高纯度莱鲍迪苷A的制备和甜菊苷的酶法改性研究
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摘要
甜菊糖苷是从菊科植物甜叶菊（Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni）中提取分离的非营养性高倍甜味剂，主要成分为甜菊苷（S）和莱鲍迪苷A（RA）。联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织联合食品添加剂专家委员会（JECFA）第73次会议批准纯度不低于95%的甜菊糖苷可作为甜味剂使用。目前，市售普通甜菊糖苷产品存在余味绵延、后苦味重等不足，其应用受到限制。S是余味和后苦味的主要成分。RA在甜度、理化性质等方面优于其他甜菊糖苷，而且口感接近蔗糖，是蔗糖的极佳替代品。目前主要用重结晶法来纯化RA，用环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶对S进行修饰来改善口感。重结晶法存在能耗高、有机溶剂大量使用、耗时长，以及酶法修饰产物组成复杂等问题，致使产品品质和成本远未达到令人满意的程度。本研究旨在制备甜菊糖苷分离纯化专用树脂，采用树脂法分离技术和工艺，获得高纯度RA，并通过酶转化体系改性S，改善其口感。
首先，采用间氨基苯硼酸改性羧基树脂D151，得到了D151M树脂，并建立了树脂柱色谱法分离RA和S的工艺。结果表明：pH7.0时，D151M对RA和S的选择性因数为1.68，比D151的提高了20.9%。将D151M填装径长比1:80的色谱柱，柱温318.15K，纯水洗脱，流速0.15BV/h，收集RA和S的洗脱峰，RA和S纯度分别为96.3%、96.0%，回收率分别为86.1%、89.9%。RA和S在D151M上的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型，粒内扩散不是吸附过程唯一的速率控制步骤。RA和S在D151M上的等温吸附需采用Dubinin-Radushkevich模型描述，不同于RA和S在D151上的等温吸附（符合Freundlich模型）。RA和S在D151M上吸附的吉布斯自由能变、焓变和熵变均为负值，表明其吸附为自发进行的放热过程。RA和S在D151M上的吸附活化能分别为47.554、15.896kJ/mol。
采用苯硼酸基团修饰方法提升大孔树脂对RA和S的吸附选择性。研究发现，pH7.0时，带有伯氨基的D392树脂对RA和S的选择性因数为2.32，对RA的吸附容量为26.4mg/g，对S的吸附容量为39.2mg/g，解吸相对容易，20%乙醇就能很好地解吸。为此，采用对甲酰基苯硼酸改性D392树脂，得到D392M。苯硼酸基含量1470μmol/g、氨基含量3330μmol/g的D392M，其选择性因数达到3.06，对RA和S的吸附容量均高于D392。RA和S在D392和D392M上的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型，吸附过程受到粒内扩散和液膜扩散的共同控制。RA和S在D392和D392M上的等温吸附同时符合Freundlich等温方程和Langmuir等温方程。RA和S在D392和D392M上的吸附均是自发进行的放热过程。熵变为正值，表明吸附质分子吸附到树脂表面后，体系混乱度增加。
建立了从甜叶菊水提液中提取纯化RA的三步树脂法工艺。第一步为水提液的脱色除杂。结果表明：J-1树脂对水提液中的色素和其他杂质具有选择性吸附能力，柱温308.15K，水提液0.2BV/h过J-1树脂柱，甜菊糖苷的纯度由原来的42.6%提高到67.3%，收率为84.9%。第二步为水提液中甜菊糖苷的提纯。结果表明：柱温298.15K，脱色除杂后的水提液经J-3树脂柱处理，甜菊糖苷纯度提高到92.9%，收率91.1%。第三步为RA的纯化。结果表明：初始浓度为4mg/mL甜菊糖苷水溶液采用D392M静态法处理，树脂添加量为0.7g/20mL水溶液时，吸附液中RA纯度升高到92.2%，RA保留率为46.1%。初始浓度为4mg/mL甜菊糖苷水溶液采用D392M动态法处理，柱温298.15K，通液流量1.0BV/h，可收集8.2BV RA纯度为90%的过柱液。
进一步开展了利用分子印迹技术制备分子印迹聚合物，并利用制备得到的分子印迹聚合物直接从甜叶菊水提液中提取纯化RA的研究。以RA为模板分子，甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂，合成了对RA具有识别性能的分子印迹聚合物。分子印迹聚合物对RA的印迹效率为2.74。Scatchard模型分析表明，该分子印迹聚合物在识别RA的过程中存在两类结合位点，高亲和位点的离解常数为0.055μmol/mL，最大表观结合量为111.6μmol/g，低亲和位点的离解常数为1.173μmol/mL，最大表观结合量为304.1μmol/g。将RA分子印迹聚合物填装固相萃取柱，并用于甜叶菊提取液中的RA的提取纯化，可得到纯度为90.6%的RA，回收率为87.5%。
最后，研究了酶转化体系对S的改性。结果表明：高峰淀粉酶催化S的糖基化，S转化率达到50.2%，采用液质联用仪可检测出6个转化产物，分别为连接了1~4个葡萄糖基的S衍生物，其中单葡萄糖基-甜菊苷为主要转化产物，占总产物的62.9%；此外，经高峰淀粉酶催化，RA也能发生糖基化修饰，共生成3种连接了1~3个葡萄糖基的衍生物。Bacillus amyloliquefaciens来源α-淀粉酶BAN480L改性S，S转化率为38.3%，可检测出5个产物，分别为连接了1~3个葡萄糖基的衍生物，其中单葡萄糖基-甜菊苷为主要转化产物，占总产物的85.0%。在BAN480L作用下，RA几乎不发生转化。感官评定结果表明，改性后的甜菊糖苷产品，甜度显著增加，后苦味显著降低，整体可接受性显著提升，而且BAN480L改性甜菊苷产品的后苦味阈值浓度显著高于高峰淀粉酶改性的甜菊苷产品的后苦味阈值浓度。
Steviol glycosides that extracted from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni fromCompositae family are applied as a kind of non-nutritive high-intensity sweetener. The maincomponents of steviol glycosides are stevioside (S) and rebaudioside A (RA).The use ofstevia extracts containing not less than95%of total steviol glycosides as a sweetener wasapproved by the73r dmeetingof the Committee of Experts of the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization, the Joint FoodAdditives (JECFA). At present, the application of commercially available stevia products infood has been limited due to their stretching aftertaste and bitter taste. S is the primarycompound which contributes to the aftertaste and bitter tatste. RA is superior to other steviolglycosides in sweetness, physical and chemical nature, and has taste characteristics close tosucrose, which is an excellent alternative to sucrose. The recrystallization has been the maintechnique for purification of RA. However, the recrystallization process requires hugeconsumption of energy, organic solvent and time. In order to improve of the taste, S is usuallytreated with the cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases, yielding a complex mixture of products.However, the product quality and the cost are far from a satisfactory level. This study aimedat (1) preparation and application of resins for steviol glycoside separation for obtaining highpurity RA, and (2) enzymatic modification of S for its taste improvement.
Firstly, the resin column chromatography process for the separation of RA and S wasestabilished. A chemically modified adsorbent D151M was prepared by modifying carboxylresin, namely D151with3-aminophenylboronic acid. The results showed that: the selectivityfactor of D151M toward RA and S attained1.68under the condition of pH7.0, the columndiameter to length ratio1:80, the column temperature318.15K, eluted with pure water atflow rate of0.15BV/h, which was20.9%higher than that of D151.The purity of RA and S inthe collected elution peaks was96.3%and96.0%, respectively. The recovery yield of RA andS achieved86.1%and89.9%, respectively. The adsorption process of RA and S onto D151Mobeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and intraparticle diffusion was not the onlyrate-controlling step. The adsorption of RA and S onto D151M was revealed as aheterogeneous adsorbent process by Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model, which wasdifferent from the RA and S adsorption on the D151(obeyed the Freundlich isotherm model).The adsorption process of RA and S onto D151M was spontaneous and exothermic, since theGibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes were negative. The adsorption activationenergy of RA and S onto D151M were47.554,15.896kJ/mol, respectively.
Secondly, the improvement of adsorption selectivity of macroporous resin toward RAand S was conducted by chemically modification with boronic acid groups. It was obersverdthat macroporous resin containing primary amino groups possessed good adsorptionselectivity toward RA and S, which the selectivity factor achieved2.32at pH7.0. Theadsorption capacity of D392toward RA and S was26.4mg/g and39.2mg/g, respectively.D392also exihibited good desorption properties toward RA and S. RA and S can be easilydesorped from D392with20%ethanol aqueous solution. D392was further modified by formylphenylboronic acid to prepare the resin D392M. The selectivity factor of the resinD392M containing1470μmol/g of phenylboronic acid groups and3330μmol/g of aminogroups attained3.06, which was significant higher than that of D392. D392M was also betterthan D392in respect to the adsorption capacity of toward RA and S. RA and S adsorptionprocess onto D392and D392M were fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, theadsorption process was jointly controlled by the intraparticle diffusion and liquid filmdiffusion. The Freundlich equation and the Langmuir equation can describe the adsorption ofRA and S onto D392and D392M. The adsorption process of RA and S onto D392andD392M were spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The entropy changes were positive,indicating the increase in the degree of disorder of the system as the adsorbate moleculesadsorbed onto the surface of the resin.
Thirdly, a three-step resin treatement process for extraction and purification of RA fromthe aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana was established. The first step was decolorizationand impurity removal. The results showed that by J-1resin possessed good adsorptionselectivity toward pigments and other impurities in the aqueous extract. The purity of totalsteviol glycosides may increase from42.6%to67.3%and the recovery yield of total steviolglycosides was84.9%when the aqueous extract was passed through J-1resin column at theflow rate of0.2BV/h at308.15K. The second step was the purification of total steviolglycosides. The results showed that the purity of total steviol glycosides further increased upto92.9%after the treatement of J-3resin column at298.15K. In the second step the recoveryyield of total steviol glycosides was91.1%. The third step was the separation of RA. Theresults showed that the purity and the recovery of RA, respectively, achieved92.2%and46.1%under the condition of the initial concentration of4mg/mL aqueous extract staticallytreated with D392M at the dosage of0.7g resin/20mL aqueous solution. In the dynamicmode,8.2BV of effluent with no less than90%purity of RA can be collected when the initialconcentration of4mg/mL aqueous extract was passed through the column at the flow rate1.0BV/h at298.15K.
Further, the molecular imprinting technique was employed to prepare molecularlyimprinted polymers and selective extraction and purification of RA from aqueous extracts ofstevia rebaudiana using molecularly imprinted polymers was conducted. The molecularlyimprinted polymers which possessing good recognition performance on RA were preparedusing RA as the template,2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate as the functional monomer andethylene glycol dimethyacrylamide as the cross-linker. The imprinting efficiency of thesynthesized molecularly imprinted polymer toward RA was2.74. The Scatchard modelanalysis showed that two classes of binding sites were existed on the molecularly imprintedpolymer. The dissociation constant and the maximum apparent binding capacity of the highaffinity sites were0.055μmol/mL and111.6μmol/g, respectively. The dissociation constantand the maximum apparent binding capacity of the low affinity sites were1.173μmol/mL and304.1μmol/g, respectively. The molecularly imprinted polymer was used as an adsorbent forthe solid phase extraction of RA, and the resultant cartridge showed a good extractionperformance. The high purity (90.6%) and recovery (87.5%) of RA demonstrated that the molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction column could be applied to selectiveenrichment of RA directly from stevia rebaudiana aqueous extracts.
Finally, the study was focused on the enzymatic modification of S for the improvementof its organoleptic properties. The results showed that the conversion rate of S reached50.2%as S has been modified by Taka α-amylase. Six new compounds were detected by the liquidchromatography-mass spectrometer, which were S derivatives with1~4additional glycosylmoeties. The mono-glycosylated stevioside was the major product, which corresponded to62.9%of the total amount of products. In addition, RA had been also glycosylated under thecatalysis of Taka α-amylase. Three derivatives of RA with1~3additional glycosyl moetieswere generated. Modification of S by α-amylase BAN480L from Bacillus amyloliquefacienswas investigated. The conversion rate of S attained38.3%. Five derivatives of S thatcontaining1~3additional glycosyl moeties were detected. The mono-glycosylated steviosidewas the primary compound, which corresponded to85.0%of the total amount of products. Incontrast, RA remained intact in the presence of BAN480L. Sensory evaluation demonstratedthat, by enzymatic modification, the sweetness of the stevia products was significantlyimproved and the bitter aftertaste was significantly reduced. The enzymatically modifiedstevia products had significantly better overall acceptability. Moreover, the threshold level ofbitter aftertaste of the stevia products by BAN480L was perceived as significantly higherthan that of the stevia products by Taka α-amylase.
首先，采用间氨基苯硼酸改性羧基树脂D151，得到了D151M树脂，并建立了树脂柱色谱法分离RA和S的工艺。结果表明：pH7.0时，D151M对RA和S的选择性因数为1.68，比D151的提高了20.9%。将D151M填装径长比1:80的色谱柱，柱温318.15K，纯水洗脱，流速0.15BV/h，收集RA和S的洗脱峰，RA和S纯度分别为96.3%、96.0%，回收率分别为86.1%、89.9%。RA和S在D151M上的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型，粒内扩散不是吸附过程唯一的速率控制步骤。RA和S在D151M上的等温吸附需采用Dubinin-Radushkevich模型描述，不同于RA和S在D151上的等温吸附（符合Freundlich模型）。RA和S在D151M上吸附的吉布斯自由能变、焓变和熵变均为负值，表明其吸附为自发进行的放热过程。RA和S在D151M上的吸附活化能分别为47.554、15.896kJ/mol。
采用苯硼酸基团修饰方法提升大孔树脂对RA和S的吸附选择性。研究发现，pH7.0时，带有伯氨基的D392树脂对RA和S的选择性因数为2.32，对RA的吸附容量为26.4mg/g，对S的吸附容量为39.2mg/g，解吸相对容易，20%乙醇就能很好地解吸。为此，采用对甲酰基苯硼酸改性D392树脂，得到D392M。苯硼酸基含量1470μmol/g、氨基含量3330μmol/g的D392M，其选择性因数达到3.06，对RA和S的吸附容量均高于D392。RA和S在D392和D392M上的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型，吸附过程受到粒内扩散和液膜扩散的共同控制。RA和S在D392和D392M上的等温吸附同时符合Freundlich等温方程和Langmuir等温方程。RA和S在D392和D392M上的吸附均是自发进行的放热过程。熵变为正值，表明吸附质分子吸附到树脂表面后，体系混乱度增加。
建立了从甜叶菊水提液中提取纯化RA的三步树脂法工艺。第一步为水提液的脱色除杂。结果表明：J-1树脂对水提液中的色素和其他杂质具有选择性吸附能力，柱温308.15K，水提液0.2BV/h过J-1树脂柱，甜菊糖苷的纯度由原来的42.6%提高到67.3%，收率为84.9%。第二步为水提液中甜菊糖苷的提纯。结果表明：柱温298.15K，脱色除杂后的水提液经J-3树脂柱处理，甜菊糖苷纯度提高到92.9%，收率91.1%。第三步为RA的纯化。结果表明：初始浓度为4mg/mL甜菊糖苷水溶液采用D392M静态法处理，树脂添加量为0.7g/20mL水溶液时，吸附液中RA纯度升高到92.2%，RA保留率为46.1%。初始浓度为4mg/mL甜菊糖苷水溶液采用D392M动态法处理，柱温298.15K，通液流量1.0BV/h，可收集8.2BV RA纯度为90%的过柱液。
进一步开展了利用分子印迹技术制备分子印迹聚合物，并利用制备得到的分子印迹聚合物直接从甜叶菊水提液中提取纯化RA的研究。以RA为模板分子，甲基丙烯酸二乙氨基乙酯为功能单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂，合成了对RA具有识别性能的分子印迹聚合物。分子印迹聚合物对RA的印迹效率为2.74。Scatchard模型分析表明，该分子印迹聚合物在识别RA的过程中存在两类结合位点，高亲和位点的离解常数为0.055μmol/mL，最大表观结合量为111.6μmol/g，低亲和位点的离解常数为1.173μmol/mL，最大表观结合量为304.1μmol/g。将RA分子印迹聚合物填装固相萃取柱，并用于甜叶菊提取液中的RA的提取纯化，可得到纯度为90.6%的RA，回收率为87.5%。
最后，研究了酶转化体系对S的改性。结果表明：高峰淀粉酶催化S的糖基化，S转化率达到50.2%，采用液质联用仪可检测出6个转化产物，分别为连接了1~4个葡萄糖基的S衍生物，其中单葡萄糖基-甜菊苷为主要转化产物，占总产物的62.9%；此外，经高峰淀粉酶催化，RA也能发生糖基化修饰，共生成3种连接了1~3个葡萄糖基的衍生物。Bacillus amyloliquefaciens来源α-淀粉酶BAN480L改性S，S转化率为38.3%，可检测出5个产物，分别为连接了1~3个葡萄糖基的衍生物，其中单葡萄糖基-甜菊苷为主要转化产物，占总产物的85.0%。在BAN480L作用下，RA几乎不发生转化。感官评定结果表明，改性后的甜菊糖苷产品，甜度显著增加，后苦味显著降低，整体可接受性显著提升，而且BAN480L改性甜菊苷产品的后苦味阈值浓度显著高于高峰淀粉酶改性的甜菊苷产品的后苦味阈值浓度。
Steviol glycosides that extracted from the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni fromCompositae family are applied as a kind of non-nutritive high-intensity sweetener. The maincomponents of steviol glycosides are stevioside (S) and rebaudioside A (RA).The use ofstevia extracts containing not less than95%of total steviol glycosides as a sweetener wasapproved by the73r dmeetingof the Committee of Experts of the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization, the Joint FoodAdditives (JECFA). At present, the application of commercially available stevia products infood has been limited due to their stretching aftertaste and bitter taste. S is the primarycompound which contributes to the aftertaste and bitter tatste. RA is superior to other steviolglycosides in sweetness, physical and chemical nature, and has taste characteristics close tosucrose, which is an excellent alternative to sucrose. The recrystallization has been the maintechnique for purification of RA. However, the recrystallization process requires hugeconsumption of energy, organic solvent and time. In order to improve of the taste, S is usuallytreated with the cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases, yielding a complex mixture of products.However, the product quality and the cost are far from a satisfactory level. This study aimedat (1) preparation and application of resins for steviol glycoside separation for obtaining highpurity RA, and (2) enzymatic modification of S for its taste improvement.
Firstly, the resin column chromatography process for the separation of RA and S wasestabilished. A chemically modified adsorbent D151M was prepared by modifying carboxylresin, namely D151with3-aminophenylboronic acid. The results showed that: the selectivityfactor of D151M toward RA and S attained1.68under the condition of pH7.0, the columndiameter to length ratio1:80, the column temperature318.15K, eluted with pure water atflow rate of0.15BV/h, which was20.9%higher than that of D151.The purity of RA and S inthe collected elution peaks was96.3%and96.0%, respectively. The recovery yield of RA andS achieved86.1%and89.9%, respectively. The adsorption process of RA and S onto D151Mobeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and intraparticle diffusion was not the onlyrate-controlling step. The adsorption of RA and S onto D151M was revealed as aheterogeneous adsorbent process by Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model, which wasdifferent from the RA and S adsorption on the D151(obeyed the Freundlich isotherm model).The adsorption process of RA and S onto D151M was spontaneous and exothermic, since theGibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes were negative. The adsorption activationenergy of RA and S onto D151M were47.554,15.896kJ/mol, respectively.
Secondly, the improvement of adsorption selectivity of macroporous resin toward RAand S was conducted by chemically modification with boronic acid groups. It was obersverdthat macroporous resin containing primary amino groups possessed good adsorptionselectivity toward RA and S, which the selectivity factor achieved2.32at pH7.0. Theadsorption capacity of D392toward RA and S was26.4mg/g and39.2mg/g, respectively.D392also exihibited good desorption properties toward RA and S. RA and S can be easilydesorped from D392with20%ethanol aqueous solution. D392was further modified by formylphenylboronic acid to prepare the resin D392M. The selectivity factor of the resinD392M containing1470μmol/g of phenylboronic acid groups and3330μmol/g of aminogroups attained3.06, which was significant higher than that of D392. D392M was also betterthan D392in respect to the adsorption capacity of toward RA and S. RA and S adsorptionprocess onto D392and D392M were fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model, theadsorption process was jointly controlled by the intraparticle diffusion and liquid filmdiffusion. The Freundlich equation and the Langmuir equation can describe the adsorption ofRA and S onto D392and D392M. The adsorption process of RA and S onto D392andD392M were spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The entropy changes were positive,indicating the increase in the degree of disorder of the system as the adsorbate moleculesadsorbed onto the surface of the resin.
Thirdly, a three-step resin treatement process for extraction and purification of RA fromthe aqueous extract of Stevia rebaudiana was established. The first step was decolorizationand impurity removal. The results showed that by J-1resin possessed good adsorptionselectivity toward pigments and other impurities in the aqueous extract. The purity of totalsteviol glycosides may increase from42.6%to67.3%and the recovery yield of total steviolglycosides was84.9%when the aqueous extract was passed through J-1resin column at theflow rate of0.2BV/h at308.15K. The second step was the purification of total steviolglycosides. The results showed that the purity of total steviol glycosides further increased upto92.9%after the treatement of J-3resin column at298.15K. In the second step the recoveryyield of total steviol glycosides was91.1%. The third step was the separation of RA. Theresults showed that the purity and the recovery of RA, respectively, achieved92.2%and46.1%under the condition of the initial concentration of4mg/mL aqueous extract staticallytreated with D392M at the dosage of0.7g resin/20mL aqueous solution. In the dynamicmode,8.2BV of effluent with no less than90%purity of RA can be collected when the initialconcentration of4mg/mL aqueous extract was passed through the column at the flow rate1.0BV/h at298.15K.
Further, the molecular imprinting technique was employed to prepare molecularlyimprinted polymers and selective extraction and purification of RA from aqueous extracts ofstevia rebaudiana using molecularly imprinted polymers was conducted. The molecularlyimprinted polymers which possessing good recognition performance on RA were preparedusing RA as the template,2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate as the functional monomer andethylene glycol dimethyacrylamide as the cross-linker. The imprinting efficiency of thesynthesized molecularly imprinted polymer toward RA was2.74. The Scatchard modelanalysis showed that two classes of binding sites were existed on the molecularly imprintedpolymer. The dissociation constant and the maximum apparent binding capacity of the highaffinity sites were0.055μmol/mL and111.6μmol/g, respectively. The dissociation constantand the maximum apparent binding capacity of the low affinity sites were1.173μmol/mL and304.1μmol/g, respectively. The molecularly imprinted polymer was used as an adsorbent forthe solid phase extraction of RA, and the resultant cartridge showed a good extractionperformance. The high purity (90.6%) and recovery (87.5%) of RA demonstrated that the molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction column could be applied to selectiveenrichment of RA directly from stevia rebaudiana aqueous extracts.
Finally, the study was focused on the enzymatic modification of S for the improvementof its organoleptic properties. The results showed that the conversion rate of S reached50.2%as S has been modified by Taka α-amylase. Six new compounds were detected by the liquidchromatography-mass spectrometer, which were S derivatives with1~4additional glycosylmoeties. The mono-glycosylated stevioside was the major product, which corresponded to62.9%of the total amount of products. In addition, RA had been also glycosylated under thecatalysis of Taka α-amylase. Three derivatives of RA with1~3additional glycosyl moetieswere generated. Modification of S by α-amylase BAN480L from Bacillus amyloliquefacienswas investigated. The conversion rate of S attained38.3%. Five derivatives of S thatcontaining1~3additional glycosyl moeties were detected. The mono-glycosylated steviosidewas the primary compound, which corresponded to85.0%of the total amount of products. Incontrast, RA remained intact in the presence of BAN480L. Sensory evaluation demonstratedthat, by enzymatic modification, the sweetness of the stevia products was significantlyimproved and the bitter aftertaste was significantly reduced. The enzymatically modifiedstevia products had significantly better overall acceptability. Moreover, the threshold level ofbitter aftertaste of the stevia products by BAN480L was perceived as significantly higherthan that of the stevia products by Taka α-amylase.
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