黄河口高浓度泥沙异重流过程：现场观测与数值模拟
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摘要
河口海岸地区是河流与海洋交汇的场所，大量的陆源物质以泥沙为载体，在复杂的动力条件下由河口向海洋传输。河口泥沙异重流是一种少见的河流入海传输方式，具有传输速度快和传输通量大的特点，对三角洲及近海环境地貌变化和重金属及有毒物颗粒排放具有重要的影响。黄河以水少沙多著称，历来是研究和观测河口泥沙异重流的典型区域。随着流域气候变化和人类活动的影响，河口泥沙异重流传输方式发生转变，带来了一系列地貌变化和生物地球化学效应。本文利用1995年9月洪季和2010年7月小浪底调水调沙塑造异重流排沙影响下的黄河口泥沙异重流观测资料，分别阐明了两个航次观测到的河口泥沙异重流发育的时空变化过程及机制，并结合EFDC三维数值模型，对简易河口地形下河口泥沙异重流过程进行模拟，检验不同影响因子对河口泥沙异重流发育过程的影响，并将数值模拟结果与现场观测与国内外研究成果有机联系，在河口泥沙异重流的周期性演化过程、主要控制机理方面取得了新的认识，对于深入理解河口泥沙异重流的发生、变化过程以及环境效应有重要的意义。
本文通过研究得到了对河口泥沙异重流过程的一系列认识：
1）当河流入海含沙量和泥沙组分基本稳定时，河口泥沙异重流主要受潮流调制作用，其发育变化过程具有周期性：涨平时异重流发育；落潮时异重流发育较好；落平时异重流开始衰减；涨潮时异重流逐渐消亡。异重流发育时，底层逐渐为淡水控制，盐度降低，含沙量升高，受剪切力（Fr）小于重力沿斜坡向下的分量（Fg）的影响，异重流向海加速运动，对底床产生冲刷效应，水体混合程度较弱，粗颗粒泥沙沉降，异重层内悬沙粒度降低；异重流衰减时，底层逐渐为海水控制，盐度升高，含沙量降低，Fr>Fg，异重流向海减速运动，对底床产生淤积效应，水体混合程度加强，维持了粗颗粒泥沙的悬浮状态，悬沙粒度升高。受潮流的牵引作用，河口泥沙异重流的路径可能是沿着曲线向海传输，这对于捕捉异重流的空间变化过程非常重要。
2）高含沙量是产生河口泥沙异重流的必要条件，而非充分条件。入海泥沙的粒度也是控制河口泥沙异重流发育和演化的另外一个重要条件。泥沙颗粒的粒度控制效应表现在：入海泥沙颗粒粗，导致泥沙在河道内快速沉积，水体含沙量急剧减小，在河口无法下潜形成异重流；在异重流发育过程中，异重层内的粗颗粒泥沙将快速沉降在海底，使得异重层的含沙量降低，难以维持异重层水体和上覆水体的密度差，导致异重流快速衰减。
3）针对近年来黄河入海水沙量均显著减少、粒度不断粗化的现状，根据本文的现场观测和数值模拟结果，可以推断河流入海的传输方式将从以往的高浓度泥沙异重流转变为表层羽状流，这一变化将引起河口泥沙传输路径和沉积范围的改变，以泥沙为载体的重金属、有毒污染物和营养元素的扩散方式和埋藏过程可能也会随之发生变化，影响河口和近海的生物地球化学循环。
本文从现场观测资料出发，配合数值模拟手段，提炼出黄河口泥沙异重流发育过程及机制中关键的影响因子，并阐述了这些关键因子的变化对河口泥沙异重流过程的影响，这些认识对今后对黄河口泥沙异重流传输过程的转变、三角洲及近海地貌地形变化以及近海生物地球化学循环的研究起到重要的启示作用。
Estuary is a link between river and coastal ocean. The terrestrial material,delivered by suspended sediments from river to the sea in complicated transmissionways. Hyperpycnal flows are not common patterns of the riverine sediment in theestuaries. They are characterized by their quick discharge and high sediment load,which make them important factors for the deltaic and coastal environment evolution,and the transport processes of the fluvial heavy metal and toxic pollutant particles.Huanghe is famous for its high annual sediment load delivered to the sea, historicallyconsidered as a typical area for the observations and researches of hyperpycnal flows.Impacted by climate change and extensive human activities, the transmission way ofhyperpycnal flows is transformed, which causes a series effect of geomorphology andbiogeochemical. This dissertation bases on the in-situ observations of hyperpycnalflows during Cruise1995and Cruise2010. The spatio-temporal variations and thedynamic mechanisms of hyperpycnal flows are illustrated. A three-dimensionalhydrodynamics model (EFDC model) is used to simulate hyperpycnal flows in anidealized highly turbid estuary. Four experiments are conducted in order to examinethe influential factors to the formation and maintenance of hyperpycnal flows in anidealized highly turbid estuary. Comparing the in-situ observations with the results ofnumerical simulations, new knowledge of the periodic variation and main controllingmechanisms, is significant in formation and variation of hyperpycnal flows and alsohave important biogeochemical effect.
The conclusion of the dissertation shows:
1) The median grain size and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of theHuanghe to the sea are controlling elements in the formation and attenuation ofhyperpycnal flows. The hyperpycnal flows in Huanghe mouth with stable river effluent are periodically modulated by tidal cycles, when start at the slack water inflood tides, enhance in ebb tides, attenuate at the slack water in ebb tides, and thendisappear in flood tides. During the formation of hyperpycnal flows, fresh water withdecreasing salinity and increasing SSC controls the bottom boundary layer.Accelerated by the down-slope force (Fg) greater than the shear stress (Fr),hyperpycnal flows scour the sea-bed. Because of low turbulence frequency, themedian grain sizes are reduced by the deposition of the coarser sediment from thewater. On the contrary, during the attenuating process of hyperpycnal flows, thebottom boundary layer is controlled by ocean water with increasing salinity anddecreasing SSC. Hyperpycnal flows are decelerated by Fr greater than Fg, whichleads to the nearshore deposition of hyperpycnal flows. The median grain sizes isincreased by the high coarser sediment with increasing turbulence frequency. Basedon the in-situ observations and numerical simulations, the transporting pathways ofhyperpycnal flows are non linear but possibly curvilinear dragged by the tidalcurrents.
2) Results of the numerical experiments show that: the variation characters ofhyperpycnal flows are according with the in-situ observations and the previousresearch. The SSC of the river effluents is of primary importance to the formation ofhyperpycnal flows, but not the sufficient factor. The median grain size is a key factorto the maintenance of hyperpycnal flows in estuary. Even the SSC is large enough, thehyperpycnal flows can’t occur with coarser sediment. The enhance turbulencetriggered by tidal cycles or waves leads to suppression in the formation and deliveryof hyperpycnal flows.
3)Recent years, the water and sediment discharges from the Huanghe to the seaare significantly decrease, accompanied by the increasing median grain size. Underthe circumstances, the transporting pattern of the riverine sediment to the sea verifiedquickly from hyperpycnal flows to hypopycnal flows. The diffusion and deposition ofheavy metal and nutrients, carried by the fine-grain size sediments, is changed by thetransformation of the transporting pattern of sediment, which consequently affect thebiogeochemical cycles in the estuary and coastal sea. Based on the in-situ observations, together with EFDC model, several crucial factorsin formation and attenuation of hyperpycnal flows are refined in this dissertation. Theeffect of the crucial factor on the process of hyperpycnal flows is important. The studyhere is helpful for the future study in the Huanghe hyperpycnal flows transformation,the geomorphology and the coastal biogeochemical cycles.
本文通过研究得到了对河口泥沙异重流过程的一系列认识：
1）当河流入海含沙量和泥沙组分基本稳定时，河口泥沙异重流主要受潮流调制作用，其发育变化过程具有周期性：涨平时异重流发育；落潮时异重流发育较好；落平时异重流开始衰减；涨潮时异重流逐渐消亡。异重流发育时，底层逐渐为淡水控制，盐度降低，含沙量升高，受剪切力（Fr）小于重力沿斜坡向下的分量（Fg）的影响，异重流向海加速运动，对底床产生冲刷效应，水体混合程度较弱，粗颗粒泥沙沉降，异重层内悬沙粒度降低；异重流衰减时，底层逐渐为海水控制，盐度升高，含沙量降低，Fr>Fg，异重流向海减速运动，对底床产生淤积效应，水体混合程度加强，维持了粗颗粒泥沙的悬浮状态，悬沙粒度升高。受潮流的牵引作用，河口泥沙异重流的路径可能是沿着曲线向海传输，这对于捕捉异重流的空间变化过程非常重要。
2）高含沙量是产生河口泥沙异重流的必要条件，而非充分条件。入海泥沙的粒度也是控制河口泥沙异重流发育和演化的另外一个重要条件。泥沙颗粒的粒度控制效应表现在：入海泥沙颗粒粗，导致泥沙在河道内快速沉积，水体含沙量急剧减小，在河口无法下潜形成异重流；在异重流发育过程中，异重层内的粗颗粒泥沙将快速沉降在海底，使得异重层的含沙量降低，难以维持异重层水体和上覆水体的密度差，导致异重流快速衰减。
3）针对近年来黄河入海水沙量均显著减少、粒度不断粗化的现状，根据本文的现场观测和数值模拟结果，可以推断河流入海的传输方式将从以往的高浓度泥沙异重流转变为表层羽状流，这一变化将引起河口泥沙传输路径和沉积范围的改变，以泥沙为载体的重金属、有毒污染物和营养元素的扩散方式和埋藏过程可能也会随之发生变化，影响河口和近海的生物地球化学循环。
本文从现场观测资料出发，配合数值模拟手段，提炼出黄河口泥沙异重流发育过程及机制中关键的影响因子，并阐述了这些关键因子的变化对河口泥沙异重流过程的影响，这些认识对今后对黄河口泥沙异重流传输过程的转变、三角洲及近海地貌地形变化以及近海生物地球化学循环的研究起到重要的启示作用。
Estuary is a link between river and coastal ocean. The terrestrial material,delivered by suspended sediments from river to the sea in complicated transmissionways. Hyperpycnal flows are not common patterns of the riverine sediment in theestuaries. They are characterized by their quick discharge and high sediment load,which make them important factors for the deltaic and coastal environment evolution,and the transport processes of the fluvial heavy metal and toxic pollutant particles.Huanghe is famous for its high annual sediment load delivered to the sea, historicallyconsidered as a typical area for the observations and researches of hyperpycnal flows.Impacted by climate change and extensive human activities, the transmission way ofhyperpycnal flows is transformed, which causes a series effect of geomorphology andbiogeochemical. This dissertation bases on the in-situ observations of hyperpycnalflows during Cruise1995and Cruise2010. The spatio-temporal variations and thedynamic mechanisms of hyperpycnal flows are illustrated. A three-dimensionalhydrodynamics model (EFDC model) is used to simulate hyperpycnal flows in anidealized highly turbid estuary. Four experiments are conducted in order to examinethe influential factors to the formation and maintenance of hyperpycnal flows in anidealized highly turbid estuary. Comparing the in-situ observations with the results ofnumerical simulations, new knowledge of the periodic variation and main controllingmechanisms, is significant in formation and variation of hyperpycnal flows and alsohave important biogeochemical effect.
The conclusion of the dissertation shows:
1) The median grain size and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of theHuanghe to the sea are controlling elements in the formation and attenuation ofhyperpycnal flows. The hyperpycnal flows in Huanghe mouth with stable river effluent are periodically modulated by tidal cycles, when start at the slack water inflood tides, enhance in ebb tides, attenuate at the slack water in ebb tides, and thendisappear in flood tides. During the formation of hyperpycnal flows, fresh water withdecreasing salinity and increasing SSC controls the bottom boundary layer.Accelerated by the down-slope force (Fg) greater than the shear stress (Fr),hyperpycnal flows scour the sea-bed. Because of low turbulence frequency, themedian grain sizes are reduced by the deposition of the coarser sediment from thewater. On the contrary, during the attenuating process of hyperpycnal flows, thebottom boundary layer is controlled by ocean water with increasing salinity anddecreasing SSC. Hyperpycnal flows are decelerated by Fr greater than Fg, whichleads to the nearshore deposition of hyperpycnal flows. The median grain sizes isincreased by the high coarser sediment with increasing turbulence frequency. Basedon the in-situ observations and numerical simulations, the transporting pathways ofhyperpycnal flows are non linear but possibly curvilinear dragged by the tidalcurrents.
2) Results of the numerical experiments show that: the variation characters ofhyperpycnal flows are according with the in-situ observations and the previousresearch. The SSC of the river effluents is of primary importance to the formation ofhyperpycnal flows, but not the sufficient factor. The median grain size is a key factorto the maintenance of hyperpycnal flows in estuary. Even the SSC is large enough, thehyperpycnal flows can’t occur with coarser sediment. The enhance turbulencetriggered by tidal cycles or waves leads to suppression in the formation and deliveryof hyperpycnal flows.
3)Recent years, the water and sediment discharges from the Huanghe to the seaare significantly decrease, accompanied by the increasing median grain size. Underthe circumstances, the transporting pattern of the riverine sediment to the sea verifiedquickly from hyperpycnal flows to hypopycnal flows. The diffusion and deposition ofheavy metal and nutrients, carried by the fine-grain size sediments, is changed by thetransformation of the transporting pattern of sediment, which consequently affect thebiogeochemical cycles in the estuary and coastal sea. Based on the in-situ observations, together with EFDC model, several crucial factorsin formation and attenuation of hyperpycnal flows are refined in this dissertation. Theeffect of the crucial factor on the process of hyperpycnal flows is important. The studyhere is helpful for the future study in the Huanghe hyperpycnal flows transformation,the geomorphology and the coastal biogeochemical cycles.
引文
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