多菌灵对土壤酶和微生物的影响效应研究
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摘要
目的：多菌灵是一种广泛应用与蔬菜、作物等的广谱性杀菌剂,研究目的如下：(1)多菌灵在新疆干旱区灰漠土壤中的残留降解动态；(2)对土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。
方法：大田试验中,用高效液相色谱法测定了多菌灵在加工番茄农田土壤中的残留降解动态,浓度为0,5,10,20,50, and 100 mg·kg-1;应用传统方法结合PCR-DGGE法,室内模拟试验和大田试验下,研究了多菌灵对土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。
结果：(1)多菌灵在加工番茄农田土壤中的残留量与随着多菌灵浓度增加而增加,半衰期却随着多菌灵浓度的增加而减小,多菌灵土壤中的半衰期为6.48-10.27 d。
(2)在室内模拟条件下,多菌灵显著促进土壤纤维素酶和脲酶活性,蔗糖酶活性有所降低,蛋白酶则表现为先抑制再促进,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别在多菌灵施40 d时显著降低,且与多菌灵浓度有较好的相关性,可考虑用过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性作为多菌灵残留的生物学指标,多菌灵的EC25分别为6.8 mg·kg-1和5.94 mg·kg-1。大田条件下,多菌灵对土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的影响表现为先激活后抑制,蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性则为先抑制后恢复。在28 d内,多菌灵对蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用随浓度的增加而增大。可考虑用蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性指示土壤中多菌灵残留状况,其EC25分别为8.74mg·kg-1、42.3 mg·kg-1和60 mg·kg-1。
(3)土壤微生物量碳和量氮对多菌灵反映敏感,在整个培养期间(42 d),施用多菌灵处理的土壤微生物量碳和量氮随多菌灵浓度的增加显著降低。因此,可以用土壤微生物量碳和量氮来指示多菌灵对土壤的残留状况,其在室内培养和大田条件下的EC25分别为11.39、10.44 mg·kg-1和34.79.25.13 mg·kg1.
(4).多菌灵对土壤细菌数量的影响表现为低浓度(5、10和20 mg·kg-1)促进,高浓度(50和100 mg·kg-1)抑制。土壤真菌数量随着多菌灵浓度的增加显著降低,土壤真菌数量变化可以用于指示土壤中多菌灵的残留状况,其在室内培养和大田条件下的EC50为分别为7.73mg kg=1和62.32 mg·kg-1。
(5)室内模拟条件下,细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在12d是下降幅度为：5.73%-26.75%；19 d时基本恢复。在大田条件下,细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在14、28和42 d时降低,降低幅度为13.40-25.43%,8.10-14.17%,3.31-22.73%和40-56%,13.33-26.67%,5.89-52.94%。
(6)大田条件下,5-50 mg·kg-1多菌灵处理的土壤真菌群落的Shannon-Wiener在7d时均降低,后逐渐恢复。
结论：土壤微生物生物量碳、量氮和真菌数量对土壤多菌灵残留反应敏感,可以作为污染的诊断指标；过氧化氢酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性,可作为指示多菌灵污染的辅助指标。室内培养条件下土壤酶和微生物对多菌灵的反应较大田更为敏感,其EC25或EC50明显的低
Object:The carbendazim is a broaden spectrum fungicide used for protection fruit, vagetable and crop from diseases. The object of this study is (1) the residue dynamic of carbendazim in grey desert soil of Xinjiang; (2) the effect of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microorganism..
Methods:A field experiment was carried out for investigating the residue dynamic of carbendazim in grey desert soil. The concentrition of carbendazim were set as 0,5,10,20,50, and 100 mg-kg"'dry soil. The residue of carbendazim in soil was analyzed by using HPLC. Effects of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microorganism were studied with a greenhouse experiment and a field experiment. Soil enzymes, microbial biomass and diversities were tested with traditional methods and PCR-DGGE method.
Results:(1) The residues of carbendazi in soil of processing tomato field were increased with carbendazim concentration increasing. The half-lives of carbendazim in grey desert soil were from 6.48 to 10.27 d in this study.
(2) The cellulase activity and urease activity of soil were increased and sucrase activity was decreased by carbendazim added under greenhouse conditions. The protease activity was decreased initially and then increased subsequently. Catalase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity were inhibited significently after carbendazim application 26 day and 40 day, respctively. Catalase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity can be considered as the indicating index for carbendazim pollution in soil. The EC25 of carbendazim for soil catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were 6.8 mg·kg-1 and 5.94 mg·kg-1, respectively. Under field condition, sucrase activity and urease activity of soil were increased initially and decreased subsequently in carbendazim trestments. Protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity were inhibited significantly by carbendazim during the experiment earlier stage (0-28 d), but there are no significant difference among different treatments after carbendazim application 35 day. Those results suggest that protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity can be used for indicatind the carbendazim pollution in soil at earlier stage. The EC25 of carbendazim for soil protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity was 8.74,66.06 and 60 mg1kg-1, respectively.
(3) The microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen of soil were decreased significently after treated with carbendazim, and the inhibited effect of carbendazim on microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen increased with the carbendazim concerntration increasing in soil under greenhouse and field conditions. The microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen used as the biological index to indicate carbendazim pollution of soil with EC25 11.39 and 10.44 mg·kg-1 for greenhouse condition and with EC2534.79 and 25.13 mg·kg-1 for field condition, respectively.
(4) The amount of bacteria was increased by the lower carbendazim concerntration (2.5,5, 10 and 20 mg-kg-1)and decreased by the higher concerntration(50 and 100 mg·kg-1.The amount of fungi were decreased significantly with the carbendazim congcerntration increasing. The EC50 of carbendazim for soil fungi quantity were 7.73 mg·kg-1 for greenhouse condition and 62.32 mg·kg-1 for field condition, respectively.
(5) With carbendazim concerntration increasing, Shannon-Wiener index and abundance index of bacteria were increased at 14th day, but decreased at 28th day. Shannon-Wiener index and abundance index of fungi were reduced by 13.40-25.43%,8.10-14.17%,3.31-22.73% and 40-56%, 13.33-26.67%,5.89-52.94% at 7th,14th and 28th days, respectively.
Conclusion:In this study, the microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen and the amount of fungi were sensitive to carbendazim residues in soil, so these can be used as diagnose indicators for indicating soil carbendazim pollution. The catalase activity, alkaline activity and protase activity could be considered as assossiate indicators for indicating carbendazim residue in soil. Effects of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microbial were more sensitive under field coditon. The EC25 or EC50 of carbendazim for soil enzymes and microbial were higher in field experiment than that of in greenhouse experiment.
方法：大田试验中,用高效液相色谱法测定了多菌灵在加工番茄农田土壤中的残留降解动态,浓度为0,5,10,20,50, and 100 mg·kg-1;应用传统方法结合PCR-DGGE法,室内模拟试验和大田试验下,研究了多菌灵对土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。
结果：(1)多菌灵在加工番茄农田土壤中的残留量与随着多菌灵浓度增加而增加,半衰期却随着多菌灵浓度的增加而减小,多菌灵土壤中的半衰期为6.48-10.27 d。
(2)在室内模拟条件下,多菌灵显著促进土壤纤维素酶和脲酶活性,蔗糖酶活性有所降低,蛋白酶则表现为先抑制再促进,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别在多菌灵施40 d时显著降低,且与多菌灵浓度有较好的相关性,可考虑用过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性作为多菌灵残留的生物学指标,多菌灵的EC25分别为6.8 mg·kg-1和5.94 mg·kg-1。大田条件下,多菌灵对土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的影响表现为先激活后抑制,蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性则为先抑制后恢复。在28 d内,多菌灵对蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用随浓度的增加而增大。可考虑用蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性指示土壤中多菌灵残留状况,其EC25分别为8.74mg·kg-1、42.3 mg·kg-1和60 mg·kg-1。
(3)土壤微生物量碳和量氮对多菌灵反映敏感,在整个培养期间(42 d),施用多菌灵处理的土壤微生物量碳和量氮随多菌灵浓度的增加显著降低。因此,可以用土壤微生物量碳和量氮来指示多菌灵对土壤的残留状况,其在室内培养和大田条件下的EC25分别为11.39、10.44 mg·kg-1和34.79.25.13 mg·kg1.
(4).多菌灵对土壤细菌数量的影响表现为低浓度(5、10和20 mg·kg-1)促进,高浓度(50和100 mg·kg-1)抑制。土壤真菌数量随着多菌灵浓度的增加显著降低,土壤真菌数量变化可以用于指示土壤中多菌灵的残留状况,其在室内培养和大田条件下的EC50为分别为7.73mg kg=1和62.32 mg·kg-1。
(5)室内模拟条件下,细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在12d是下降幅度为：5.73%-26.75%；19 d时基本恢复。在大田条件下,细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数在14、28和42 d时降低,降低幅度为13.40-25.43%,8.10-14.17%,3.31-22.73%和40-56%,13.33-26.67%,5.89-52.94%。
(6)大田条件下,5-50 mg·kg-1多菌灵处理的土壤真菌群落的Shannon-Wiener在7d时均降低,后逐渐恢复。
结论：土壤微生物生物量碳、量氮和真菌数量对土壤多菌灵残留反应敏感,可以作为污染的诊断指标；过氧化氢酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性,可作为指示多菌灵污染的辅助指标。室内培养条件下土壤酶和微生物对多菌灵的反应较大田更为敏感,其EC25或EC50明显的低
Object:The carbendazim is a broaden spectrum fungicide used for protection fruit, vagetable and crop from diseases. The object of this study is (1) the residue dynamic of carbendazim in grey desert soil of Xinjiang; (2) the effect of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microorganism..
Methods:A field experiment was carried out for investigating the residue dynamic of carbendazim in grey desert soil. The concentrition of carbendazim were set as 0,5,10,20,50, and 100 mg-kg"'dry soil. The residue of carbendazim in soil was analyzed by using HPLC. Effects of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microorganism were studied with a greenhouse experiment and a field experiment. Soil enzymes, microbial biomass and diversities were tested with traditional methods and PCR-DGGE method.
Results:(1) The residues of carbendazi in soil of processing tomato field were increased with carbendazim concentration increasing. The half-lives of carbendazim in grey desert soil were from 6.48 to 10.27 d in this study.
(2) The cellulase activity and urease activity of soil were increased and sucrase activity was decreased by carbendazim added under greenhouse conditions. The protease activity was decreased initially and then increased subsequently. Catalase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity were inhibited significently after carbendazim application 26 day and 40 day, respctively. Catalase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity can be considered as the indicating index for carbendazim pollution in soil. The EC25 of carbendazim for soil catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity were 6.8 mg·kg-1 and 5.94 mg·kg-1, respectively. Under field condition, sucrase activity and urease activity of soil were increased initially and decreased subsequently in carbendazim trestments. Protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity were inhibited significantly by carbendazim during the experiment earlier stage (0-28 d), but there are no significant difference among different treatments after carbendazim application 35 day. Those results suggest that protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity can be used for indicatind the carbendazim pollution in soil at earlier stage. The EC25 of carbendazim for soil protase activity, catalase activiy and alkline phosphatase activity was 8.74,66.06 and 60 mg1kg-1, respectively.
(3) The microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen of soil were decreased significently after treated with carbendazim, and the inhibited effect of carbendazim on microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen increased with the carbendazim concerntration increasing in soil under greenhouse and field conditions. The microorganism biomass carbon and biomass nitrogen used as the biological index to indicate carbendazim pollution of soil with EC25 11.39 and 10.44 mg·kg-1 for greenhouse condition and with EC2534.79 and 25.13 mg·kg-1 for field condition, respectively.
(4) The amount of bacteria was increased by the lower carbendazim concerntration (2.5,5, 10 and 20 mg-kg-1)and decreased by the higher concerntration(50 and 100 mg·kg-1.The amount of fungi were decreased significantly with the carbendazim congcerntration increasing. The EC50 of carbendazim for soil fungi quantity were 7.73 mg·kg-1 for greenhouse condition and 62.32 mg·kg-1 for field condition, respectively.
(5) With carbendazim concerntration increasing, Shannon-Wiener index and abundance index of bacteria were increased at 14th day, but decreased at 28th day. Shannon-Wiener index and abundance index of fungi were reduced by 13.40-25.43%,8.10-14.17%,3.31-22.73% and 40-56%, 13.33-26.67%,5.89-52.94% at 7th,14th and 28th days, respectively.
Conclusion:In this study, the microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen and the amount of fungi were sensitive to carbendazim residues in soil, so these can be used as diagnose indicators for indicating soil carbendazim pollution. The catalase activity, alkaline activity and protase activity could be considered as assossiate indicators for indicating carbendazim residue in soil. Effects of carbendazim on soil enzymes and microbial were more sensitive under field coditon. The EC25 or EC50 of carbendazim for soil enzymes and microbial were higher in field experiment than that of in greenhouse experiment.
引文
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