前列腺解剖带区的断层解剖学与MRI研究
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摘要
目的利用MRI技术对6具成人尸体及不同年龄段活体正常成人的前列腺扫描,观察前列腺带区尸体及活体MRI表现,然后采用改良的火棉胶包埋技术把6具标本制成前列腺区薄层连续切片。本文通过应用盆腔器官薄型化断层切片及MRI技术得到的影像图片进行对照研究,分析前列腺各带区的解剖学特点。并对前列腺整体和中央区的径线、体积等指标的变化规律研究,以期为影像学诊断提供形态学指导,并探讨前列腺带区随年龄变化的影像学特点。
材料与方法：
1、尸体标本前列腺解剖带区的MRI研究：选择经10%福尔马林固定的盆部完好无损6具男性尸体行前列腺MRI水平位、冠状位及矢状位扫描,所有尸体标本均无前列腺相关疾病,以及其它泌尿系统疾病史。观察尸体标本前列腺MRI上T1WI及T2WI的信号特点及带区划分。
2、尸体标本前列腺解剖带区的断层解剖学研究：选择经10%福尔马林固定的盆部完好6具男性尸体标本(同上),分别制成250-750微米水平位、冠状位及矢状位切片。
3、正常成人活体前列腺MRI研究：对684例健康志愿者行前列腺MRI检查,所有志愿者均无前列腺相关疾病,以及其它泌尿系统疾病史。志愿者年龄为20岁-79岁,按年龄段分成5组,观察前列腺各带区的信号特点。
4、前列腺各带区解剖断面与MRI对照：前列腺基本断面有三组,即矢状断面(正矢状断面)、横断面(高位水平、精阜水平和低位水平)、冠状断面(通过前列腺尿道远段尿道长轴与射精管所在的层面)。
5、前列腺老龄化研究：健康志愿者行前列腺MRI检查及分组(同上)。测量前列腺整体和前列腺中央区各自径线(前后径、左右径及上下径)、体积数值,并计算出中央区体积占前列腺总体积的比例,建立正常前列腺各径线、体积参考值范围,并分析其随年龄增长的变化特点。
结果：
1、尸体标本前列腺带区的MRI表现
尸体标本T1WI上整个前列腺呈略低信号；T2WI上不同带区的表现基本与活体相同,即前列腺外周带呈高信号表现,信号强度高于中央区,中央区呈低信号。
2、尸体标本前列腺带区的断层解剖学观察
尸体断层解剖切片可根据尿道、精阜、射精管识别外周带、中央带、移行带、尿道周围组织及前列腺肌肉基质区的大体位置,但其间未见明显界限。
3、正常前列腺MRI的观察结果
正常前列腺在T2WI上,前列腺外周带呈高信号表现,信号强度高于中央区,中央区呈低信号。在T1WI上,仅能显示前列腺的轮廓,各带区都表现为等或略低信号,无法进一步区分。
4、前列腺各带区解剖断面与MRI对照：前列腺基本断面有三组,即矢状断面(正矢状断面)、横断面(高位水平、精阜水平和低位水平)、冠状断面(通过前列腺尿道远段尿道长轴与射精管所在的层面),观察各带区的详细解剖特点。
5、正常前列腺MRI的观察结果及各自径线和体积测量及统计学结果
前列腺整体体积范围约在(11.59～47.01cm3)之间,其上下径、前后径、左右径、体积随年龄增加而增大,其统计结果显示均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。前列腺中央区体积约在(2.89～12.46cm3)之间,其上下径、前后径、左右径、体积随年龄增加而增长,中央区体积占前列腺总体积百分比约为(22%～36%),其随着年龄增大呈比例增加,统计结果均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论(1)在火棉胶系列连续切片上能观察到前列腺各带区的空间分布和划分。(2)尸体与活体前列腺带区MRI信号表现基本一致。(3)选取前列腺连续薄层断面切片与相应的MRI图像进行对照研究,完成横断面、矢状断面及冠状断面解剖图像与MRI的对照观察研究。(4)通过对684例健康志愿者前列腺MRI扫描分析,前列腺整体的各个径线和体积随着年龄增长均呈增加趋势,并且前列腺中央区各个径线和体积随着年龄的增长均呈增加趋势,中央区所占百分比随着年龄的增加呈比例增长,对前列腺疾病的早期发现与诊断具有重要的临床价值。
Objective:Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitatively research prostate in each age section of normal person and 6 specimens, analyze the MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate in the corpses and people alive, and then the corpses made series plans by using collodion embedding method. We analyzed the anatomy characteristic of the pelvic cavity region in the collodion-embedded plans, and compared with the MRI of normal people. The changes of indicators of the central zone diameter line and volume were valued which could provide anatomy data for the imaging, we also explore the prostate imaging characteristics and evolution with ageing.
Methods:1. The MRI study of the prostate in specimen:6 male corpses fixed by 10% formalin which without prostate related disease, were selected to make MRI scan in axial, oblique, sagittal section. We view the boundary of the prostate's zone.
2. The anatomy study of the prostate in specimens:6 male corpses fixed by 10% formalin were selected, and then divided into 3 groups random,250μm -270μm collodion-embedded plans were made in axial, oblique, sagittal section.
3. The MRI study of the prostate in people:684 volunteers, who without prostate related disease, they aged from 20 to 79, and divided into 5 groups according to the age:MRI signal intensity and characteristic with aging of the prostate were observed.
4. A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and MRI of prostate zone: there are three basic cross-section:sagittal section (central), axial section (superior level, level of verumontanum, low level), oblique section (through the section of long axis in urethra and ejaculatory duct), to observe detailed characteristic.
5. MRI study on ageing prostate. The contents of observation and measurement included the prostate's MRI signal intensity and characteristic with aging; To survey the diameter line of prostate and volume, Set up the reference range of the normal prostate diameter, the volume and to analyze its characteristics.
Results:
1、MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate zone in the corpses Whole prostate of corpses show low signal in T1WI; Representation of different corpses prostate zone same as alive in T2WI. Periphery zone of prostate showed high signal, central zone show low signal.
2、Indicators of the whole prostate zone in the corpses of plans
Recognize periphery zone、central zone, transitional zone, paraurethral gland zone and fibrous muscle zone on the basis of slice, but their bounds are not obvious.
3、MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate zone alive
Periphery zone of alive prostate show high signal, and higher than central zone; central zone show low signal. Only show outline of prostate in T1WI, each zone shows eaque or low signal, and not to distinguish further.
4、A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and MRI of prostate zone: there are three basic cross-section:sagittal section (central), axial section (superior level, level of verumontanum, lower level), oblique section (through the section of long axis in urethra and ejaculatory duct), to observe detailed characteristic.
5、The results of diameter line and volume statistics
About the scope of the overall volume of the prostate is (11.59～47.01cm3), Its upper and lower tracks, before and after the trail, trail around the volume increases with age, There were significant difference in various age groups(P<0.05). volume of prostatic central zone is (2.89～12.46cm3). Its upper and lower tracks, before and after the trail, trail around the volume increases with age, volume percentage of the total volume of the prostate accounted for (22%～36%), Its proportion increase with age (P<0.05).
Conclusion:(1)Boundary line of different zones can be divided in every section.(2)Prostate zone's signal of MRI is same between corpses and alive.(3)A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of prostate zone. (4) The diameter line、volume of prostate gland and volume of the whole prostate grows gradually following increase of age. The diameter line、volume of central zone and volume of central zone to prostate proportion grows gradually following increase of age.
材料与方法：
1、尸体标本前列腺解剖带区的MRI研究：选择经10%福尔马林固定的盆部完好无损6具男性尸体行前列腺MRI水平位、冠状位及矢状位扫描,所有尸体标本均无前列腺相关疾病,以及其它泌尿系统疾病史。观察尸体标本前列腺MRI上T1WI及T2WI的信号特点及带区划分。
2、尸体标本前列腺解剖带区的断层解剖学研究：选择经10%福尔马林固定的盆部完好6具男性尸体标本(同上),分别制成250-750微米水平位、冠状位及矢状位切片。
3、正常成人活体前列腺MRI研究：对684例健康志愿者行前列腺MRI检查,所有志愿者均无前列腺相关疾病,以及其它泌尿系统疾病史。志愿者年龄为20岁-79岁,按年龄段分成5组,观察前列腺各带区的信号特点。
4、前列腺各带区解剖断面与MRI对照：前列腺基本断面有三组,即矢状断面(正矢状断面)、横断面(高位水平、精阜水平和低位水平)、冠状断面(通过前列腺尿道远段尿道长轴与射精管所在的层面)。
5、前列腺老龄化研究：健康志愿者行前列腺MRI检查及分组(同上)。测量前列腺整体和前列腺中央区各自径线(前后径、左右径及上下径)、体积数值,并计算出中央区体积占前列腺总体积的比例,建立正常前列腺各径线、体积参考值范围,并分析其随年龄增长的变化特点。
结果：
1、尸体标本前列腺带区的MRI表现
尸体标本T1WI上整个前列腺呈略低信号；T2WI上不同带区的表现基本与活体相同,即前列腺外周带呈高信号表现,信号强度高于中央区,中央区呈低信号。
2、尸体标本前列腺带区的断层解剖学观察
尸体断层解剖切片可根据尿道、精阜、射精管识别外周带、中央带、移行带、尿道周围组织及前列腺肌肉基质区的大体位置,但其间未见明显界限。
3、正常前列腺MRI的观察结果
正常前列腺在T2WI上,前列腺外周带呈高信号表现,信号强度高于中央区,中央区呈低信号。在T1WI上,仅能显示前列腺的轮廓,各带区都表现为等或略低信号,无法进一步区分。
4、前列腺各带区解剖断面与MRI对照：前列腺基本断面有三组,即矢状断面(正矢状断面)、横断面(高位水平、精阜水平和低位水平)、冠状断面(通过前列腺尿道远段尿道长轴与射精管所在的层面),观察各带区的详细解剖特点。
5、正常前列腺MRI的观察结果及各自径线和体积测量及统计学结果
前列腺整体体积范围约在(11.59～47.01cm3)之间,其上下径、前后径、左右径、体积随年龄增加而增大,其统计结果显示均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。前列腺中央区体积约在(2.89～12.46cm3)之间,其上下径、前后径、左右径、体积随年龄增加而增长,中央区体积占前列腺总体积百分比约为(22%～36%),其随着年龄增大呈比例增加,统计结果均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结论(1)在火棉胶系列连续切片上能观察到前列腺各带区的空间分布和划分。(2)尸体与活体前列腺带区MRI信号表现基本一致。(3)选取前列腺连续薄层断面切片与相应的MRI图像进行对照研究,完成横断面、矢状断面及冠状断面解剖图像与MRI的对照观察研究。(4)通过对684例健康志愿者前列腺MRI扫描分析,前列腺整体的各个径线和体积随着年龄增长均呈增加趋势,并且前列腺中央区各个径线和体积随着年龄的增长均呈增加趋势,中央区所占百分比随着年龄的增加呈比例增长,对前列腺疾病的早期发现与诊断具有重要的临床价值。
Objective:Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitatively research prostate in each age section of normal person and 6 specimens, analyze the MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate in the corpses and people alive, and then the corpses made series plans by using collodion embedding method. We analyzed the anatomy characteristic of the pelvic cavity region in the collodion-embedded plans, and compared with the MRI of normal people. The changes of indicators of the central zone diameter line and volume were valued which could provide anatomy data for the imaging, we also explore the prostate imaging characteristics and evolution with ageing.
Methods:1. The MRI study of the prostate in specimen:6 male corpses fixed by 10% formalin which without prostate related disease, were selected to make MRI scan in axial, oblique, sagittal section. We view the boundary of the prostate's zone.
2. The anatomy study of the prostate in specimens:6 male corpses fixed by 10% formalin were selected, and then divided into 3 groups random,250μm -270μm collodion-embedded plans were made in axial, oblique, sagittal section.
3. The MRI study of the prostate in people:684 volunteers, who without prostate related disease, they aged from 20 to 79, and divided into 5 groups according to the age:MRI signal intensity and characteristic with aging of the prostate were observed.
4. A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and MRI of prostate zone: there are three basic cross-section:sagittal section (central), axial section (superior level, level of verumontanum, low level), oblique section (through the section of long axis in urethra and ejaculatory duct), to observe detailed characteristic.
5. MRI study on ageing prostate. The contents of observation and measurement included the prostate's MRI signal intensity and characteristic with aging; To survey the diameter line of prostate and volume, Set up the reference range of the normal prostate diameter, the volume and to analyze its characteristics.
Results:
1、MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate zone in the corpses Whole prostate of corpses show low signal in T1WI; Representation of different corpses prostate zone same as alive in T2WI. Periphery zone of prostate showed high signal, central zone show low signal.
2、Indicators of the whole prostate zone in the corpses of plans
Recognize periphery zone、central zone, transitional zone, paraurethral gland zone and fibrous muscle zone on the basis of slice, but their bounds are not obvious.
3、MRI changes of indicators of the whole prostate zone alive
Periphery zone of alive prostate show high signal, and higher than central zone; central zone show low signal. Only show outline of prostate in T1WI, each zone shows eaque or low signal, and not to distinguish further.
4、A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and MRI of prostate zone: there are three basic cross-section:sagittal section (central), axial section (superior level, level of verumontanum, lower level), oblique section (through the section of long axis in urethra and ejaculatory duct), to observe detailed characteristic.
5、The results of diameter line and volume statistics
About the scope of the overall volume of the prostate is (11.59～47.01cm3), Its upper and lower tracks, before and after the trail, trail around the volume increases with age, There were significant difference in various age groups(P<0.05). volume of prostatic central zone is (2.89～12.46cm3). Its upper and lower tracks, before and after the trail, trail around the volume increases with age, volume percentage of the total volume of the prostate accounted for (22%～36%), Its proportion increase with age (P<0.05).
Conclusion:(1)Boundary line of different zones can be divided in every section.(2)Prostate zone's signal of MRI is same between corpses and alive.(3)A comparative study between cross-sectional anatomy and magnetic resonance imaging of prostate zone. (4) The diameter line、volume of prostate gland and volume of the whole prostate grows gradually following increase of age. The diameter line、volume of central zone and volume of central zone to prostate proportion grows gradually following increase of age.
引文
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[44]Gevenois PA, Salmon I, Stal lenberg B, et al, Magentic resonance imaging of the normal prostate at 1.5T.Br J Radiol 1990;63(7):101-107.
[45]Kirkham AP, Emberton M, Allen C. How good is MRI at detecting and characterising cancer within the prostate Eur Urol.2006 Dec; 50(6):1163-1174.
[46]Kim, Chan Kyo MD; Park, Byung Kwan MD; Kim, Bohyun MD. Localization of Prostate Cancer Using 3T MRI:Comparison of T2-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2006 Jan/Feb 30(1):7-11.
[47]马骏,黄受方,张长淮,等。成人正常前列腺的解剖学和组织学观察。解剖学杂志,2000,23(2)：156-158.
[48]Greene D R,Egawa S,Hellerstein,et al.Sonographic Measurements of transition zone of prostate in men with and Without benign prostatic hyperplasia.Urology,1990,51:293-299.
[49]Bartsch C, Muller HR, Boerholzer M, et al. Light microscopic stereologic analysis of the normal human prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia.J urol,1979,122(4):487-491.
[50]夏同礼,邓方明,杨建茹,等。国人正常前列腺组织成分定量分析。中华泌尿外科杂志,1995,16(6)：345-383.
[51]Reese JH, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Differential distribution of pepsinogen II between the zones of the human prostate and the seminal vesicle. J Urol,1986,136(5):1148-1152.
[52]Reese JH, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Tissue type plasminogen activator as a marker for functional zones, within the human prostate gland. Prostate,1988,12(1):47-53.
[53]张琳琳,袁曙光,闫东等.MRS与MRI对前列腺癌与前列腺增生鉴别诊断中的应用[J]医学影像学杂志,2008,18(5)：521-525
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[55]Tanimoto A, Nakashima J, Kohno H, et al. Prostate cancer screening:the clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic MR imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging [J]. J Magn Reson Imaging.2007 Jan; 25(1):146-152.
[56]陈燕萍,黄晖,陈斌,等.正常前列腺MRI定量测定[J].实用放射学杂志,2007,23(4)：496-499.
[57]李飞宇,王霄英,丁建平等.正常成人前列腺外周带MRI信号强度与年龄的相关性研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2005,21(5)
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[59]Jia, Guang BSc; Baudendistel, Klaus T. PhD; von Tengg-Kobligk, Hendrik MD;et al.Assessing Prostate Volume by Magnetic Resonance Imaging:A Comparison of Different Measurement Approaches for Organ Volume Analysis. Investigative Radiology.2005 April,40(4):243-248.
[60]Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R, et al. Correlation between metabolite ratios and ADC values; of prostate in men with increased PSA level [J]. Magn Reson Imaging.2006 Jun; 24(5):541-548.
[61]Comparison of prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasonography and MRI with the actual prostate volume measured after radical prostatectomy
[62]张光银,陈山,刘跃新,等.前列腺体积参数与良性前列腺增生临床参数的相关性研究.中华泌尿外科杂志,2002,23(8)：474-476.
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[42]顾方六主编.现化前列腺病学.第一版,北京：人民军医出版社.2002,73
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[44]Gevenois PA, Salmon I, Stal lenberg B, et al, Magentic resonance imaging of the normal prostate at 1.5T.Br J Radiol 1990;63(7):101-107.
[45]Kirkham AP, Emberton M, Allen C. How good is MRI at detecting and characterising cancer within the prostate Eur Urol.2006 Dec; 50(6):1163-1174.
[46]Kim, Chan Kyo MD; Park, Byung Kwan MD; Kim, Bohyun MD. Localization of Prostate Cancer Using 3T MRI:Comparison of T2-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2006 Jan/Feb 30(1):7-11.
[47]马骏,黄受方,张长淮,等。成人正常前列腺的解剖学和组织学观察。解剖学杂志,2000,23(2)：156-158.
[48]Greene D R,Egawa S,Hellerstein,et al.Sonographic Measurements of transition zone of prostate in men with and Without benign prostatic hyperplasia.Urology,1990,51:293-299.
[49]Bartsch C, Muller HR, Boerholzer M, et al. Light microscopic stereologic analysis of the normal human prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia.J urol,1979,122(4):487-491.
[50]夏同礼,邓方明,杨建茹,等。国人正常前列腺组织成分定量分析。中华泌尿外科杂志,1995,16(6)：345-383.
[51]Reese JH, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Differential distribution of pepsinogen II between the zones of the human prostate and the seminal vesicle. J Urol,1986,136(5):1148-1152.
[52]Reese JH, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, et al. Tissue type plasminogen activator as a marker for functional zones, within the human prostate gland. Prostate,1988,12(1):47-53.
[53]张琳琳,袁曙光,闫东等.MRS与MRI对前列腺癌与前列腺增生鉴别诊断中的应用[J]医学影像学杂志,2008,18(5)：521-525
[54]Haider MA, van der Kwast TH, Tanguay j, et al. Combined T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI for localization of prostate cancer [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol.2007 Aug;189(2):323-328.
[55]Tanimoto A, Nakashima J, Kohno H, et al. Prostate cancer screening:the clinical value of diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic MR imaging in combination with T2-weighted imaging [J]. J Magn Reson Imaging.2007 Jan; 25(1):146-152.
[56]陈燕萍,黄晖,陈斌,等.正常前列腺MRI定量测定[J].实用放射学杂志,2007,23(4)：496-499.
[57]李飞宇,王霄英,丁建平等.正常成人前列腺外周带MRI信号强度与年龄的相关性研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2005,21(5)
[58]Lattouf, Jean-Baptiste; Grubb, Robert L. Ⅲ; Lee, S. Justin;,et al.A. Magnetic resonance imaging-directed transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsies in patients at risk of prostate cancer. BJU International.2007 May.,99(5):1041-1046,
[59]Jia, Guang BSc; Baudendistel, Klaus T. PhD; von Tengg-Kobligk, Hendrik MD;et al.Assessing Prostate Volume by Magnetic Resonance Imaging:A Comparison of Different Measurement Approaches for Organ Volume Analysis. Investigative Radiology.2005 April,40(4):243-248.
[60]Kumar V, Jagannathan NR, Kumar R, et al. Correlation between metabolite ratios and ADC values; of prostate in men with increased PSA level [J]. Magn Reson Imaging.2006 Jun; 24(5):541-548.
[61]Comparison of prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasonography and MRI with the actual prostate volume measured after radical prostatectomy
[62]张光银,陈山,刘跃新,等.前列腺体积参数与良性前列腺增生临床参数的相关性研究.中华泌尿外科杂志,2002,23(8)：474-476.
[63]卢慕峻,姚德鸿,蒋跃庆,等.良性前列腺增生症急性尿缩留的临床预测.中国男科学杂志,2004,18(3)：17-20.
[1]McNeal JE.Normal and pathologic anatomy of the prostate. Urology,1981,17(3):11-16.
[2]Grenier N, Devonec M. Imaging of normal, hyperplastic and inflamm-atoryprostate gland J Radiol.2006 Feb; 87(2 Pt 2):165-187.
[3]McNeal JE.The prostate and prostatic urethra:a morphologic synthesis.The J ournal of Urology,1972,107:1008.
[4]McNeal JE.The zonal anatomy of the prostate.Prostate.1981;2(1):35-49.
[5]McNeal JE.Normal histology of the prostate Am J Surg Pathol.1988 Aug;12(8):619-33.
[6]McNeal JE.Anatomy of the prostate:an historical survey of divergent views. Prostate.1980;1(1):3-13.
[7]McNeal JE.The prostate gland.Monogr Urol.1983;4:5.
[8]McNeal JE,Leav Irwin,Alron Joseph,et al.Differential lectin staining of cent ral and peripheral zones of the prostate and alterations in dysplasia.AJCP.1 988,89:41.
[9]马骏,黄受方,张长淮,等。成人正常前列腺的解剖学和组织学观察。解剖学杂志,2000,23(2)：156-158.
[10]Bartsch C,Muller HR,Boerholzer M,et al.Light microscopic stereologic analysis of the normal human prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia.J urol,1979,122(4):487-491.
[11]夏同礼,邓方明,杨建茹,等。国人正常前列腺组织成分定量分析。中华泌尿外科杂志,1995,16(6)：345-383.
[12]Reese JH, McNeal JE,Redwine EA,et al.Differential distribution of pepsinogen Ⅱ between the zones of the human prostate and the seminal vesicle.J Urol,1986,136(5):1148-1152.
[13]Reese JH, McNeal JE,Redwine EA,et al.Tissue type plasminogen activator as a marker for functional zones,within the human prostate gland.Prostate,1988,12(1):47-53.
[14]McNeal JE.Prostate gland:Monophology and pathobiology.In:Stamey ed. M onographs in urology.Princeton:Burroughs Welcome Company,1988,9:36.
[15]陈燕萍,黄晖,陈斌,等.正常前列腺MRI定量测定[J].实用放射学杂志,2007,23(4)：496-499.
[16]邬小平,宦臣。正常前列腺外周带的MR测量研究[J]。临床放射学杂志,2008,27(8)：1075-1078.
[17]Rahmouni, Alain; Yang, Andrew; Tempany, Clare M. C.; et al.Accuracy of In-Vivo Assessment of Prostatic Volume by MRI and Transrectal Ultrasonography. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.1992. Nov/Dec, 16(6):935-940。
[18]Kim, Chan Kyo MD; Park, Byung Kwan MD; Kim, Bohyun MD. Locali zation of Prostate Cancer Using 3T MRI:Comparison of T2-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomo graphy.2006 Jan/Feb 30(1):7-11.
[19]李飞宇,王霄英,丁建平等.正常成人前列腺外周带MRI信号强度与年龄的相关性研究[J].中国医学影像技术,2005,21(5)
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