稀土抛光粉废粉对SO_2吸收性能的研究
|
摘要
随着经济的快速发展,我国排放到大气中的二氧化硫使大气环境质量恶化,酸雨的危害加重,SO2的排放对人类的生存环境产生了极大的威胁。本文分析了我国大气污染的现状、SO2的危害等；对各类烟气脱硫技术的发展概况进行了综述并分析比较了各种脱硫方法的优缺点。
目前,稀土抛光粉废粉基本作为固体废物进行堆放,没有进行有效地管理及利用,造成周边环境的污染。在研究它的可资源化利用特性之前,一定要对其可能产生的危害进行分析。本文研究了稀土抛光粉废粉可资源化利用及污染特性,结果表明：该废粉中主要含有稀土、氟等元素,其浸出毒性、腐蚀性远小于国家标准要求,也不具备反应性及易燃性,不含有放射性物质。
本文对抛光粉废粉的脱硫性能进行了试验研究。主要研究了空间速度、温度、二氧化硫浓度、氧气等因素对抛光粉废粉脱硫性能的影响。得出结论：随空间速度的增大,穿透时间缩短,脱硫效率降低,单位质量脱硫剂的烟气处理量也随之减少；反应温度升高,穿透时间增长,脱硫剂的硫容及脱硫效率也相应增大；在硫化反应初期,SO2浓度对反应速率的影响是显著的,随着SO2浓度的增高,硫化反应速率增大,穿透时间缩短,脱硫效率降低,脱硫剂失活越快,反应更早进入减速期。而在硫化反应速率减缓区域,SO2浓度对其影响并不明显；烟气中的O2参与了硫化反应；还研究了抛光粉废粉再生后的脱硫情况。对不同温度和不同SO2浓度下的试验结果进行拟合得到反应的本征动力学方程为：这对进一步的流程开发和反应器设计有指导意义。
With the economy development fast, SO2 gas is emitting to atmosphere and then deteriorates environment, the harm of acid rain has aggravated. The circumstance of the man has suffered great threaten by draining off SO2. In this paper, the polluted current situation of SO2, the hazardous of SO2, the development and the application of desulfurization technologys are analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of desulfurizing technologys were analysed.
At present, waste rare earth polishing powder are being piled up as waste solid, which are't managed and made use of effectively. A mass of solid wastes is exhausted. These wastes should be analyzed before using. Refuse utilization and pollution characteristics of the waste rare earth polishing powder were investigated in the paper. The results showed that it contains rare earth, fluorine and other elements. Extraction toxicity and corrosion test results showed that the test data were far lower than the level required by national standards. The test results had also shown that it had not reactivity, ignitability and radioactivity.
The following Influencing factors are studied about desulfuration by waste polishing powder:space velocity of smoke, adsorption temperature, concentration of SO2 in the smoke and O2. Conclusions are following:Desulfuration's efficiency descends with space velocity of smoke is enlarging.The amount of treated flue gas per gram desulfurizer also decreases. The sulful capacity and desulfurization efficiency increased with the increase of temperature. The sulphuration reaction rate went up rapidly at first and then lowered slowly, and it changed greatly with the concentration of SO2 at first and then nearly was not influenced by the concentration. Breakthrough time shortens with the increase of SO2 concentration. O2 in the flue gas participated in the sulfated reaction.The experiments on desulfurization of the regenerated waste polishing powder had been studied. The intrinsic dynamic reaction equation was obtained through analysis and statistic of experimental results at different temperatures and different SO2 concentrations, The data from these experiments are conducted to make intrinsic chemical kinetics analysis to get the relevant kinetic parameters, which is the guidance for further process development.
目前,稀土抛光粉废粉基本作为固体废物进行堆放,没有进行有效地管理及利用,造成周边环境的污染。在研究它的可资源化利用特性之前,一定要对其可能产生的危害进行分析。本文研究了稀土抛光粉废粉可资源化利用及污染特性,结果表明：该废粉中主要含有稀土、氟等元素,其浸出毒性、腐蚀性远小于国家标准要求,也不具备反应性及易燃性,不含有放射性物质。
本文对抛光粉废粉的脱硫性能进行了试验研究。主要研究了空间速度、温度、二氧化硫浓度、氧气等因素对抛光粉废粉脱硫性能的影响。得出结论：随空间速度的增大,穿透时间缩短,脱硫效率降低,单位质量脱硫剂的烟气处理量也随之减少；反应温度升高,穿透时间增长,脱硫剂的硫容及脱硫效率也相应增大；在硫化反应初期,SO2浓度对反应速率的影响是显著的,随着SO2浓度的增高,硫化反应速率增大,穿透时间缩短,脱硫效率降低,脱硫剂失活越快,反应更早进入减速期。而在硫化反应速率减缓区域,SO2浓度对其影响并不明显；烟气中的O2参与了硫化反应；还研究了抛光粉废粉再生后的脱硫情况。对不同温度和不同SO2浓度下的试验结果进行拟合得到反应的本征动力学方程为：这对进一步的流程开发和反应器设计有指导意义。
With the economy development fast, SO2 gas is emitting to atmosphere and then deteriorates environment, the harm of acid rain has aggravated. The circumstance of the man has suffered great threaten by draining off SO2. In this paper, the polluted current situation of SO2, the hazardous of SO2, the development and the application of desulfurization technologys are analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of desulfurizing technologys were analysed.
At present, waste rare earth polishing powder are being piled up as waste solid, which are't managed and made use of effectively. A mass of solid wastes is exhausted. These wastes should be analyzed before using. Refuse utilization and pollution characteristics of the waste rare earth polishing powder were investigated in the paper. The results showed that it contains rare earth, fluorine and other elements. Extraction toxicity and corrosion test results showed that the test data were far lower than the level required by national standards. The test results had also shown that it had not reactivity, ignitability and radioactivity.
The following Influencing factors are studied about desulfuration by waste polishing powder:space velocity of smoke, adsorption temperature, concentration of SO2 in the smoke and O2. Conclusions are following:Desulfuration's efficiency descends with space velocity of smoke is enlarging.The amount of treated flue gas per gram desulfurizer also decreases. The sulful capacity and desulfurization efficiency increased with the increase of temperature. The sulphuration reaction rate went up rapidly at first and then lowered slowly, and it changed greatly with the concentration of SO2 at first and then nearly was not influenced by the concentration. Breakthrough time shortens with the increase of SO2 concentration. O2 in the flue gas participated in the sulfated reaction.The experiments on desulfurization of the regenerated waste polishing powder had been studied. The intrinsic dynamic reaction equation was obtained through analysis and statistic of experimental results at different temperatures and different SO2 concentrations, The data from these experiments are conducted to make intrinsic chemical kinetics analysis to get the relevant kinetic parameters, which is the guidance for further process development.
引文
[1]中国经济年鉴编辑委员会.中国经济年鉴[M].北京：中国经济年鉴社,2004.
[2]杨巧云.火电厂脱硫技术综述[J].环境保护科学,2008,34(3)：8.
[3]国家环保总局.中国2006年环境状况公报.2007.6.
[4]谌天兵,武建军,韩甲业.燃煤污染现状及其治理技术综述[J].煤,2006,15(2)：1-4.
[5]张晓勇,王振红.当前酸雨形势和治理对策[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(8)：84-85.
[6]Tang Z G, Zhoucc, Chen C. Studies on Flue Gas Desulfurization by Chemical Adsorption Using Anethylenediamine-Phosphoric Acid Solution[J]. Ind Eng ChemRes,2004,43(21):6714-6722.
[7]中国国家环境保护总局.能源消费超常规增长导致二氧化硫排放总量失控[J].新华社2007,3.
[8]崔彦亭,何宝林,何伯述.燃煤电厂污染控制技术进展与展望[J].电力环境保护,2006,22(4)：50-53.
[9]濮洪九.洁净煤产业化与我国能源结构优化[J].煤炭学报,2002,(1)：1.
[10]俞珠峰.洁净煤技术发展及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,36-40.
[11]常西亮,樊彩梅.煤燃前脱硫新技术[J].山西化工,2007,27(5)：48-50.
[12]徐龙君,邹德均,程昱娟.正丙醇脱煤中有机硫的研究[J].煤炭转化,2006,4：13-16.
[13]马爱霞,朱一民,刘文剐等.氧化亚铁硫杆菌柱浸脱硫试验[J].有色矿冶,2006,4：47-49.
[14]巩冠群,陶秀祥,张兴等.氧化亚铁硫杆菌优化培养及脱硫的研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,4：510-514.
[15]孙剑峰,张明旭,刘小燕.利用大肠杆菌脱除煤中硫的研究[J].煤炭加工与综合利用,2007,1：52-53.
[16]杨朝晖,邓恩建,曾光明.黄孢原毛平革菌用于煤炭脱硫的特性[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(2)： 192-196.
[17]朱联锡.空气污染控制原理[M].成都：成都科技大学出版社,,1990,23-28.
[18]杜鹃.典型脱硫工艺在火电厂的应用探讨[J].四川工业学院学报,2002,(1)：37.
[19]常艳君.燃煤电厂脱硫工艺及工艺选择要素探讨[J].气象与环境学报,2007,23(5)：57-61.
[20]赵鹏高.火电厂烟气脱硫关键技术与设备国产化规划[J].电力环境保护,2000,16(2)：28-32.
[21]钟秦.燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术及工程实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.52-55.
[22]杨飏.二氧化硫减排技术与烟气脱硫工程[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2004.61-65.
[23]Xu X, Chen C, Qi H, et al. Development of Coal Combustion Pollution Control for SO2 and NOx in China[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2000,62:153-160.
[24]Miller Michael J. Retrofit SO2 and NOx Control Technologies for Coal-fired Power Plants[J]. Environmental Progress,1986,5(3):171-177.
[25]Amedeo Lancia, Dino Musmarra, Marina Prisciandaro, et al. Catalytic Oxidation of Calcium Bisulfite in the Wet Limestone-Gypsumflue Gas Desulfurization Process [J]. Chemical Engineering Science,1999,54(15/16):3019-3026.
[26]王成刚,卢景友.治理钼精矿焙烧烟气中低浓度SO2的新工艺—柠檬酸吸收法[J].中国钼业,2000,24(1)：40-52.
[27]张宗城,顾士龙.工业尾气二氧化硫治理技术[J].天津化工,1990(4)：50-55.
[28]Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization (AFGD) [R]. National Energy Technology Laboratory.2001.
[29]赵小勇,许轩,王睿等.烟气脱硫技术进展[J].环境保护科学,2001,27(105)：1-2.
[30]严峻.海水烟气脱硫[J].华东电力,2001,29(4)：42-44.
[31]Josefa Fernandez, Jose'Luis Rico. Hipo'lito Garcl'a, et al. Development of Sorbents for SO2 Capture Prepared by Hydration of Fly Ash and Hydrated Lime in Seawater [J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2006,(45):856-862.
[32]于静梅,张辉,刘东明.燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术发展概况[J].锅炉制造,2008,(1)：40-43.
[33]罗绍强,蔡振云.燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术进展[J].浙江化工,2007,38(2)：13-17.
[34]苏青青,杨嘉谟.燃煤烟气脱硫技术发展[J].武汉化工学院学报,2005,27(1)：32-35.
[35]杜秋平.利用烟气脱硫技术控制大气污染[J].华北电力技术,1999,(11)：29-32.
[36]程秀菊,肖佩林.喷雾干燥吸收去除烟道气中的SO2[J].环境化学,1993,12(2)：105-110.
[37]Liangh, Shinoharak, Minoshima, et al. Analysis of Constant Rate Period of Spray Drying of Slurry[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2001,56(6):2205-2213.
[38]Yang H M. Kim S S. Experimental Study on the Spay Characteristics in the Spray Drying Absorber[J]. Environ Sciechnol,2000,34(21):4582-4586.
[39]Ollero P, Salvador L, Canadas L. An Experimental Study of Flue Gas Desulfurization in Pilot Spray Dryer[J]. Environmental Progress,1997,16(1):20-28.
[40]张晔.我国火电厂电子束法脱硫副产品工程应用前景[J].电力设备,2002,3(2)：30-33.
[41]Graf R. Circulating Fluidized Bed in the Flue Gas Scrubbing Developments. Applications and Operating Experience in the years 1970 to 2000[A].6th International Conference on Circulating
Fluidized Beds[C]. Wuzburg:Germany,1999.
[42]Dam Johansen K, Ostergaard K. High Temperature Reaction between Sulphur Dioxide and Limestone.I. Comparison of Limestone in two Laboratory Reactions and a Pilot Plant [J]. Chem Eng Sci,1991,46(3):827-837.
[43]U Y Sadak. Ata M. Study of Gypsum Formation for Appropfiate Art Desulfurization Process Offlue Gas[J]. Fuel,1999,78(9):1089-1095.
[44]关多娇,徐有宁.适合我国国情的烟气脱硫技术探讨[J].工程与技术,2005,8-10.
[45]石慧芳,陈春涛,刘启旺等.微生物烟气脱硫技术及其研究方向[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版),2002,17(2)：100-103.
[46]王小燕,张永奎,粱斌.微生物脱硫工艺条件的研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(5)：44-48.
[47]淳于菱.几种先进烟气脱硫技术综合性能评价及在我国应用前景分析[J].电力环境保护,2000,5(1)： 19.
[48]Wu Y, Li J, Wang N H, et al. Industrial Experiments on Desulfurization of Flue Gases by Pulsed Corona Induced Plasma Chemical Process [J]. Journal of Electrostatics,2003,57(3-4):233-241.
[49]王贞涛,闻建龙,陈汇龙等.基于高压电技术的烟气脱硫研究与应用进展[J].中国农机化,2005,(6)：76-78.
[50]董冰岩,张大超.脉冲放电烟气脱硫脱销技术研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(9)：17-20
[51]朱爱民,宫为民,刘书海等.氨与脉冲电晕等离子体脱除SO2的协同效应[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1)：38-40.
[52]纪容昕.国内干法脱硫剂工业应用现状[J].化学工业与工程技术,2002,23(1)：29-33.
[53]付颖,钱枫,周芸芸.粉煤灰在燃煤烟气净化工艺中的应用[J].北京工商大学学报,2006,24(2)：17-19.
[54]黄学敏,马广大.干法烟气脱硫用高效粒状脱硫剂的研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2000,32(3)：245-247.
[55]赖春艳.钙基烟气脱硫剂的制备与研究[D].沈阳：东北大学,2003.
[56]于绍忠,满瑞林.赤泥用于热电厂烟气脱硫研究[J].矿冶工程,2005,25(6)：63-65.
[57]彭旭红.高含硫废水处理工艺的实践[J].渤海大学学报：自然科学版,2007,28(1)：21-23.
[58]钟秦.燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术及工程实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.42-46.
[59]魏巍.烟气氧化镁法脱硫技术研究[J].山西能源与节能,2004(3)：20-21.
[60]冯续.氧化锌脱硫剂研究动向[J].化学工业与工程技术,2008,29(2)：31-34.
[61]王雁,张超,郑楚光.助剂对CuO/γ-Al2O3烟气脱硫活性影响的初步研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(6)：572-578.
[62]郝吉明.燃煤二氧化硫污染控制技术手册[M].北京：化学工业出版杜,2001.72-78.
[63]童志权.工业废气净化与利用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001,198-271.
[64]Eduardo Humeres, Moreira Regina F P M, Peruch Mariada Gliria B. Reduction of SO2 on Deferent Carbons[J]. Carbon,2002,40:751-760.
[65]俞树荣,张婷,冯辉霞等.吸附材料在脱硫中的应用和研究进展[J].河南化工,2006,23(8)：8-1].
[66]王丹,谢安国,王志涛.活性炭烟气脱硫技术的数值模拟[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2008,5(29)：90-92.
[67]Deberry D W, Sladek K J. The Canadian J. Chem. Eng[J],1971,49(12):781-795.
[68]张世超,刘褒俊,李洪钟等.稀土氧化物与二氧化硫反应的热力学研究[J].稀土,1997,18(3)：]8-22.
[69]张世超,崔怡红.二氧化铈硫化反应动力学研究[J].化工冶金,1997,18(2)：123-128.
[70]Sasaoka E, Sada N, Manabe A etal. Modification of ZnO-TiO2 High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbent by ZrO2 Addition [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,1999,8(3):958-963.
[71]Flytzni-Stephanopoulos M, Sakbodin M, Wang Z. Regeranative Adsorption and Removal of H2S from Hot Reformate Gas Streams by Rare Earth Oxides [J]. Science.2006,312:1508-1510.
[72]Akyurtlu J F. Akyurtlu A. Behavior of Ceria—Copper Oxide Sorbents Under Sulfation Conditions Chemical [J]. Engineering Science,1999,54:2991-2997.
[73]Zeng Y, Kaytakoglu S, Harrison D P. Reduced Cerium Oxide as an Efficient and Durable High Temperature Desulfuriztion Sorbent Chemical [J]. Engineering Science,2000,55:4893-4900.
[74]Yi K B, Elizabeth J P, Harrison D P. Ceria-Zirconia High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbents [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,2005,44:7086-7091.
[75]Hartman M, Trnka O. Comments on"Ceria-Zirconia High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbents" [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,2006,45:1548-1549.
[76]Ma Jianxin, Fang Ming, Ngai Ting Lau. Activation of La2O3 for the Catalytic Reduction of SO2 by CO[J]. Jourmal of Catalysis,1996,163(2):271-278.
[77]王磊,马建新,孙凡等.稀土氧化物上SO2和NO的催化还原Ⅱ.用CO作还原剂的脱硫及反
应机理[J].催化学报,2000,21(6)：547-550.
[78]胡辉,李劲,张顺喜等.CeO2-La2O3／γ-Al2O3稀土氧化物混合物催化还原SO2的实验研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(2)：17-21.
[79]胡辉,李胜利,张顺喜等.CeO2-La2O3／γ-Al2O3催化还原SO2反应机理的研究[J].催化学报,2004,25(2)：115-119.
[80]刘勇健.江传力.稀土型烟道气脱硫剂脱硫作用的研究[J].中国矿业大学报,2001,30(6)：582-584.
[81]刘勇健,庄虹.稀土改性烟气脱硫剂脱硫作用的研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2002,15(2)：12-17.
[82]赵海,张德祥,王芳芳等.添加氧化铈对铁锰复合氧化物脱除羰基硫的影响[J].燃料化学学报(Jurnal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology),2008,36(2):217-222.
[83]Zhang Xiankuan, Arden B Walters, Vannice M Albert. NO Reduction by CH4 over Rare Earth Oxides[J]. Catalysis Today,1996,27:41-47.
[84]周金海,何正浩,余福胜等.La2O3-CeO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂还原脱硫耐氧特性及其反应机理研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(2)：99-104.
[85]贾立山,秦永宁,马智等.含氧气氛下预硫化钙钛矿LaCoO3上的CO还原SO2反应[J].催化学报,2003,24(10)：751-754.
[86]王广建,秦永宁,马智等.含氧预硫化掺杂Cu—LaCoO3催化剂上CO还原SO2催化反应研究[J].无机化学学报,2006,22(3)：571-576.
[87]徐光宪.稀土(上册)[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1995,224-236.
[88]李学舜.稀土抛光粉的生产及应用[J].中国稀土学报,2002,20(5)：392.
[89]林河成.我国稀土抛光粉的发展现状及前景[J].中国有色金属,2004,1：32-35.
[90]李凤生.超细粉体技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001,72-84.
[91]国家发展和改革委员会产业协调司.中国稀土——2009[J].稀土信息,2009,301(4)：4-8.
[92]国家发展和改革委员会稀土办公室.中国稀土——2010[J].稀土信息,2010,312(3)：4.
[93]郭会超,欧阳通.改性废弃稀土抛光粉吸附除磷的研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(7)：540-544.
[94]Kazuhiro Kato, Toshiaki Yoshioka, Akitsugu Okuwaki. Study for Recycling of Ceria-Based Glass Polishing Powder[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2000,39,943-947.
[95]田汝梅.失效抛光粉的再生方法.中国专利,CN 1456624[P],2003.
[96]刘剑霜,谢铎,吴晓京等.扫描电子显微镜[J].上海计量测试,2003,30(6)：37-39.
[97]杨南如.无机非金属材料测试方法[M].武汉：武汉工业大学出版社,1993,89-95.
[98]李树棠编.晶体X射线衍射学基础.北京：冶金工业出版社,1990,42-51.
[99]David WLH. X-ray Diffraction by Disordered and Ordered Systems. New York:Pergam on Press, 1981.
[100]刘粤惠,刘平安.X射线衍射分析原理与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.62-70.
[101]GB／T12690.1-2002,高频—红外吸收法测定硫量.北京：中国标准出版社.
[102]石碧清,闾振华,周炳炎.国内外固体、危险废物概念比较研究[J].环境科学与管理,2006,31(5)：55-57.
[103]周炳炎,孟凡生,王琪.进口物品固体废物属性鉴别探讨[J].再生资源研究,2006,3：10-15.
[104]王琪,黄启飞,段华波等.我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(5)： 165-179.
[105]GB／T 14635.1-93,稀土化合物化学分析方法草酸盐重量法测定稀土总量.北京：中国标准出版社,2008.
[106]国家环境保护总局.HJ／T 299固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法—硫酸硝酸法[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[107]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.3-2007危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[108]国家环境保护总局.GB 15555.12-1995固体废物腐蚀性测定 玻璃电极法[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[109]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.1-2007危险废物鉴别标准 腐蚀性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[110]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.4-2007危险废物鉴别标准 易燃性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[111]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.5-2007危险废物鉴别标准 反应性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[112]国家环境保护总局.GB 18871-2002《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003.
[113]孙桂大,闫富山主编.石油化工催化作用导论.北京：中国石化出版社,2000,43-49.
[114]李作骏.多相催化反应动力学基础[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1990,2：30-32.
[115]塞克林.气固反应[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1986.
[2]杨巧云.火电厂脱硫技术综述[J].环境保护科学,2008,34(3)：8.
[3]国家环保总局.中国2006年环境状况公报.2007.6.
[4]谌天兵,武建军,韩甲业.燃煤污染现状及其治理技术综述[J].煤,2006,15(2)：1-4.
[5]张晓勇,王振红.当前酸雨形势和治理对策[J].环境科学与管理,2007,32(8)：84-85.
[6]Tang Z G, Zhoucc, Chen C. Studies on Flue Gas Desulfurization by Chemical Adsorption Using Anethylenediamine-Phosphoric Acid Solution[J]. Ind Eng ChemRes,2004,43(21):6714-6722.
[7]中国国家环境保护总局.能源消费超常规增长导致二氧化硫排放总量失控[J].新华社2007,3.
[8]崔彦亭,何宝林,何伯述.燃煤电厂污染控制技术进展与展望[J].电力环境保护,2006,22(4)：50-53.
[9]濮洪九.洁净煤产业化与我国能源结构优化[J].煤炭学报,2002,(1)：1.
[10]俞珠峰.洁净煤技术发展及应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,36-40.
[11]常西亮,樊彩梅.煤燃前脱硫新技术[J].山西化工,2007,27(5)：48-50.
[12]徐龙君,邹德均,程昱娟.正丙醇脱煤中有机硫的研究[J].煤炭转化,2006,4：13-16.
[13]马爱霞,朱一民,刘文剐等.氧化亚铁硫杆菌柱浸脱硫试验[J].有色矿冶,2006,4：47-49.
[14]巩冠群,陶秀祥,张兴等.氧化亚铁硫杆菌优化培养及脱硫的研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2006,4：510-514.
[15]孙剑峰,张明旭,刘小燕.利用大肠杆菌脱除煤中硫的研究[J].煤炭加工与综合利用,2007,1：52-53.
[16]杨朝晖,邓恩建,曾光明.黄孢原毛平革菌用于煤炭脱硫的特性[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(2)： 192-196.
[17]朱联锡.空气污染控制原理[M].成都：成都科技大学出版社,,1990,23-28.
[18]杜鹃.典型脱硫工艺在火电厂的应用探讨[J].四川工业学院学报,2002,(1)：37.
[19]常艳君.燃煤电厂脱硫工艺及工艺选择要素探讨[J].气象与环境学报,2007,23(5)：57-61.
[20]赵鹏高.火电厂烟气脱硫关键技术与设备国产化规划[J].电力环境保护,2000,16(2)：28-32.
[21]钟秦.燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术及工程实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.52-55.
[22]杨飏.二氧化硫减排技术与烟气脱硫工程[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2004.61-65.
[23]Xu X, Chen C, Qi H, et al. Development of Coal Combustion Pollution Control for SO2 and NOx in China[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2000,62:153-160.
[24]Miller Michael J. Retrofit SO2 and NOx Control Technologies for Coal-fired Power Plants[J]. Environmental Progress,1986,5(3):171-177.
[25]Amedeo Lancia, Dino Musmarra, Marina Prisciandaro, et al. Catalytic Oxidation of Calcium Bisulfite in the Wet Limestone-Gypsumflue Gas Desulfurization Process [J]. Chemical Engineering Science,1999,54(15/16):3019-3026.
[26]王成刚,卢景友.治理钼精矿焙烧烟气中低浓度SO2的新工艺—柠檬酸吸收法[J].中国钼业,2000,24(1)：40-52.
[27]张宗城,顾士龙.工业尾气二氧化硫治理技术[J].天津化工,1990(4)：50-55.
[28]Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization (AFGD) [R]. National Energy Technology Laboratory.2001.
[29]赵小勇,许轩,王睿等.烟气脱硫技术进展[J].环境保护科学,2001,27(105)：1-2.
[30]严峻.海水烟气脱硫[J].华东电力,2001,29(4)：42-44.
[31]Josefa Fernandez, Jose'Luis Rico. Hipo'lito Garcl'a, et al. Development of Sorbents for SO2 Capture Prepared by Hydration of Fly Ash and Hydrated Lime in Seawater [J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2006,(45):856-862.
[32]于静梅,张辉,刘东明.燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术发展概况[J].锅炉制造,2008,(1)：40-43.
[33]罗绍强,蔡振云.燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术进展[J].浙江化工,2007,38(2)：13-17.
[34]苏青青,杨嘉谟.燃煤烟气脱硫技术发展[J].武汉化工学院学报,2005,27(1)：32-35.
[35]杜秋平.利用烟气脱硫技术控制大气污染[J].华北电力技术,1999,(11)：29-32.
[36]程秀菊,肖佩林.喷雾干燥吸收去除烟道气中的SO2[J].环境化学,1993,12(2)：105-110.
[37]Liangh, Shinoharak, Minoshima, et al. Analysis of Constant Rate Period of Spray Drying of Slurry[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2001,56(6):2205-2213.
[38]Yang H M. Kim S S. Experimental Study on the Spay Characteristics in the Spray Drying Absorber[J]. Environ Sciechnol,2000,34(21):4582-4586.
[39]Ollero P, Salvador L, Canadas L. An Experimental Study of Flue Gas Desulfurization in Pilot Spray Dryer[J]. Environmental Progress,1997,16(1):20-28.
[40]张晔.我国火电厂电子束法脱硫副产品工程应用前景[J].电力设备,2002,3(2)：30-33.
[41]Graf R. Circulating Fluidized Bed in the Flue Gas Scrubbing Developments. Applications and Operating Experience in the years 1970 to 2000[A].6th International Conference on Circulating
Fluidized Beds[C]. Wuzburg:Germany,1999.
[42]Dam Johansen K, Ostergaard K. High Temperature Reaction between Sulphur Dioxide and Limestone.I. Comparison of Limestone in two Laboratory Reactions and a Pilot Plant [J]. Chem Eng Sci,1991,46(3):827-837.
[43]U Y Sadak. Ata M. Study of Gypsum Formation for Appropfiate Art Desulfurization Process Offlue Gas[J]. Fuel,1999,78(9):1089-1095.
[44]关多娇,徐有宁.适合我国国情的烟气脱硫技术探讨[J].工程与技术,2005,8-10.
[45]石慧芳,陈春涛,刘启旺等.微生物烟气脱硫技术及其研究方向[J].郑州轻工业学院学报(自然科学版),2002,17(2)：100-103.
[46]王小燕,张永奎,粱斌.微生物脱硫工艺条件的研究[J].环境科学,2003,24(5)：44-48.
[47]淳于菱.几种先进烟气脱硫技术综合性能评价及在我国应用前景分析[J].电力环境保护,2000,5(1)： 19.
[48]Wu Y, Li J, Wang N H, et al. Industrial Experiments on Desulfurization of Flue Gases by Pulsed Corona Induced Plasma Chemical Process [J]. Journal of Electrostatics,2003,57(3-4):233-241.
[49]王贞涛,闻建龙,陈汇龙等.基于高压电技术的烟气脱硫研究与应用进展[J].中国农机化,2005,(6)：76-78.
[50]董冰岩,张大超.脉冲放电烟气脱硫脱销技术研究进展[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(9)：17-20
[51]朱爱民,宫为民,刘书海等.氨与脉冲电晕等离子体脱除SO2的协同效应[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(1)：38-40.
[52]纪容昕.国内干法脱硫剂工业应用现状[J].化学工业与工程技术,2002,23(1)：29-33.
[53]付颖,钱枫,周芸芸.粉煤灰在燃煤烟气净化工艺中的应用[J].北京工商大学学报,2006,24(2)：17-19.
[54]黄学敏,马广大.干法烟气脱硫用高效粒状脱硫剂的研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2000,32(3)：245-247.
[55]赖春艳.钙基烟气脱硫剂的制备与研究[D].沈阳：东北大学,2003.
[56]于绍忠,满瑞林.赤泥用于热电厂烟气脱硫研究[J].矿冶工程,2005,25(6)：63-65.
[57]彭旭红.高含硫废水处理工艺的实践[J].渤海大学学报：自然科学版,2007,28(1)：21-23.
[58]钟秦.燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝技术及工程实例[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2002.42-46.
[59]魏巍.烟气氧化镁法脱硫技术研究[J].山西能源与节能,2004(3)：20-21.
[60]冯续.氧化锌脱硫剂研究动向[J].化学工业与工程技术,2008,29(2)：31-34.
[61]王雁,张超,郑楚光.助剂对CuO/γ-Al2O3烟气脱硫活性影响的初步研究[J].热能动力工程,2004,19(6)：572-578.
[62]郝吉明.燃煤二氧化硫污染控制技术手册[M].北京：化学工业出版杜,2001.72-78.
[63]童志权.工业废气净化与利用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001,198-271.
[64]Eduardo Humeres, Moreira Regina F P M, Peruch Mariada Gliria B. Reduction of SO2 on Deferent Carbons[J]. Carbon,2002,40:751-760.
[65]俞树荣,张婷,冯辉霞等.吸附材料在脱硫中的应用和研究进展[J].河南化工,2006,23(8)：8-1].
[66]王丹,谢安国,王志涛.活性炭烟气脱硫技术的数值模拟[J].华北水利水电学院学报,2008,5(29)：90-92.
[67]Deberry D W, Sladek K J. The Canadian J. Chem. Eng[J],1971,49(12):781-795.
[68]张世超,刘褒俊,李洪钟等.稀土氧化物与二氧化硫反应的热力学研究[J].稀土,1997,18(3)：]8-22.
[69]张世超,崔怡红.二氧化铈硫化反应动力学研究[J].化工冶金,1997,18(2)：123-128.
[70]Sasaoka E, Sada N, Manabe A etal. Modification of ZnO-TiO2 High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbent by ZrO2 Addition [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,1999,8(3):958-963.
[71]Flytzni-Stephanopoulos M, Sakbodin M, Wang Z. Regeranative Adsorption and Removal of H2S from Hot Reformate Gas Streams by Rare Earth Oxides [J]. Science.2006,312:1508-1510.
[72]Akyurtlu J F. Akyurtlu A. Behavior of Ceria—Copper Oxide Sorbents Under Sulfation Conditions Chemical [J]. Engineering Science,1999,54:2991-2997.
[73]Zeng Y, Kaytakoglu S, Harrison D P. Reduced Cerium Oxide as an Efficient and Durable High Temperature Desulfuriztion Sorbent Chemical [J]. Engineering Science,2000,55:4893-4900.
[74]Yi K B, Elizabeth J P, Harrison D P. Ceria-Zirconia High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbents [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,2005,44:7086-7091.
[75]Hartman M, Trnka O. Comments on"Ceria-Zirconia High-Temperature Desulfurization Sorbents" [J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,2006,45:1548-1549.
[76]Ma Jianxin, Fang Ming, Ngai Ting Lau. Activation of La2O3 for the Catalytic Reduction of SO2 by CO[J]. Jourmal of Catalysis,1996,163(2):271-278.
[77]王磊,马建新,孙凡等.稀土氧化物上SO2和NO的催化还原Ⅱ.用CO作还原剂的脱硫及反
应机理[J].催化学报,2000,21(6)：547-550.
[78]胡辉,李劲,张顺喜等.CeO2-La2O3／γ-Al2O3稀土氧化物混合物催化还原SO2的实验研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(2)：17-21.
[79]胡辉,李胜利,张顺喜等.CeO2-La2O3／γ-Al2O3催化还原SO2反应机理的研究[J].催化学报,2004,25(2)：115-119.
[80]刘勇健.江传力.稀土型烟道气脱硫剂脱硫作用的研究[J].中国矿业大学报,2001,30(6)：582-584.
[81]刘勇健,庄虹.稀土改性烟气脱硫剂脱硫作用的研究[J].苏州城建环保学院学报,2002,15(2)：12-17.
[82]赵海,张德祥,王芳芳等.添加氧化铈对铁锰复合氧化物脱除羰基硫的影响[J].燃料化学学报(Jurnal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology),2008,36(2):217-222.
[83]Zhang Xiankuan, Arden B Walters, Vannice M Albert. NO Reduction by CH4 over Rare Earth Oxides[J]. Catalysis Today,1996,27:41-47.
[84]周金海,何正浩,余福胜等.La2O3-CeO2／γ-Al2O3催化剂还原脱硫耐氧特性及其反应机理研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(2)：99-104.
[85]贾立山,秦永宁,马智等.含氧气氛下预硫化钙钛矿LaCoO3上的CO还原SO2反应[J].催化学报,2003,24(10)：751-754.
[86]王广建,秦永宁,马智等.含氧预硫化掺杂Cu—LaCoO3催化剂上CO还原SO2催化反应研究[J].无机化学学报,2006,22(3)：571-576.
[87]徐光宪.稀土(上册)[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1995,224-236.
[88]李学舜.稀土抛光粉的生产及应用[J].中国稀土学报,2002,20(5)：392.
[89]林河成.我国稀土抛光粉的发展现状及前景[J].中国有色金属,2004,1：32-35.
[90]李凤生.超细粉体技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001,72-84.
[91]国家发展和改革委员会产业协调司.中国稀土——2009[J].稀土信息,2009,301(4)：4-8.
[92]国家发展和改革委员会稀土办公室.中国稀土——2010[J].稀土信息,2010,312(3)：4.
[93]郭会超,欧阳通.改性废弃稀土抛光粉吸附除磷的研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(7)：540-544.
[94]Kazuhiro Kato, Toshiaki Yoshioka, Akitsugu Okuwaki. Study for Recycling of Ceria-Based Glass Polishing Powder[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2000,39,943-947.
[95]田汝梅.失效抛光粉的再生方法.中国专利,CN 1456624[P],2003.
[96]刘剑霜,谢铎,吴晓京等.扫描电子显微镜[J].上海计量测试,2003,30(6)：37-39.
[97]杨南如.无机非金属材料测试方法[M].武汉：武汉工业大学出版社,1993,89-95.
[98]李树棠编.晶体X射线衍射学基础.北京：冶金工业出版社,1990,42-51.
[99]David WLH. X-ray Diffraction by Disordered and Ordered Systems. New York:Pergam on Press, 1981.
[100]刘粤惠,刘平安.X射线衍射分析原理与应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.62-70.
[101]GB／T12690.1-2002,高频—红外吸收法测定硫量.北京：中国标准出版社.
[102]石碧清,闾振华,周炳炎.国内外固体、危险废物概念比较研究[J].环境科学与管理,2006,31(5)：55-57.
[103]周炳炎,孟凡生,王琪.进口物品固体废物属性鉴别探讨[J].再生资源研究,2006,3：10-15.
[104]王琪,黄启飞,段华波等.我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(5)： 165-179.
[105]GB／T 14635.1-93,稀土化合物化学分析方法草酸盐重量法测定稀土总量.北京：中国标准出版社,2008.
[106]国家环境保护总局.HJ／T 299固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法—硫酸硝酸法[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1997.
[107]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.3-2007危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[108]国家环境保护总局.GB 15555.12-1995固体废物腐蚀性测定 玻璃电极法[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[109]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.1-2007危险废物鉴别标准 腐蚀性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[110]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.4-2007危险废物鉴别标准 易燃性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[111]国家环境保护总局.GB 5085.5-2007危险废物鉴别标准 反应性鉴别[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[112]国家环境保护总局.GB 18871-2002《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2003.
[113]孙桂大,闫富山主编.石油化工催化作用导论.北京：中国石化出版社,2000,43-49.
[114]李作骏.多相催化反应动力学基础[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1990,2：30-32.
[115]塞克林.气固反应[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1986.