便携式智能流速仪的研制
摘要
目前，国内对江、河等水流速度的测速仪中，部分仪器的设计，系统组成复杂和庞大、测量方式单一、不能实现多通道快速测量水流速度的要求。随着科学技术以及电子产品的日新发展，不能适应现代测量水流速度要求的矛盾日益突出。鉴于此，为了满足目前国内流速测量，适合国情，提高测试精度，加快测试速度，适应野外测量的要求进行便携式智能流速仪的研制。该仪器以51系列单片机(W78E516B)，CPLD(MAX7000S EP7128S84-7)芯片组成数据采集接口，并配以LCD显示模块（640×480）等大规模集成电路。综合了计数、测周、双向测速的功能，具有性能可靠、测试精度高、操作简单、体积小、功耗低、适用广、性价比高等优点。
课题从研究背景、设计要求、硬件设计、软件设计、结果分析几个方面来进行详细的阐述。
首先，对国、内外在流速仪的研究情况进行了分析，得出了研究了便携式智能流速仪的实际意义。
其次，根据设计要求和性能指标提出便携式智能流速仪的设计方案。
第三，详细阐述了系统的各硬件模块电路（单片机系统、通信接口电路、信号输入通道、模拟电源）组成。该系统的设计重点和难点是如何实现多个通道（8个）快速的数据采集，课题中选用了大规模集成电路芯片CPLD为依托来实现数据的采集电路，该芯片内含资源丰富，将复杂的逻辑电路集成于芯片内。运行控制器的硬件功能编程由ALTERA公式提供的MAX+PLUSⅡ开发系统支持，系统各项功能的实现均采用软件编制而成。
第四，从软件设计来阐述了各个功能模块的具体实现。程序设计采用模块化的设计思想，选用C51汇编语言。这样，不仅使得软件的设计易于理解、维护，而且C51支持浮点运算，保证了数据计算的精度。
第五，从数据采集的运行结果进行分析，对课题的研究进行了总结，并提出了设计流速仪的一些新思想。
第六，介绍了PC机内流速处理系统的软件设计，重点阐述如何形成所需的各项报表和图表等。
Presently, some current meter for rivers are designed complex with a huge system and a simple function. They can't satisfy the requirement for the faster measurement through multi-channels. With the development of new tech and electronic production, the contradiction is sharp. To solve this problem ,by increasing the accuracy and the sample-speed, adapting to the domestic situation and fitting for the measurement in the field, the intelligent portable current meter is needed. This machine is based on single-chip and CPLD chips as data sampling interface with LLD screen. It combine with counting, calculating a round time, speed-checking in two ways . It has credible performance with high accuracy, a little bulk , a little power and is easy to operate. It can be used in many fields.
This issue starts from the research background, then design requirement, hardware, software and finally result.
Firstly, giving an introduction about the current meter research in and outside nation and finding the reality meaning to study this intelligent portable current meter.
Secondly, according to the design requirement and the performance, it gives a design.
Thirdly, it gives a detail about the hardware and the circuit (single-chip, communication interface circuit, sign input channel and analogous circuit). The key point is how to realize the fast data sampling through multi-channels(8 channels). In this project a lot of CPLD chips are used to make up the data sampling circuit. The CPLD chip has a lot of resource and integrates complex logic circuit inside. The hardware function of controller develops by MAX+PLUSⅡ provided by ALTERA corp. Every function is programmed by software
Fourthly, it explains all functions and how to realize these functions. The all procedures are programmed modularly by using C51 assembling language. Thus, the thought of the software is easy to be understood and is easy to be updated, on the other hand the C51 language support float calculation which guarantees the output accuracy.
Fifthly, it gives a conclusion to the issue by analyzing from the sampling data, and put forward some new thinking about the current meter design.
Finally, it introduces the software about dealing with velocity of flow on computer , emphasizing on how to build all kinds of require and charts needed.
课题从研究背景、设计要求、硬件设计、软件设计、结果分析几个方面来进行详细的阐述。
首先，对国、内外在流速仪的研究情况进行了分析，得出了研究了便携式智能流速仪的实际意义。
其次，根据设计要求和性能指标提出便携式智能流速仪的设计方案。
第三，详细阐述了系统的各硬件模块电路（单片机系统、通信接口电路、信号输入通道、模拟电源）组成。该系统的设计重点和难点是如何实现多个通道（8个）快速的数据采集，课题中选用了大规模集成电路芯片CPLD为依托来实现数据的采集电路，该芯片内含资源丰富，将复杂的逻辑电路集成于芯片内。运行控制器的硬件功能编程由ALTERA公式提供的MAX+PLUSⅡ开发系统支持，系统各项功能的实现均采用软件编制而成。
第四，从软件设计来阐述了各个功能模块的具体实现。程序设计采用模块化的设计思想，选用C51汇编语言。这样，不仅使得软件的设计易于理解、维护，而且C51支持浮点运算，保证了数据计算的精度。
第五，从数据采集的运行结果进行分析，对课题的研究进行了总结，并提出了设计流速仪的一些新思想。
第六，介绍了PC机内流速处理系统的软件设计，重点阐述如何形成所需的各项报表和图表等。
Presently, some current meter for rivers are designed complex with a huge system and a simple function. They can't satisfy the requirement for the faster measurement through multi-channels. With the development of new tech and electronic production, the contradiction is sharp. To solve this problem ,by increasing the accuracy and the sample-speed, adapting to the domestic situation and fitting for the measurement in the field, the intelligent portable current meter is needed. This machine is based on single-chip and CPLD chips as data sampling interface with LLD screen. It combine with counting, calculating a round time, speed-checking in two ways . It has credible performance with high accuracy, a little bulk , a little power and is easy to operate. It can be used in many fields.
This issue starts from the research background, then design requirement, hardware, software and finally result.
Firstly, giving an introduction about the current meter research in and outside nation and finding the reality meaning to study this intelligent portable current meter.
Secondly, according to the design requirement and the performance, it gives a design.
Thirdly, it gives a detail about the hardware and the circuit (single-chip, communication interface circuit, sign input channel and analogous circuit). The key point is how to realize the fast data sampling through multi-channels(8 channels). In this project a lot of CPLD chips are used to make up the data sampling circuit. The CPLD chip has a lot of resource and integrates complex logic circuit inside. The hardware function of controller develops by MAX+PLUSⅡ provided by ALTERA corp. Every function is programmed by software
Fourthly, it explains all functions and how to realize these functions. The all procedures are programmed modularly by using C51 assembling language. Thus, the thought of the software is easy to be understood and is easy to be updated, on the other hand the C51 language support float calculation which guarantees the output accuracy.
Fifthly, it gives a conclusion to the issue by analyzing from the sampling data, and put forward some new thinking about the current meter design.
Finally, it introduces the software about dealing with velocity of flow on computer , emphasizing on how to build all kinds of require and charts needed.
引文
Yujiro Kitade. Semidiurnal internal tide observed over Ohmuro-Dashi,the northern part of the Izu Ridge[J]. Deep-Sea Research I 49 (2002) 1309–1320
Matsubara,k. Research on a high-performance compact laser Doppler velocimeter[J]. Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho/Bulletin of the Electrotechnical Laboratory, v 61, n 4, 1997: 1~10
Tanaka,kazuhiro. New velocimeter with optical low-coherent source[J] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division (Publication) FED, v 211, Fluid Measurement and Instrumentation, 1997: 143~147
Helmut Sielschott.Measurement of horizontal flow in a large scale furnace using acoustic vector tomography[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 1997 ,8:191~197
G. P. Lucas* and I. C. Walton?.Flow rate measurement by kinematic wave detection in vertically upward, bubbly twophase flows[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 1997 ,8:133~143
S G Alderson. Velocity errors in acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements due to platform attitude variations and their effect on volume transport estimates[J] Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Boston; Jan 1999; Vol. 16, Iss. 1; pg. 96, 11 pgs
Martin Visbeck. Deep velocity profiling using lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers: Bottom track and inverse solutions[J] .Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Boston; May 2002; Vol. 19, Iss. 5; pg. 794, 14 pgs
宋波. 直读式海流计水槽检定中有关问题的研究[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,10:8～11
宋波. 介绍美国的两种流速仪计数器[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,6:30~32
王明甫. 应变式水流紊动传感器及紊动流速仪在高含沙水流中的应用[J].1996,2:30~35
赵龙章.DV-Ⅰ、Ⅱ型数显流速仪的研制[J].DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION MACHINERY.1994,2:44~47
胡建民. 电波流速仪的设计[J].船舶科学技术.1997,增刊:49~50
丁志良. LD15—1型电波流速仪[J].南京水利水文自动化.1996,4:56~60
熊鳌魁. 关于转子式流速仪两个问题的探讨[J].武汉交通科技大学学报.第19卷第2期:215~217
樊宜. 八线智能流速仪的研制[J].江西水利科技.第26卷第1期:22~25
S.B.M. Beck *, J. Mazille.A study of a pressure differential flow meter that is insensitive to
inlet conditions[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 2002 ,12:379~384
R. Herschy.Special Issue of flow measurement and instrumentation on open channel flow measurement.Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 2002 ,12:429
Cheng-Tsair Yang.Adjustment and evaluation ofan LDA probe foraccurate .ow measurement[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering .2002,38:291~304
Kuns Sd. PIV velocity measurements in the wake of an obstruction simulating a Taylor bubble in a duct[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division (Publication) FED, v 13, Experimental and Numerical Flow Visualization and Laser Anemometry, 1997, 1p
Zhou Chang bao,G.Cresswell.Satellite SAR observation of shallow bottom topography of the east Australia Sea[J].China ocean press vol.18.No,2
刘曦红 SC-8型便携式流速仪[J].海洋技术 第18卷第3期：48~50
杜开南. 多路存储流速仪[J].水利水电工程设计.1998,2:51
张广海. HSLJ型流速仪计数器[J].水文.1997,3:59~60
张松明. CJ-2A型流速仪计时计数器[J].水文.1996,6:59~64
吴长胜. WLX-01型微机流速仪巡检装置[J].中国农村水利水电.1997,9:38~40
马燕. 旋浆式流速仪传感器和电路的改进[J].自动化与仪表.第10卷第4期:7~9
曾瑄.一种智能化的流速仪率定系统[J].江西水利科技2000,12:214~216
杨汉塘. 流速仪运动方程主参数K值的一点检定法[J].水利水电科技进展.第15卷第5期:45~49
周国平. 对现行流速仪法测流方案误差检验的分析[J].人民珠江.1996,2:43~44
王改名. HD7279A的原理与应用[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2002，3:50~54
董刚. 一种使用旋浆式流速仪的测量测速仪[J].武汉水利大学学报.第29卷第4期:51~56
Xiu Richen. Some observational results of sea storm current[J].china ocean press. Vol 20,No 2:299~308
赖麒文. C8051单片机语言开发环境实务与设计.北京.科学出版社.2002
李叶松. 基于CPLD的开放式四轴运动控制器的设计[J].电子技术应用.2002，5：35~37
李学华. 换体DMA高速数据采集电路的CPLD实现[J].电子技术应用.2002，8：10~12
韩振振. 数字电路逻辑设计.大连.大连理工大学出版社.1993
潘松. VHDL实用教程. 成都.电子科技大学出版社.2000
徐金梅. TURBO C实用大全.北京.机械工业出版社.1996
王幸之.单片机应用系统抗干扰设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2001
MCS-51系列单片机应用系统设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2001
周明德.微型计算机IBM-PC/XT(0520系列)系统原理及应用.北京.清华大学出版社.1993
何立民.单片机高级教程（应用与设计）.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2000
中国集成电路大全-CMOS集成电路.北京.国防工业出版社.1985
何立民.单片机应用系统设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.1990
MOTORDA.“DESIGNING FOR ELECTRO MAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) WITCH HCOMS MICROCONTROLLERS". IN1050, 1985
薛天宇.一种实时多任务系统软件设计方法[J]. 电子技术应用. 2001. No.4. 7-9
辛德强，朴顺善.X25045与80C51的接口技术.电子技术应用[J]. 1999. No.12. 20-23
马忠梅，籍顺心等.单片机的C语言应用程序设计. 北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.1998
邹逢兴.计算机硬件技术基础.北京.高等教育出版社.2000
陈玛丽.虚拟仪器技术在水流测试控制系统中的应用[J].计算机测量与控制.2002,10:454~456
张丽英. 单片机控制的光电测速仪[J].长春邮电学院学报.1998年第16卷 第3期:30~33
唐秀家. 现场热线即时校准仪[J].电子测量与仪器学报.第11卷第4期:44~48
王殿常. 明渠时均流速分布公式对比及影响因素分析[J].泥沙研究.1998,9:86~90
周兴华. 智能数字式毕托管[J].力学与实践.1995,6:24~27
毛祖松. 新型海流计的研制[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,4:52~56
Matsubara,k. Research on a high-performance compact laser Doppler velocimeter[J]. Denshi Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Iho/Bulletin of the Electrotechnical Laboratory, v 61, n 4, 1997: 1~10
Tanaka,kazuhiro. New velocimeter with optical low-coherent source[J] American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division (Publication) FED, v 211, Fluid Measurement and Instrumentation, 1997: 143~147
Helmut Sielschott.Measurement of horizontal flow in a large scale furnace using acoustic vector tomography[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 1997 ,8:191~197
G. P. Lucas* and I. C. Walton?.Flow rate measurement by kinematic wave detection in vertically upward, bubbly twophase flows[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 1997 ,8:133~143
S G Alderson. Velocity errors in acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements due to platform attitude variations and their effect on volume transport estimates[J] Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Boston; Jan 1999; Vol. 16, Iss. 1; pg. 96, 11 pgs
Martin Visbeck. Deep velocity profiling using lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers: Bottom track and inverse solutions[J] .Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Boston; May 2002; Vol. 19, Iss. 5; pg. 794, 14 pgs
宋波. 直读式海流计水槽检定中有关问题的研究[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,10:8～11
宋波. 介绍美国的两种流速仪计数器[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,6:30~32
王明甫. 应变式水流紊动传感器及紊动流速仪在高含沙水流中的应用[J].1996,2:30~35
赵龙章.DV-Ⅰ、Ⅱ型数显流速仪的研制[J].DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION MACHINERY.1994,2:44~47
胡建民. 电波流速仪的设计[J].船舶科学技术.1997,增刊:49~50
丁志良. LD15—1型电波流速仪[J].南京水利水文自动化.1996,4:56~60
熊鳌魁. 关于转子式流速仪两个问题的探讨[J].武汉交通科技大学学报.第19卷第2期:215~217
樊宜. 八线智能流速仪的研制[J].江西水利科技.第26卷第1期:22~25
S.B.M. Beck *, J. Mazille.A study of a pressure differential flow meter that is insensitive to
inlet conditions[J]. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 2002 ,12:379~384
R. Herschy.Special Issue of flow measurement and instrumentation on open channel flow measurement.Flow Measurement and Instrumentation . 2002 ,12:429
Cheng-Tsair Yang.Adjustment and evaluation ofan LDA probe foraccurate .ow measurement[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering .2002,38:291~304
Kuns Sd. PIV velocity measurements in the wake of an obstruction simulating a Taylor bubble in a duct[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division (Publication) FED, v 13, Experimental and Numerical Flow Visualization and Laser Anemometry, 1997, 1p
Zhou Chang bao,G.Cresswell.Satellite SAR observation of shallow bottom topography of the east Australia Sea[J].China ocean press vol.18.No,2
刘曦红 SC-8型便携式流速仪[J].海洋技术 第18卷第3期：48~50
杜开南. 多路存储流速仪[J].水利水电工程设计.1998,2:51
张广海. HSLJ型流速仪计数器[J].水文.1997,3:59~60
张松明. CJ-2A型流速仪计时计数器[J].水文.1996,6:59~64
吴长胜. WLX-01型微机流速仪巡检装置[J].中国农村水利水电.1997,9:38~40
马燕. 旋浆式流速仪传感器和电路的改进[J].自动化与仪表.第10卷第4期:7~9
曾瑄.一种智能化的流速仪率定系统[J].江西水利科技2000,12:214~216
杨汉塘. 流速仪运动方程主参数K值的一点检定法[J].水利水电科技进展.第15卷第5期:45~49
周国平. 对现行流速仪法测流方案误差检验的分析[J].人民珠江.1996,2:43~44
王改名. HD7279A的原理与应用[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用.2002，3:50~54
董刚. 一种使用旋浆式流速仪的测量测速仪[J].武汉水利大学学报.第29卷第4期:51~56
Xiu Richen. Some observational results of sea storm current[J].china ocean press. Vol 20,No 2:299~308
赖麒文. C8051单片机语言开发环境实务与设计.北京.科学出版社.2002
李叶松. 基于CPLD的开放式四轴运动控制器的设计[J].电子技术应用.2002，5：35~37
李学华. 换体DMA高速数据采集电路的CPLD实现[J].电子技术应用.2002，8：10~12
韩振振. 数字电路逻辑设计.大连.大连理工大学出版社.1993
潘松. VHDL实用教程. 成都.电子科技大学出版社.2000
徐金梅. TURBO C实用大全.北京.机械工业出版社.1996
王幸之.单片机应用系统抗干扰设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2001
MCS-51系列单片机应用系统设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2001
周明德.微型计算机IBM-PC/XT(0520系列)系统原理及应用.北京.清华大学出版社.1993
何立民.单片机高级教程（应用与设计）.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.2000
中国集成电路大全-CMOS集成电路.北京.国防工业出版社.1985
何立民.单片机应用系统设计.北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.1990
MOTORDA.“DESIGNING FOR ELECTRO MAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY (EMC) WITCH HCOMS MICROCONTROLLERS". IN1050, 1985
薛天宇.一种实时多任务系统软件设计方法[J]. 电子技术应用. 2001. No.4. 7-9
辛德强，朴顺善.X25045与80C51的接口技术.电子技术应用[J]. 1999. No.12. 20-23
马忠梅，籍顺心等.单片机的C语言应用程序设计. 北京.北京航空航天大学出版社.1998
邹逢兴.计算机硬件技术基础.北京.高等教育出版社.2000
陈玛丽.虚拟仪器技术在水流测试控制系统中的应用[J].计算机测量与控制.2002,10:454~456
张丽英. 单片机控制的光电测速仪[J].长春邮电学院学报.1998年第16卷 第3期:30~33
唐秀家. 现场热线即时校准仪[J].电子测量与仪器学报.第11卷第4期:44~48
王殿常. 明渠时均流速分布公式对比及影响因素分析[J].泥沙研究.1998,9:86~90
周兴华. 智能数字式毕托管[J].力学与实践.1995,6:24~27
毛祖松. 新型海流计的研制[J].气象水文海洋仪器.1997,4:52~56