多温级蓄能制冷系统在冷库中的应用研究
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摘要
本文介绍了一种以氨水溶液为工质的多温级蓄能制冷方法和工作流程,主要用于工业和商业领域内需要多个制冷温度等级的蓄能制冷系统。其工作原理是将用电低谷的电能通过压缩机将其转换成氨水溶液的制冷潜能并储存在溶液储罐内,当用户需要一个或一个以上温度等级的冷能时,采用逐级蒸发、吸收的方法将储存的制冷潜能转换成所需的冷能。蓄能制冷系统充分利用用电低谷的电能对电网起到移峰填谷的作用,能量转换效率高,费用低,工作灵活,设备简单,潜能可长久储存,制冷温度低并可同时提供多个制冷温度等级,特别适用于多温级冷库或多温级工业用冷的场合。
在建立氨水物性参数计算程序和系统充、释能过程动态模型的基础上,以长江流域某一典型的两温级冷库作为算例,对多温级蓄能制冷系统在全量蓄能策略下能量转换及储存过程进行数值模拟,得到系统各设备负荷的大小和变化特性、循环工作参数随时间和外部条件的变化规律。研究结果为了解多温级蓄能制冷系统的运行特性,系统设计和设备选型以及制定动态控制方案提供帮助。
本文还以全量蓄能策略为例,讨论了回热器对系统COP的影响,循环COP和蓄能密度与溶液质量分数差的关系,以及冷却水进口温度和冷库相对负荷变化时,多温级蓄能制冷系统溶液初始充注参数的变化和系统COP的变化,通过对两种不同工作流程的比较分析,发现充能过程压缩机工作而吸收器不工作的流程较适合于需要更低温度等级的冷库蓄能制冷系统。所得出的这些结论,可以为多温级蓄能制冷系统的深入研究提供一定的理论思考和思路。
An introduction dealing with the refrigeration method and the working flow of multistage energy storage system using NH3-H2O as working fluid is presented, which is mainly applied in the industrial and commercial energy storage refrigeration system. The principle of the system states that the off-peak electricity is transformed into the refrigerating potential of aqueous ammonia, and stored in solution storage tank. The stored potential can be transformed into cold energy by means of gradual evaporation or absorption, when needing one or multistage cold energy. The system can be utilized to shift electricity load from on peak periods to off peak periods, and has many advantages such as large energy conversion efficiency, low cost, flexible operating mode, simple storage equipment, and multistage range temperature, which make it especially applicable in multistage cold storage or industrial cooling.
Based on the computation of ammonia-water thermodynamic properties and the dynamic models of the system working process, the energy transformation and storage dynamic processes according to a typical two-stage cold storage located near by Yangzi River are numerically simulated under the full storage strategy. The regulations or relationships between the main working parameters during the energy charging or discharging time, and the load capacity and variation characteristics of the devices, are obtained by simulation. All these results are useful for understanding of operation characteristics, design or selection of the devices, and also helpful for designing the dynamic control program of the multistage energy storage refrigeration system.
In this paper, the influences of reheater on COP, the relations between the increment of solution concentration and COP or storage density, the influences of inlet cooling water temperature and relative cooling load on the parameters of working solution charged into the system and on COP of the system are also discussed. These conclusions provide some theoretical references for the deep research of the multistage energy storage refrigeration system.
在建立氨水物性参数计算程序和系统充、释能过程动态模型的基础上,以长江流域某一典型的两温级冷库作为算例,对多温级蓄能制冷系统在全量蓄能策略下能量转换及储存过程进行数值模拟,得到系统各设备负荷的大小和变化特性、循环工作参数随时间和外部条件的变化规律。研究结果为了解多温级蓄能制冷系统的运行特性,系统设计和设备选型以及制定动态控制方案提供帮助。
本文还以全量蓄能策略为例,讨论了回热器对系统COP的影响,循环COP和蓄能密度与溶液质量分数差的关系,以及冷却水进口温度和冷库相对负荷变化时,多温级蓄能制冷系统溶液初始充注参数的变化和系统COP的变化,通过对两种不同工作流程的比较分析,发现充能过程压缩机工作而吸收器不工作的流程较适合于需要更低温度等级的冷库蓄能制冷系统。所得出的这些结论,可以为多温级蓄能制冷系统的深入研究提供一定的理论思考和思路。
An introduction dealing with the refrigeration method and the working flow of multistage energy storage system using NH3-H2O as working fluid is presented, which is mainly applied in the industrial and commercial energy storage refrigeration system. The principle of the system states that the off-peak electricity is transformed into the refrigerating potential of aqueous ammonia, and stored in solution storage tank. The stored potential can be transformed into cold energy by means of gradual evaporation or absorption, when needing one or multistage cold energy. The system can be utilized to shift electricity load from on peak periods to off peak periods, and has many advantages such as large energy conversion efficiency, low cost, flexible operating mode, simple storage equipment, and multistage range temperature, which make it especially applicable in multistage cold storage or industrial cooling.
Based on the computation of ammonia-water thermodynamic properties and the dynamic models of the system working process, the energy transformation and storage dynamic processes according to a typical two-stage cold storage located near by Yangzi River are numerically simulated under the full storage strategy. The regulations or relationships between the main working parameters during the energy charging or discharging time, and the load capacity and variation characteristics of the devices, are obtained by simulation. All these results are useful for understanding of operation characteristics, design or selection of the devices, and also helpful for designing the dynamic control program of the multistage energy storage refrigeration system.
In this paper, the influences of reheater on COP, the relations between the increment of solution concentration and COP or storage density, the influences of inlet cooling water temperature and relative cooling load on the parameters of working solution charged into the system and on COP of the system are also discussed. These conclusions provide some theoretical references for the deep research of the multistage energy storage refrigeration system.
引文
[1]PARKER G J.Off-peak energy storage for domestic applications in Christchurch,New Zealand[J],Applied Energy,1993,44(3):259-281.
[2]MACCRACKEN C D.Off-peak air conditioning.A major energy saver[J],ASHRAE J,1991,33(12):6.
[3]HASNAIN S M.Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies,part 2:cool thermal storage[J],Energy Conversion and Manage,1998,39(11):1139-1153.
[4]邵双全,石文星,李先庭等.食品冷藏链技术的应用现状及前景分析,食品工业科技,2001,22(6):84-88.
[5]徐庆磊.我国食品冷冻、冷藏行业的现状与发展.中国食品冷藏链新设备、新技术论坛文集,2003(11):1-4.
[6]商业部设计院.冷藏库制冷设计手册.北京:人民出版社,1990.
[7]徐士鸣.一种蓄能制冷/热泵机组的蓄能制冷/制热方法[P].中国发明专利,200410021385.6.2004-03-15.
[8]徐士鸣.一种多温级蓄能制冷方法[P].中国发明专利,200610045671.5.2006-01-14.
[9]徐士鸣.蓄能技术新概念-制冷/制热潜能储存技术,电力需求侧管理,2003,5(1):43-48.
[10]Fiorino,Donald P.Twenty-five ways to raise your chilled-water temperature differential[J],ASHRAE Trans,1996,102(1):567-572.
[11]Fiorino D P.Energy conservation with chilled water storage[J],ASHRAE Journal,1993,(5):22-32.
[12]Mei V C,Yang K H and Hwang R L.Analysis of a thermal energy storage air-conditioning system using eutectic salt.Part 1.System design and simulation results[J],American Society of Mechanical Engineers,Advanced Energy Systems Division Publication.AES,1993,29:19-26.
[13]Ames D A.The past,present and future of eutectic salt storage systems[J],ASHRAE Journal,1989,(5):26-28.
[14]Ames D A.Eutectic cool storage:current developments[J],ASHRAE Journal,1990,(4):46-53.
[15]Mcneil W P,Mathey J D.Review of an operating ice storage system[C],EPRI Proc.International load management conference,June 1986:Section 20.
[16]Utaka Y,Satio A,Seki T.Gas hydrate cold storage using direct-contact heat transfer of refrigerant in closed vessel[J],JSME International Journal,Series B:Fluids and Thermal Engineering 1993,36(1):150-155.
[17]卢永庄,王如竹,姜周曙,吴静怡,许煜雄.吸附式制冷中的蓄冷研究.工程热物理学报,2002,23(2):153-155.
[18]徐士鸣,张莉,郭亚丽,李维仲.变质量体系能量转换及储存技术在暖通、空调中的应用[J],暖通空调,2005,23(6):109-113.
[19]吴喜平.蓄冷技术和蓄热电锅炉在空调中的应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[20]J.Chi,D.Didion.A simulation model of the transient performance of a heat pump[J],International Journal of Refrigeration,1982,5(3):176-184.
[21]J.W.Macaarthur.Transient heat pump behavior:a theoretical investigation[J].International Journal of Refrigeration,1984,7(2):123-132.
[22]J.V.C.Vargas,J.A.R.Pars.Simulation in transient regime of a heat pump with closed-loop and on-off control[J],International Journal of Refrigeration,1995,18(4):235-243.
[23]陈芝久.制冷系统热动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[24]丁国良,张春路.制冷空调装置仿真与优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[25]Schulz S.C.G.Equations of state for the system ammonia-water for use with computer.Proceeding of 13~(th) International Refrigeration Congress,pp.431-436,1971.
[26]徐士鸣.NH3/H2O溶液热力参数表达式的推导与程序编制[J],流体机械,1999,23(2):55-59.
[27]沈之光.制冷工质热物理性质表和图[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983.
[28]郭进堂,吴进发.实用制冷工程设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1995.
[29]兰国彬,杜垲.对氨水二元溶液状态方程-Schulz状态方程中计算氨水溶液气相焓值的修正[J],流体机械,1999,17:56-58.
[30]徐士鸣,张莉.以氨水溶液为工质的变质量能量转换及储存系统动态特性研究(1)-计算模型,第4届制冷空调新技术研讨会论文集,pp228-231,杭州,2005.
[31]Xu SM,Zhang L,Liang J,Du RX.A variable mass energy transformation and storage(VMEST)system using NH3-H2O as working fluid,Part 1:Modeling and simulation under full storage strategy[J].Energy Conversion and management,2007,48(1):9-26.
[32]孙刚.冷库辅助设计系统的开发.上海:同济大学学报,2004,41(3):67-71.
[33]徐士鸣,袁一.对以氨/水为工质的吸收式制冷循环的改进与分析[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(4):445-450.
[34]吴业正,韩宝琦.制冷原理与设备[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1997.
[35]Xu SM,Zhang L,Liang J,Du RX.A variable mass energy transformation and storage(VWETS)system using NH_3-H_2O as working fluid,part 2:Modeling and simulation under the partial-storage Strategy[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(1):27-39.
[36]Xu SM,Zhang L,Xu CH,Liang J,Du RX.Numerical simulation of an advanced energy storage system using H_2O-LiBr as working fluid,Part 1:System design and modeling[J].International Journal of Refrigeration,2007,30(2):354-363.
[2]MACCRACKEN C D.Off-peak air conditioning.A major energy saver[J],ASHRAE J,1991,33(12):6.
[3]HASNAIN S M.Review on sustainable thermal energy storage technologies,part 2:cool thermal storage[J],Energy Conversion and Manage,1998,39(11):1139-1153.
[4]邵双全,石文星,李先庭等.食品冷藏链技术的应用现状及前景分析,食品工业科技,2001,22(6):84-88.
[5]徐庆磊.我国食品冷冻、冷藏行业的现状与发展.中国食品冷藏链新设备、新技术论坛文集,2003(11):1-4.
[6]商业部设计院.冷藏库制冷设计手册.北京:人民出版社,1990.
[7]徐士鸣.一种蓄能制冷/热泵机组的蓄能制冷/制热方法[P].中国发明专利,200410021385.6.2004-03-15.
[8]徐士鸣.一种多温级蓄能制冷方法[P].中国发明专利,200610045671.5.2006-01-14.
[9]徐士鸣.蓄能技术新概念-制冷/制热潜能储存技术,电力需求侧管理,2003,5(1):43-48.
[10]Fiorino,Donald P.Twenty-five ways to raise your chilled-water temperature differential[J],ASHRAE Trans,1996,102(1):567-572.
[11]Fiorino D P.Energy conservation with chilled water storage[J],ASHRAE Journal,1993,(5):22-32.
[12]Mei V C,Yang K H and Hwang R L.Analysis of a thermal energy storage air-conditioning system using eutectic salt.Part 1.System design and simulation results[J],American Society of Mechanical Engineers,Advanced Energy Systems Division Publication.AES,1993,29:19-26.
[13]Ames D A.The past,present and future of eutectic salt storage systems[J],ASHRAE Journal,1989,(5):26-28.
[14]Ames D A.Eutectic cool storage:current developments[J],ASHRAE Journal,1990,(4):46-53.
[15]Mcneil W P,Mathey J D.Review of an operating ice storage system[C],EPRI Proc.International load management conference,June 1986:Section 20.
[16]Utaka Y,Satio A,Seki T.Gas hydrate cold storage using direct-contact heat transfer of refrigerant in closed vessel[J],JSME International Journal,Series B:Fluids and Thermal Engineering 1993,36(1):150-155.
[17]卢永庄,王如竹,姜周曙,吴静怡,许煜雄.吸附式制冷中的蓄冷研究.工程热物理学报,2002,23(2):153-155.
[18]徐士鸣,张莉,郭亚丽,李维仲.变质量体系能量转换及储存技术在暖通、空调中的应用[J],暖通空调,2005,23(6):109-113.
[19]吴喜平.蓄冷技术和蓄热电锅炉在空调中的应用[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[20]J.Chi,D.Didion.A simulation model of the transient performance of a heat pump[J],International Journal of Refrigeration,1982,5(3):176-184.
[21]J.W.Macaarthur.Transient heat pump behavior:a theoretical investigation[J].International Journal of Refrigeration,1984,7(2):123-132.
[22]J.V.C.Vargas,J.A.R.Pars.Simulation in transient regime of a heat pump with closed-loop and on-off control[J],International Journal of Refrigeration,1995,18(4):235-243.
[23]陈芝久.制冷系统热动力学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
[24]丁国良,张春路.制冷空调装置仿真与优化[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[25]Schulz S.C.G.Equations of state for the system ammonia-water for use with computer.Proceeding of 13~(th) International Refrigeration Congress,pp.431-436,1971.
[26]徐士鸣.NH3/H2O溶液热力参数表达式的推导与程序编制[J],流体机械,1999,23(2):55-59.
[27]沈之光.制冷工质热物理性质表和图[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983.
[28]郭进堂,吴进发.实用制冷工程设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1995.
[29]兰国彬,杜垲.对氨水二元溶液状态方程-Schulz状态方程中计算氨水溶液气相焓值的修正[J],流体机械,1999,17:56-58.
[30]徐士鸣,张莉.以氨水溶液为工质的变质量能量转换及储存系统动态特性研究(1)-计算模型,第4届制冷空调新技术研讨会论文集,pp228-231,杭州,2005.
[31]Xu SM,Zhang L,Liang J,Du RX.A variable mass energy transformation and storage(VMEST)system using NH3-H2O as working fluid,Part 1:Modeling and simulation under full storage strategy[J].Energy Conversion and management,2007,48(1):9-26.
[32]孙刚.冷库辅助设计系统的开发.上海:同济大学学报,2004,41(3):67-71.
[33]徐士鸣,袁一.对以氨/水为工质的吸收式制冷循环的改进与分析[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(4):445-450.
[34]吴业正,韩宝琦.制冷原理与设备[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,1997.
[35]Xu SM,Zhang L,Liang J,Du RX.A variable mass energy transformation and storage(VWETS)system using NH_3-H_2O as working fluid,part 2:Modeling and simulation under the partial-storage Strategy[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48(1):27-39.
[36]Xu SM,Zhang L,Xu CH,Liang J,Du RX.Numerical simulation of an advanced energy storage system using H_2O-LiBr as working fluid,Part 1:System design and modeling[J].International Journal of Refrigeration,2007,30(2):354-363.