太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统中热管式吸热器对流热损失特性研究
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摘要
由于能源和环境问题，以及对电力的需求不断增加，以清洁、可再生能源为资源的太阳能热发电技术已成为最有前途和最具挑战的技术之一。太阳能碟式热发电系统作为三大太阳能热发电系统（槽式、塔式和碟式）之一，具有高效率，模块化，自主运行，适用于多种能源形式（无论是太阳能或化石燃料，或两者混合）的优点。一方面，传统的以碟式/斯特林发电机等形式来实现热电转换的太阳能碟式热发电系统正受到挑战；另一方面，太阳能碟式热发电系统中的吸热器是太阳能向热能转换的关键部件，通常存在各种形式的热损失。其中，对流热损失是吸热器能量损失的重要组成部分，但由于机理复杂，计算难度大，是研究太阳能碟式热发电系统中吸热器热性能的重点和难点，也是当前太阳能领域的热点前沿课题。
本文在大量文献调研和比较性研究的基础上，首先提出一种新的太阳能碟式热力循环系统—太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统和一种能够实现等温光热转换的太阳能热管式吸热器。在此之后，以热管式吸热器为对象，采用三维数值模拟方法研究了热管式吸热器在有/无环境风条件下，其内部和采光口附近空气的流动和传热特征；在变物性条件下探讨了相关参数，如采光口的位置和大小、腔体的深径比、倾角、壁温以及环境风对热管式吸热器的自然或自然-强制混合对流热损失的影响规律；比较了热管式吸热器在有/无环境风条件下对流热损失特性的差异，揭示了环境风对吸热器对流热损失的影响规律以及由环境风引起的强制对流和腔体内自然对流的耦合特征。相应地，提出用于预测太阳能腔式吸热器的自然对流和混合对流热损失的Nusselt数关系式，并与已有模型进行比较。然后，根据数值计算结果，对太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的整体热-电转换性能进行评价，并详细讨论了其性能与各种参数之间的关系。最后，通过建立圆柱形腔式吸热器热损失特性实验台，采用电加热的方法，研究了倾角、热流密度和开口率等参数对圆柱形腔式吸热器热损失的影响。本文一方面可发展和丰富太阳能吸热器对流热损失理论，另一方面为太阳能碟式热发电系统设计和性能提高提供科学依据。所得主要结果如下：
①对于热管式吸热器在无风环境下的自然对流热损失，采用三维数值模拟方法研究表明：由于考虑了空气热物性随温度的变化，数值结果与实验结果更吻合；同时，吸热器自然对流热损失和对流换热系数随腔体壁面温度的升高而增大，而对流换热Nusselt数随腔体壁面温度的升高而减小。采光口位置对吸热器自然对流热损失的影响与倾角密切相关，而采光口大小对吸热器自然对流热损失的影响在不同的倾角下类似。当吸热器腔体的深径比减小时，腔体内部的对流区域和空气流速都增大，从而导致自然对流热损失增大。同时，定义修正的开口率，用以耦合深径比和采光口大小的共同影响。此外，实验研究发现：当输入热功率不变时，吸热器的自然对流热损失随着倾角的增大而减小，导热损失和辐射热损失随倾角的增大而增大。与恒壁温工况下的结果不同的是，吸热器在恒热流工况下，其自然对流热损失Nusselt数随着自然对流热流密度的增大而缓慢增大，而在恒壁温边界条件下，吸热器自然对流热损失Nusselt数随着壁温的增大而线性减小。此外，定热流工况下倾角对辐射热损失的影响比定壁温工况略大。
②对于热管式吸热器在有风环境下的自然-强制混合对流热损失，采用三维数值模拟方法研究表明：区别于无风环境下吸热器自然对流热损失随倾角增加而单调减小的规律，在有风环境下，太阳能吸热器混合对流热损失同时受到环境风和倾角的共同影响，且规律较为复杂。在某些环境风条件下，吸热器的混合对流热损失甚至小于无风环境下的自然对流热损失，且存在临界风速使混合对流热损失达到极小值。此外，当风速不断增加时，吸热器在不同倾角下的混合对流热损失差异越来越小。
③对于太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的整体热-电转换性能，理论计算表明：太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统在有风环境下的整体热-电转换效率随运行温度的变化规律与无风环境下的情形非常相似。所不同的是，在无风环境下，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的热-电转换效率峰值为20.7％；而在有风环境下，系统的热-电转换效率峰值降为19.0％。此外，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的热-电转换效率随着风速的增加而降低，但风向的影响很小。鉴于太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的高效性，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统有望成为最具竞争力的太阳能利用技术之一。
Due to energy and environment problems, as well as increasing demand forelectricity, solar thermal power becomes one of the most promising and challengingtechnologies for its clean and renewable energy resource. Solar dish power system, asone of the three generic solar thermal power systems (trough, tower, and dish/enginesystems) is characterized by high efficiency, modularity, autonomous operation, and aninherent hybrid capability (the ability to operate on either solar energy or fossil fuel, orboth). On the one hand, the traditional solar dish thermal power systems such as thedish/Stirling system which directly converts the solar radiation into electricity are beingchallenged. On the other hand, solar receiver plays an important role in light–heatconversion for the dish/engine systems, and normally subjected to various modes ofheat loss. Among these, convection heat loss is a major contributor of the total energyloss of solar receiver. However, the convection heat loss mechanism of solar receiver isso complex that it is difficult to calculate. Therefore, the estimation of convection heatloss of solar receiver is a key input for the performance evaluation of solar dish powersystem; also, it is nowadays a priority research line in the field of solar energy.
In this dissertation, on the basis of a thorough literature survey and a comparativestudy, firstly, a new conversion power unit—alkali metal thermal to electric converter(AMTEC) is proposed to cascade with the dish collector system, forming a new solarthermal power system, namely solar dish/AMTEC thermal power system. Meanwhile, anew configuration of heat-pipe receiver is introduced to realize isothermal light-heatconversion for the solar dish/AMTEC thermal power system. After that, taking the heat-pipe receiver as the object, three-dimensional numerical studies are performed to getinsight into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of air inside and in the vicinity ofthe receiver under no-wind and wind conditions. Based on the air thermophysicalproperty variations, the influence of relevant parameters, such as aperture position andsize, cavity aspect ratio, tilt angle, wall temperature and environmental wind on naturalor combined free-forced convection heat loss of the heat-pipe receiver is investigated.The combined convection heat loss of the heat-pipe receiver under wind condtion iscompared to the natural convection heat loss under no-wind condition. The impact ofwind on combined convection loss as well as the coupling characteristics of windinduced convection and the natural convection of air in the cavity are clearly presented, Accordingly, Nusselt number correlations that can estimate natural and combined free-forced convection heat loss with reasonable accuracy are proposed, and they arecompared with existing models. Then, based on the numerical results, the overallthermal-electric conversion efficiency of the solar dish/AMTEC thermal power systemis calculated; also, the relationship between the system efficiency and variousparameters is discussed in detail. Finally, an experiment using the electric heatingmethod is carried out to explore the effect of tilt angle, heat flux and aperture ratio etc.on the heat losses of a cylindrical cavity receiver. On the one hand, this dissertationenriches the theory of solar receiver convection heat loss; on the other hand, it providesscientific basis for the design and performance improvement of the solar dish thermalpower system. The main findings are as follows:
①For the natural convection heat loss of heat-pipe receiver under no-windcondition, three-dimensional numerical results reveal that, due to the air thermophysicalproperty variation with temperature, the numerical results agree better with theexperimental measurements. Meanwhile, the natural convection heat loss and theconvection heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing wall temperature whileNusselt number decreases as cavity wall temperature rises. The impact of apertureposition on the natural convection heat loss of receiver is closely related to tilt angle,while the aperture size has similar effect for different tilt angles. The expansion ofconvection zone together with the augmentation of velocity magnitude is mainlyresponsible for the increment of natural convection heat loss with decreasing cavityaspect ratio. Moreover, a modified definition of aperture ratio is introduced, aiming toreflect the combined effect of the cavity aspect ratio and aperture size. In addition,experimental investigation finds that, when the input power is constant, the naturalconvection heat loss decreases significantly as the tilt angle increases while theconduction heat loss and the radiation heat loss increase slightly. Different from theresults for the constant wall temperature condition, the natural convection heat loosNusselt number increases slowly with the increase of natural convection heat flux;while it decreases linearly with increasing wall temperature. In addition, the influenceof tilt angle on the radiation heat loss for constant heat flux condition is greater than thatfor constant constant wall temperature condition.
②For the combined free-forced convection heat loss of heat-pipe receiver underwind condition, three-dimensional numerical results show that, different from thediscipline that the natural convection heat loss decreases monotonically with increasing tilt angle under no-wind environment, the combined convection heat loss of receiver inwindy environment is affected by both the wind and the tilt angle, and is more complex.Under some certain wind conditions, the combined convection heat loss possibly bereduced below the natural convection value, and there exists critical wind speed thatminimizes the combined convection heat loss. Moreover, the combined convection heatloss of receiver at different inclinations becomes more and more indistinguishable aswind speed increases.
③For the overall thermal-electric conversion performance of solar dish/AMTECthermal power system, the theoretical calculations indicate that, the variation of theoverall thermal-electric conversion efficiency of solar dish/AMTEC thermal powersystem with the operating temperature in wind condition is very similar to that of no-wind condition. The difference is that, the maximum overall efficiency of the solardish/AMTEC thermal power system reduces from20.7%in no-wind condition to19.0%in the wind condition. Furthermore, the overall efficiency of solar dish/AMTEC thermalpower system decreases with increasing wind speed, while the wind direction showsvery little effect. In view of its high conversion efficiency, the solar dish/AMTECthermal power system has the potential to become one of the most competitivetechnologies of solar energy utilization.
本文在大量文献调研和比较性研究的基础上，首先提出一种新的太阳能碟式热力循环系统—太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统和一种能够实现等温光热转换的太阳能热管式吸热器。在此之后，以热管式吸热器为对象，采用三维数值模拟方法研究了热管式吸热器在有/无环境风条件下，其内部和采光口附近空气的流动和传热特征；在变物性条件下探讨了相关参数，如采光口的位置和大小、腔体的深径比、倾角、壁温以及环境风对热管式吸热器的自然或自然-强制混合对流热损失的影响规律；比较了热管式吸热器在有/无环境风条件下对流热损失特性的差异，揭示了环境风对吸热器对流热损失的影响规律以及由环境风引起的强制对流和腔体内自然对流的耦合特征。相应地，提出用于预测太阳能腔式吸热器的自然对流和混合对流热损失的Nusselt数关系式，并与已有模型进行比较。然后，根据数值计算结果，对太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的整体热-电转换性能进行评价，并详细讨论了其性能与各种参数之间的关系。最后，通过建立圆柱形腔式吸热器热损失特性实验台，采用电加热的方法，研究了倾角、热流密度和开口率等参数对圆柱形腔式吸热器热损失的影响。本文一方面可发展和丰富太阳能吸热器对流热损失理论，另一方面为太阳能碟式热发电系统设计和性能提高提供科学依据。所得主要结果如下：
①对于热管式吸热器在无风环境下的自然对流热损失，采用三维数值模拟方法研究表明：由于考虑了空气热物性随温度的变化，数值结果与实验结果更吻合；同时，吸热器自然对流热损失和对流换热系数随腔体壁面温度的升高而增大，而对流换热Nusselt数随腔体壁面温度的升高而减小。采光口位置对吸热器自然对流热损失的影响与倾角密切相关，而采光口大小对吸热器自然对流热损失的影响在不同的倾角下类似。当吸热器腔体的深径比减小时，腔体内部的对流区域和空气流速都增大，从而导致自然对流热损失增大。同时，定义修正的开口率，用以耦合深径比和采光口大小的共同影响。此外，实验研究发现：当输入热功率不变时，吸热器的自然对流热损失随着倾角的增大而减小，导热损失和辐射热损失随倾角的增大而增大。与恒壁温工况下的结果不同的是，吸热器在恒热流工况下，其自然对流热损失Nusselt数随着自然对流热流密度的增大而缓慢增大，而在恒壁温边界条件下，吸热器自然对流热损失Nusselt数随着壁温的增大而线性减小。此外，定热流工况下倾角对辐射热损失的影响比定壁温工况略大。
②对于热管式吸热器在有风环境下的自然-强制混合对流热损失，采用三维数值模拟方法研究表明：区别于无风环境下吸热器自然对流热损失随倾角增加而单调减小的规律，在有风环境下，太阳能吸热器混合对流热损失同时受到环境风和倾角的共同影响，且规律较为复杂。在某些环境风条件下，吸热器的混合对流热损失甚至小于无风环境下的自然对流热损失，且存在临界风速使混合对流热损失达到极小值。此外，当风速不断增加时，吸热器在不同倾角下的混合对流热损失差异越来越小。
③对于太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的整体热-电转换性能，理论计算表明：太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统在有风环境下的整体热-电转换效率随运行温度的变化规律与无风环境下的情形非常相似。所不同的是，在无风环境下，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的热-电转换效率峰值为20.7％；而在有风环境下，系统的热-电转换效率峰值降为19.0％。此外，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的热-电转换效率随着风速的增加而降低，但风向的影响很小。鉴于太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统的高效性，太阳能碟式/碱金属热电转换系统有望成为最具竞争力的太阳能利用技术之一。
Due to energy and environment problems, as well as increasing demand forelectricity, solar thermal power becomes one of the most promising and challengingtechnologies for its clean and renewable energy resource. Solar dish power system, asone of the three generic solar thermal power systems (trough, tower, and dish/enginesystems) is characterized by high efficiency, modularity, autonomous operation, and aninherent hybrid capability (the ability to operate on either solar energy or fossil fuel, orboth). On the one hand, the traditional solar dish thermal power systems such as thedish/Stirling system which directly converts the solar radiation into electricity are beingchallenged. On the other hand, solar receiver plays an important role in light–heatconversion for the dish/engine systems, and normally subjected to various modes ofheat loss. Among these, convection heat loss is a major contributor of the total energyloss of solar receiver. However, the convection heat loss mechanism of solar receiver isso complex that it is difficult to calculate. Therefore, the estimation of convection heatloss of solar receiver is a key input for the performance evaluation of solar dish powersystem; also, it is nowadays a priority research line in the field of solar energy.
In this dissertation, on the basis of a thorough literature survey and a comparativestudy, firstly, a new conversion power unit—alkali metal thermal to electric converter(AMTEC) is proposed to cascade with the dish collector system, forming a new solarthermal power system, namely solar dish/AMTEC thermal power system. Meanwhile, anew configuration of heat-pipe receiver is introduced to realize isothermal light-heatconversion for the solar dish/AMTEC thermal power system. After that, taking the heat-pipe receiver as the object, three-dimensional numerical studies are performed to getinsight into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of air inside and in the vicinity ofthe receiver under no-wind and wind conditions. Based on the air thermophysicalproperty variations, the influence of relevant parameters, such as aperture position andsize, cavity aspect ratio, tilt angle, wall temperature and environmental wind on naturalor combined free-forced convection heat loss of the heat-pipe receiver is investigated.The combined convection heat loss of the heat-pipe receiver under wind condtion iscompared to the natural convection heat loss under no-wind condition. The impact ofwind on combined convection loss as well as the coupling characteristics of windinduced convection and the natural convection of air in the cavity are clearly presented, Accordingly, Nusselt number correlations that can estimate natural and combined free-forced convection heat loss with reasonable accuracy are proposed, and they arecompared with existing models. Then, based on the numerical results, the overallthermal-electric conversion efficiency of the solar dish/AMTEC thermal power systemis calculated; also, the relationship between the system efficiency and variousparameters is discussed in detail. Finally, an experiment using the electric heatingmethod is carried out to explore the effect of tilt angle, heat flux and aperture ratio etc.on the heat losses of a cylindrical cavity receiver. On the one hand, this dissertationenriches the theory of solar receiver convection heat loss; on the other hand, it providesscientific basis for the design and performance improvement of the solar dish thermalpower system. The main findings are as follows:
①For the natural convection heat loss of heat-pipe receiver under no-windcondition, three-dimensional numerical results reveal that, due to the air thermophysicalproperty variation with temperature, the numerical results agree better with theexperimental measurements. Meanwhile, the natural convection heat loss and theconvection heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing wall temperature whileNusselt number decreases as cavity wall temperature rises. The impact of apertureposition on the natural convection heat loss of receiver is closely related to tilt angle,while the aperture size has similar effect for different tilt angles. The expansion ofconvection zone together with the augmentation of velocity magnitude is mainlyresponsible for the increment of natural convection heat loss with decreasing cavityaspect ratio. Moreover, a modified definition of aperture ratio is introduced, aiming toreflect the combined effect of the cavity aspect ratio and aperture size. In addition,experimental investigation finds that, when the input power is constant, the naturalconvection heat loss decreases significantly as the tilt angle increases while theconduction heat loss and the radiation heat loss increase slightly. Different from theresults for the constant wall temperature condition, the natural convection heat loosNusselt number increases slowly with the increase of natural convection heat flux;while it decreases linearly with increasing wall temperature. In addition, the influenceof tilt angle on the radiation heat loss for constant heat flux condition is greater than thatfor constant constant wall temperature condition.
②For the combined free-forced convection heat loss of heat-pipe receiver underwind condition, three-dimensional numerical results show that, different from thediscipline that the natural convection heat loss decreases monotonically with increasing tilt angle under no-wind environment, the combined convection heat loss of receiver inwindy environment is affected by both the wind and the tilt angle, and is more complex.Under some certain wind conditions, the combined convection heat loss possibly bereduced below the natural convection value, and there exists critical wind speed thatminimizes the combined convection heat loss. Moreover, the combined convection heatloss of receiver at different inclinations becomes more and more indistinguishable aswind speed increases.
③For the overall thermal-electric conversion performance of solar dish/AMTECthermal power system, the theoretical calculations indicate that, the variation of theoverall thermal-electric conversion efficiency of solar dish/AMTEC thermal powersystem with the operating temperature in wind condition is very similar to that of no-wind condition. The difference is that, the maximum overall efficiency of the solardish/AMTEC thermal power system reduces from20.7%in no-wind condition to19.0%in the wind condition. Furthermore, the overall efficiency of solar dish/AMTEC thermalpower system decreases with increasing wind speed, while the wind direction showsvery little effect. In view of its high conversion efficiency, the solar dish/AMTECthermal power system has the potential to become one of the most competitivetechnologies of solar energy utilization.
引文
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