高强水泥基复合材料雷达波吸收性能研究
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摘要
雷达探测技术的进步,促使军事领域对高质、宽频且低成本的雷达吸波材料的需求不断增加。军事掩体、公路、大桥等建筑为重点的军事防护对象,采用高强、价格低廉的水泥基复合吸波材料,使上述建筑对雷达隐身,对军事防护工程具有重要意义。为此,本文从材料的电磁性能、微观结构、理论计算及结构设计等方面开展了对高强水泥基复合吸波材料的研究。
针对目前水泥基复合吸波材料强度较低的情况,本文首先研制了剔除粗骨料的高强水泥基材料。以紧密堆积理论计算为基础,结合力学性能试验,确定高强水泥基材料的基本配合比并成型试件。采用四电极法测量试件电阻率,得到该材料导电性属于半导体的范围。为掌握该水泥基材料对雷达波反射率的基本规律,分别研究了不同水胶比、厚度对试件的雷达波(2~18GHz)反射率的影响。结果得到:水胶比改变,对材料雷达波反射率的影响不大;厚度增加,材料雷达波反射率降低。为更深入了解水泥基材料吸波原理,根据水泥基材料的电磁参数,采用单层吸波材料雷达波反射率公式,模拟不同厚度水泥基材料的吸波性能并与实测值进行对比。
采用电损耗吸波材料(如超细钢纤维、石墨)和磁损耗吸波材料(如铁氧体)分别与水泥基材复合,研究各种吸波材料的掺量和厚度对水泥基复合材料雷达波吸收性能的影响。试验表明:电损耗吸波材料有利于提高水泥基材高频段吸波性能,磁损耗材料有利于改善水泥基材料低频段吸波性能,但水泥基复合材料存在厚度和阻抗相匹配的问题。为进一步明确水泥基复合材料的吸波机理,通过预设水泥基复合材料在S~Ku(2~18GHz)的全频段内吸波值,进行优化水泥基复合材料电磁参数的计算。计算结果表明:吸波值越大,复合材料的介电常数的虚部值与磁导率虚部值应越大,且电损耗角正切值与磁损耗角正切值越接近。
通过分析谐振材料的吸波原理,选取适合掺入水泥基材,具有孔穴、空腔结构的沸石粉、粉煤灰漂珠及闭孔珍珠岩(玻化微珠)作为谐振材料与水泥基材复合,研究复合材料的雷达波吸收规律。在此基础上,采用石墨、铁氧体分别与漂珠、珍珠岩以混掺和表面涂挂的方式复合,比较两种方法对水泥基材料吸波性能的改善效果。结果得到:铁氧体涂挂珍珠岩的复合方式在S~Ku(2~18GHz)内均提高了水泥基复合材料的吸波性能,且-8dB的频段宽达14GHz。微观结构研究表明闭孔珍珠岩是连续釉化面与特殊蜂窝结构的相间分布的类球型颗粒、内部含有大量空腔。与吸波材料涂挂复合时,吸波材料在珍珠岩表面及空腔内均匀分散,形成了性能良好的谐振吸波体。该谐振体与水泥基材料复合,可有效的拓宽水泥基材料的吸波带宽。
综合上述研究,本文最后设计不同功能层,可形成整体组合结构的3层结构水泥基复合材料。根据“透、吸、散”的原则,确定分别以钢纤维、铁氧体水泥基复合材料为底层的2类3层结构。改变面层和中间层的吸波材料种类,研究各组试件的雷达波反射率。试验得到:沸石粉+水泥基材料/石墨涂挂珍珠岩+水泥基材料/钢纤维+水泥基材料的3层组合结构在X~Ku波段,吸波值均在10dB以上,即该结构的水泥基复合材料对X~Ku整个波段均具有隐身作用。
With advances in the radar detection technology, demand for high quality, broadband and low-cost radar absorbing materials has been increasing in the military field. Military bunkers, roads, bridges and so on, are the key military to-be protected objects. It is of great significance to defense protection works that the above-mentioned infrastructures were made stealth using high-strength and low price cement-based radar absorbing composites. Therefore, high strength cement-based absorbing composites are studied regarding with electromagnetic properties, microstructure, theoretic calculation and structural design and so on in this paper.
In view of the lower strength of cement-based absorbing composite, high strength cement-based materials excluding coarse aggregate were first prepared in the paper. The basic mix proportion of the high strength cement-based materials were determined based on the dense packing theoretical calculations and mechanical property test, and then the specimen was prepared according to the mix proportion. The conductivity belonging to the semiconductor scope of the specimen was obtained by a four-electrode measurement. In order to master the basic law of reflectivity of the cement-based materials, the influence of different water-binder ratio and thickness on the specimen radar (2~18GHz) reflectivity was investigated respectively. The results show that the change of water-binder ratio has little effect on the reflectivity of radar, but the radar reflectivity reduces as the thickness of specimen increases. To further investigate the absorbing principle of cement-based materials, the absorbing properties of cement-based materials, based on their electromagnetic parameters, were simulated by using radar reflection formula of single-layer absorbing materials and then were compared with the measured values.
Using electrical loss absorbing materials (such as ultra-fine steel fiber, graphite) and magnetic loss absorbing materials (such as ferrite) compound with the cement-based materials respectively, the effect of dosage of the absorbing materials and thickness on absorption performance of cement-based composites was investigated respectively. The test results indicate that the electrical loss absorbing materials are beneficial to improve the absorbing properties of the cement matrix in high frequency bands and the magnetic materials are beneficial to improve ones in low frequency bands, but there exist the matching problems of thickness and impedance for the cement-based composites. To further clarify the absorbing mechanism of the cement-based composites, their electromagnetic parameters were optimized through presetting the absorbing value of the cement-based composites in S~Ku(2~18GHz). The results suggest that the larger the absorbing value is, the greater the required imaginary part of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability are, and the closer electric loss tangent and magnetic loss tangent are.
Through analyzing absorbing mechanism, the materials with cavity structure such as zeolit powder, fly ash floating beads and closed cell perlite (vitrified microsphere),were selected as resonant materials to mix into the cement-based materials and then the law of radar absorption of the composites was studied. On this basis, fly ash floating beads and closed cell perlite were combined, respectively, with graphite and ferrite by mixing and coating ways, and then it was compared of the improvement effect on radar absorbing of cement-based materials of the two approaches. Results show that the way of coating perilte with ferrite increases absorption of the composites in the frequency rang of S~Ku (2~18GHz) and the bandwidth of -8dB of the composites reaches 14GHz. Microstructure studies show that the perlite is the similar spherical-type particle in which continuous glaze surface and special honeycomb structures distribute alternately and contains a large number of cavity. When using the absorbing materials to coat the perlite, the absorbing materials distributed uniformly on its surface and in its cavity, formed the good performance resonant absorber, and broadened the absorbing bandwidth of cement-based materials effectively after being mixed into the cement-based materials.
Summarizing the above studies, three-layer structure, which can be combined to form the unitary structure, of cement-based composites including the different functional layers was designed in the paper at last. According to the principle of“Transmission, absorption and scattering”, the ultra-fine steel fiber or ferrite cement-based composite was used as the bottom of three-layer structures, the absorbing material types in the surface layer and middle layer were changed, and then the reflectivity of the three-layer structure composite was researched. It shows that the absorbing value of the composite of three-layer structure, namely zeolit powder + cement-based material/perlite coated by graphite + cement-based material/steel + cement-based material, are more than 10dB in the frequency range of X~Ku. Therefore, the composites with three-layer structure have stealth role in the whole frequency range of X~Ku.
针对目前水泥基复合吸波材料强度较低的情况,本文首先研制了剔除粗骨料的高强水泥基材料。以紧密堆积理论计算为基础,结合力学性能试验,确定高强水泥基材料的基本配合比并成型试件。采用四电极法测量试件电阻率,得到该材料导电性属于半导体的范围。为掌握该水泥基材料对雷达波反射率的基本规律,分别研究了不同水胶比、厚度对试件的雷达波(2~18GHz)反射率的影响。结果得到:水胶比改变,对材料雷达波反射率的影响不大;厚度增加,材料雷达波反射率降低。为更深入了解水泥基材料吸波原理,根据水泥基材料的电磁参数,采用单层吸波材料雷达波反射率公式,模拟不同厚度水泥基材料的吸波性能并与实测值进行对比。
采用电损耗吸波材料(如超细钢纤维、石墨)和磁损耗吸波材料(如铁氧体)分别与水泥基材复合,研究各种吸波材料的掺量和厚度对水泥基复合材料雷达波吸收性能的影响。试验表明:电损耗吸波材料有利于提高水泥基材高频段吸波性能,磁损耗材料有利于改善水泥基材料低频段吸波性能,但水泥基复合材料存在厚度和阻抗相匹配的问题。为进一步明确水泥基复合材料的吸波机理,通过预设水泥基复合材料在S~Ku(2~18GHz)的全频段内吸波值,进行优化水泥基复合材料电磁参数的计算。计算结果表明:吸波值越大,复合材料的介电常数的虚部值与磁导率虚部值应越大,且电损耗角正切值与磁损耗角正切值越接近。
通过分析谐振材料的吸波原理,选取适合掺入水泥基材,具有孔穴、空腔结构的沸石粉、粉煤灰漂珠及闭孔珍珠岩(玻化微珠)作为谐振材料与水泥基材复合,研究复合材料的雷达波吸收规律。在此基础上,采用石墨、铁氧体分别与漂珠、珍珠岩以混掺和表面涂挂的方式复合,比较两种方法对水泥基材料吸波性能的改善效果。结果得到:铁氧体涂挂珍珠岩的复合方式在S~Ku(2~18GHz)内均提高了水泥基复合材料的吸波性能,且-8dB的频段宽达14GHz。微观结构研究表明闭孔珍珠岩是连续釉化面与特殊蜂窝结构的相间分布的类球型颗粒、内部含有大量空腔。与吸波材料涂挂复合时,吸波材料在珍珠岩表面及空腔内均匀分散,形成了性能良好的谐振吸波体。该谐振体与水泥基材料复合,可有效的拓宽水泥基材料的吸波带宽。
综合上述研究,本文最后设计不同功能层,可形成整体组合结构的3层结构水泥基复合材料。根据“透、吸、散”的原则,确定分别以钢纤维、铁氧体水泥基复合材料为底层的2类3层结构。改变面层和中间层的吸波材料种类,研究各组试件的雷达波反射率。试验得到:沸石粉+水泥基材料/石墨涂挂珍珠岩+水泥基材料/钢纤维+水泥基材料的3层组合结构在X~Ku波段,吸波值均在10dB以上,即该结构的水泥基复合材料对X~Ku整个波段均具有隐身作用。
With advances in the radar detection technology, demand for high quality, broadband and low-cost radar absorbing materials has been increasing in the military field. Military bunkers, roads, bridges and so on, are the key military to-be protected objects. It is of great significance to defense protection works that the above-mentioned infrastructures were made stealth using high-strength and low price cement-based radar absorbing composites. Therefore, high strength cement-based absorbing composites are studied regarding with electromagnetic properties, microstructure, theoretic calculation and structural design and so on in this paper.
In view of the lower strength of cement-based absorbing composite, high strength cement-based materials excluding coarse aggregate were first prepared in the paper. The basic mix proportion of the high strength cement-based materials were determined based on the dense packing theoretical calculations and mechanical property test, and then the specimen was prepared according to the mix proportion. The conductivity belonging to the semiconductor scope of the specimen was obtained by a four-electrode measurement. In order to master the basic law of reflectivity of the cement-based materials, the influence of different water-binder ratio and thickness on the specimen radar (2~18GHz) reflectivity was investigated respectively. The results show that the change of water-binder ratio has little effect on the reflectivity of radar, but the radar reflectivity reduces as the thickness of specimen increases. To further investigate the absorbing principle of cement-based materials, the absorbing properties of cement-based materials, based on their electromagnetic parameters, were simulated by using radar reflection formula of single-layer absorbing materials and then were compared with the measured values.
Using electrical loss absorbing materials (such as ultra-fine steel fiber, graphite) and magnetic loss absorbing materials (such as ferrite) compound with the cement-based materials respectively, the effect of dosage of the absorbing materials and thickness on absorption performance of cement-based composites was investigated respectively. The test results indicate that the electrical loss absorbing materials are beneficial to improve the absorbing properties of the cement matrix in high frequency bands and the magnetic materials are beneficial to improve ones in low frequency bands, but there exist the matching problems of thickness and impedance for the cement-based composites. To further clarify the absorbing mechanism of the cement-based composites, their electromagnetic parameters were optimized through presetting the absorbing value of the cement-based composites in S~Ku(2~18GHz). The results suggest that the larger the absorbing value is, the greater the required imaginary part of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability are, and the closer electric loss tangent and magnetic loss tangent are.
Through analyzing absorbing mechanism, the materials with cavity structure such as zeolit powder, fly ash floating beads and closed cell perlite (vitrified microsphere),were selected as resonant materials to mix into the cement-based materials and then the law of radar absorption of the composites was studied. On this basis, fly ash floating beads and closed cell perlite were combined, respectively, with graphite and ferrite by mixing and coating ways, and then it was compared of the improvement effect on radar absorbing of cement-based materials of the two approaches. Results show that the way of coating perilte with ferrite increases absorption of the composites in the frequency rang of S~Ku (2~18GHz) and the bandwidth of -8dB of the composites reaches 14GHz. Microstructure studies show that the perlite is the similar spherical-type particle in which continuous glaze surface and special honeycomb structures distribute alternately and contains a large number of cavity. When using the absorbing materials to coat the perlite, the absorbing materials distributed uniformly on its surface and in its cavity, formed the good performance resonant absorber, and broadened the absorbing bandwidth of cement-based materials effectively after being mixed into the cement-based materials.
Summarizing the above studies, three-layer structure, which can be combined to form the unitary structure, of cement-based composites including the different functional layers was designed in the paper at last. According to the principle of“Transmission, absorption and scattering”, the ultra-fine steel fiber or ferrite cement-based composite was used as the bottom of three-layer structures, the absorbing material types in the surface layer and middle layer were changed, and then the reflectivity of the three-layer structure composite was researched. It shows that the absorbing value of the composite of three-layer structure, namely zeolit powder + cement-based material/perlite coated by graphite + cement-based material/steel + cement-based material, are more than 10dB in the frequency range of X~Ku. Therefore, the composites with three-layer structure have stealth role in the whole frequency range of X~Ku.
引文
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