四针状氧化锌晶须雷达吸波涂层的优化设计与机理分析
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摘要
信息的获取和反获取已成为现代战争中的主要焦点,武器装备隐身化可以显著提高军事效益。雷达吸波材料是隐身材料中发展最快、应用最为广泛的材料,在武器装备外形不改变的情况下,涂敷雷达吸波材料是实现雷达隐身最经济和最有效的方法。因此,雷达吸波材料的优化设计及其吸波机理的分析对于隐身与反隐身技术具有重要意义。
新型四针状氧化锌晶须(Tetrapod-shaped Zinc Oxide Whisker,简称ZnOw)雷达吸波材料具有附着力强、重量轻、宽频带和吸收强等特点。特殊结构和多种功能的组合,不仅赋予了该材料良好的微波吸收性能,而且使材料表现出优异的综合性能,因此优化设计和吸波机理研究可以直接用于指导该类吸波材料的设计和制备。
通过对单层雷达吸波涂层的分析可知,吸波材料一般很难在整个频带上满足匹配条件,实际的吸波涂层所要求的宽频带、强吸收,重量轻和厚度薄之间又存在相互矛盾,必须综合考虑设计,才能得到最佳的效果。单层吸波涂层的吸波效果是有限的,对吸波材料的要求相对较严格,对于限定吸波涂层厚度的应用领域很难选择匹配的吸波材料。采用多层雷达吸波涂层将是改善吸波效果,充分利用现有吸波材料资源的一种方法。
本文采用微遗传算法对以ZnOw为主要成分的多层雷达吸波涂层进行优化设计。在给定最大厚度的情况下,在2～18GHz频率范围内,对于不同频段给定不同吸收率的方案,对多层吸波涂层建立了快速优化设计方法。讨论了吸波涂层的厚度、层数和约束条件对吸收效果的影响。此外,对于不同频段改变给定的吸收率,分析其对于优化结果的影响。
针对多层雷达吸波涂层的结构特点,提出蚁群算法结合微遗传算法的全新融合算法优化设计方案。在2～18GHz频率范围内,在相同的要求条件下,对多层雷达吸波涂层进行了优化设计。计算结果表明,融合算法获得的解比微遗传算法更为精确。这种融合算法为求解类似的组合约束优化问题提供了一种新的方法。
全面总结了现有对ZnOw雷达吸波材料的吸波机理的解释,分别在宏观和微观两方面对ZnOw雷达吸波材料的吸波机理的分析提出一些试探性方法,以量子势阱理论解释其在2～18GHz频率范围内对电磁波的吸波机理。
此外,多层雷达吸波涂层的性能与各层材料的电磁参数及厚度紧密相关。本文针对所得的优化结果,讨论了各层材料电磁参数及厚度误差对于优化结果的影响,特别详细分析了靠近金属衬底的介质层的电磁参数及厚度误差对优化结果的影响。
最后,简要地介绍了一些目前常用的测量材料电磁参数和吸波涂层性能的实验方法。
通过本文的研究工作,获得了ZnOw多层雷达吸波涂层的优化设计方法,得到了一些优化结果,同时对其吸波机理也做了相应的分析,这些结果将可用来指导实际雷达吸波涂层的研究与制备。
In the modern warfare, the information capture and the counter-capture have become a main focus, and the stealth of weapon is able to increase the military benefit significantly. The radar absorbing materials (RAM) are growing quickly, and used widely as a stealth material. Without changing the shape of the weaponry, the coating of RAM is the most economical and efficient way to realize the stealth of radar subjects. Therefore, the optimization design of RAM and the analysis of absorbing mechanism have the vital significance for the stealth and anti-stealth techniques.
A new radar absorbing material (Tetrapod-shaped zinc oxide whisker, or called ZnOw) has many good performances, such as the strong adhesion, the light weight, the broadband, and the strong capacity of absorbing electromagnetic waves. Since the special structure and the multiple functions, ZnOw is not only endowed with good absorbing characteristic in microwave band, but also demonstrated excellent overall performance. Consequently, the optimization of the material and the study of the absorbing mechanism will be help to design and prepare this material.
Based on the analysis of single-layered radar absorbing coating, we know that it is usually very difficult to satisfy the matched conditions within a frequency band for the RAM. There exist many internal contradictories among the requirements, such as the wideband, the strong absorbing performance, the light weight, and the thin thickness for the actual absorbing coating. In order to obtain the optimal effect, an integrated design is required. The absorbing performance of a single-layered RAM is not good, and the requirements of the RAM are relatively critical. It is very difficult to select a matched RAM for the radar absorbing coating with a limited thickness. Therefore, a multi-layered RAM will be a good choice in order to improve the absorbing effect and to use fully the existing RAM resources.
In this dissertation, an optimization design is presented for the multi-layered RAM made of ZnOw based on the microgenetic algorithm (MGA). A fast optimization procedure is designed for a given maximum thickness and the different obsorbing performances for several frequency bands within the range of 2～18GHz. The effects of the thickness, the number of layers, and the restrained conditions on the absorbing performance are discussed in detail. In addition, the different obsorptances are specified for the different bands, and the effect on the optimization is analyzed.
A new optimization procedure combining the ant colony algorithm and the microgenetic algorithm is presented for the multi-layered RAM. The optimization procedure is designed in the several frequency bands from 2GHz to 18GHz for the same requirement. The computed results show that this new hybrid algorithm can obtain a solution being better than that of the microgenetic algorithm, and provides a new approach to solve the similar combinatorial constrained optimization problems.
The existing theories of the ZnOw RAM's absorbing mechanism are completely summarized, and some exploratory methods analyzing the absorbing mechanism are proposed by the macroscopic and the microscopic respects. The quantum well theory is employed to explain its absorbing mechanism in the several frequency bands from 2GHz to 18GHz.
Furthermore, the performance of the multi-layered RAM is strongly related to the thickness and the electromagnetic property of the coatings. In this dissertation, the effects of the errors in the electromagnetic parameters and the thickness of the coatings on the absorbing performance of RAM are discussed based on the optimal results, and especially for the dielectric layer nearby the perfect electric conductor bottom.
Finally, some general experimental techniques to measure the electromagnetic parameters of the material and the performance of the radar absorbing coating are introduced briefly.
Based on the research work of this dissertation, the optimization technique to design the multi-layered RAM and some optimal results are obtained, and the absorbing mechanism is analyzed as well. All of these results will be a correct guidance for the investigation and preparation of the actual RAM.
新型四针状氧化锌晶须(Tetrapod-shaped Zinc Oxide Whisker,简称ZnOw)雷达吸波材料具有附着力强、重量轻、宽频带和吸收强等特点。特殊结构和多种功能的组合,不仅赋予了该材料良好的微波吸收性能,而且使材料表现出优异的综合性能,因此优化设计和吸波机理研究可以直接用于指导该类吸波材料的设计和制备。
通过对单层雷达吸波涂层的分析可知,吸波材料一般很难在整个频带上满足匹配条件,实际的吸波涂层所要求的宽频带、强吸收,重量轻和厚度薄之间又存在相互矛盾,必须综合考虑设计,才能得到最佳的效果。单层吸波涂层的吸波效果是有限的,对吸波材料的要求相对较严格,对于限定吸波涂层厚度的应用领域很难选择匹配的吸波材料。采用多层雷达吸波涂层将是改善吸波效果,充分利用现有吸波材料资源的一种方法。
本文采用微遗传算法对以ZnOw为主要成分的多层雷达吸波涂层进行优化设计。在给定最大厚度的情况下,在2～18GHz频率范围内,对于不同频段给定不同吸收率的方案,对多层吸波涂层建立了快速优化设计方法。讨论了吸波涂层的厚度、层数和约束条件对吸收效果的影响。此外,对于不同频段改变给定的吸收率,分析其对于优化结果的影响。
针对多层雷达吸波涂层的结构特点,提出蚁群算法结合微遗传算法的全新融合算法优化设计方案。在2～18GHz频率范围内,在相同的要求条件下,对多层雷达吸波涂层进行了优化设计。计算结果表明,融合算法获得的解比微遗传算法更为精确。这种融合算法为求解类似的组合约束优化问题提供了一种新的方法。
全面总结了现有对ZnOw雷达吸波材料的吸波机理的解释,分别在宏观和微观两方面对ZnOw雷达吸波材料的吸波机理的分析提出一些试探性方法,以量子势阱理论解释其在2～18GHz频率范围内对电磁波的吸波机理。
此外,多层雷达吸波涂层的性能与各层材料的电磁参数及厚度紧密相关。本文针对所得的优化结果,讨论了各层材料电磁参数及厚度误差对于优化结果的影响,特别详细分析了靠近金属衬底的介质层的电磁参数及厚度误差对优化结果的影响。
最后,简要地介绍了一些目前常用的测量材料电磁参数和吸波涂层性能的实验方法。
通过本文的研究工作,获得了ZnOw多层雷达吸波涂层的优化设计方法,得到了一些优化结果,同时对其吸波机理也做了相应的分析,这些结果将可用来指导实际雷达吸波涂层的研究与制备。
In the modern warfare, the information capture and the counter-capture have become a main focus, and the stealth of weapon is able to increase the military benefit significantly. The radar absorbing materials (RAM) are growing quickly, and used widely as a stealth material. Without changing the shape of the weaponry, the coating of RAM is the most economical and efficient way to realize the stealth of radar subjects. Therefore, the optimization design of RAM and the analysis of absorbing mechanism have the vital significance for the stealth and anti-stealth techniques.
A new radar absorbing material (Tetrapod-shaped zinc oxide whisker, or called ZnOw) has many good performances, such as the strong adhesion, the light weight, the broadband, and the strong capacity of absorbing electromagnetic waves. Since the special structure and the multiple functions, ZnOw is not only endowed with good absorbing characteristic in microwave band, but also demonstrated excellent overall performance. Consequently, the optimization of the material and the study of the absorbing mechanism will be help to design and prepare this material.
Based on the analysis of single-layered radar absorbing coating, we know that it is usually very difficult to satisfy the matched conditions within a frequency band for the RAM. There exist many internal contradictories among the requirements, such as the wideband, the strong absorbing performance, the light weight, and the thin thickness for the actual absorbing coating. In order to obtain the optimal effect, an integrated design is required. The absorbing performance of a single-layered RAM is not good, and the requirements of the RAM are relatively critical. It is very difficult to select a matched RAM for the radar absorbing coating with a limited thickness. Therefore, a multi-layered RAM will be a good choice in order to improve the absorbing effect and to use fully the existing RAM resources.
In this dissertation, an optimization design is presented for the multi-layered RAM made of ZnOw based on the microgenetic algorithm (MGA). A fast optimization procedure is designed for a given maximum thickness and the different obsorbing performances for several frequency bands within the range of 2～18GHz. The effects of the thickness, the number of layers, and the restrained conditions on the absorbing performance are discussed in detail. In addition, the different obsorptances are specified for the different bands, and the effect on the optimization is analyzed.
A new optimization procedure combining the ant colony algorithm and the microgenetic algorithm is presented for the multi-layered RAM. The optimization procedure is designed in the several frequency bands from 2GHz to 18GHz for the same requirement. The computed results show that this new hybrid algorithm can obtain a solution being better than that of the microgenetic algorithm, and provides a new approach to solve the similar combinatorial constrained optimization problems.
The existing theories of the ZnOw RAM's absorbing mechanism are completely summarized, and some exploratory methods analyzing the absorbing mechanism are proposed by the macroscopic and the microscopic respects. The quantum well theory is employed to explain its absorbing mechanism in the several frequency bands from 2GHz to 18GHz.
Furthermore, the performance of the multi-layered RAM is strongly related to the thickness and the electromagnetic property of the coatings. In this dissertation, the effects of the errors in the electromagnetic parameters and the thickness of the coatings on the absorbing performance of RAM are discussed based on the optimal results, and especially for the dielectric layer nearby the perfect electric conductor bottom.
Finally, some general experimental techniques to measure the electromagnetic parameters of the material and the performance of the radar absorbing coating are introduced briefly.
Based on the research work of this dissertation, the optimization technique to design the multi-layered RAM and some optimal results are obtained, and the absorbing mechanism is analyzed as well. All of these results will be a correct guidance for the investigation and preparation of the actual RAM.
引文
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