle Disease (ND) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). And based on summarizing the control experiences and elimination and cleaning methods in foreign countries, the thought way and measure were advanced to eliminate the above mentioned five diseases in China.
At last, the development strategy of special animal disease free zone was studied. The main strategic measures advanced in this paper were as follows: i) to adjust the establishment of special animal disease free zone and encourage the large-scale breeding enterprises to construct the biological safety region; ii) to change the management mode of animal raising in disease free area to promote the degree of lager-scale and integrated production; iii) to enhance the capability of monitoring animal disease in disease free area to understand the epidemic situation; iv) to establish and improve the construction of tracing system in special disease free zone, and to strengthen the labeling of animal and animal products within the zone; v) to actively push forward the work of international certification and ratification.
The policy recommendations advanced in the paper included: i) to formulate and implement the extermination plan of major animal diseases as soon as possible; ii) to further strengthen the emergency response capability; iii) to gradually deepen the reform of veterinary management system and improve the national veterinary officer system; iv) to further perfect the construction of special animal disease free zone; v) to formulate and improve the legislation on disease control.
引文
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