基于复杂社会网络的企业员工知识分享行为研究
|
摘要
随着科学技术的进步和知识经济的高速发展，员工知识逐渐成为企业发展的关键性战略资源，知识分享也成为企业提升竞争力的重要举措。特别是在多样化、个性化、机遇转瞬即逝的市场环境中，企业组织正在向扁平化、柔性化和网络化发展，这使得企业组织在很大程度上已经演变成为一个由各类主体及其关系所构成的复杂社会网络。在网络中，员工之间的知识分享关系及其结构构成了“躯干”，员工知识成为了“血液”。这一切改变了企业中传统的“等级式”、“分工式”、“二元式”人际关系，“世界是平的”已经成为人们在现实世界中的切身体验，因而员工知识分享行为无论从外延还是内涵方面均发生了巨大变化，这给该领域的研究人员带来了新的机遇，同时也提出了新的挑战。
在企业员工知识分享系统中，由于员工知识的特殊性、社会关系结构的动态性、要素间关联的多元性等因素影响，知识分享行为的复杂性显著增加，这给传统的知识管理带来巨大的冲击，也对复杂社会网络条件下的企业员工知识分享提出全新的要求。特别是复杂社会网络上的种种过程形塑和协调了一定数量员工的知识分享行为及其互动关系策略，同时也被这些行为及关系策略所反作用，及使之呈现出不同于传统的均衡状态。在现代知识分工体系下，企业员工之间在知识层面的相互依赖，使得知识分享成为企业运营不可或缺的条件。但由于员工个体作为独立行为决策单位，皆保持着某种程度的自主权，并且出于种种原因，他们追求的利益不尽相同；因此，要促进员工知识分享就必须研究这些过程的实质，理解其背后的行为逻辑，并通晓其行为策略选择的理论基础。
在此基础上，论文从复杂社会网络的视角对企业员工知识分享行为问题进行系统研究。在研究中，论文将员工知识分享行为分为关系行为和策略行为两个重要维度；综合运用行为经济学、社会网络分析、网络博弈及案例分析等理论工具方法；研究企业中员工知识分享的关系行为和知识分享关系网络的生成机理及其复杂结构特征；探索在复杂网络上员工知识分享行为策略背后的行为逻辑及分享策略选择规律；厘清知识分享关系网络与知识分享策略行为的相互影响机制，进而促进企业员工的知识分享，提升企业的竞争力。
在研究中，论文主要从以下四个方面对上述问题进行了系统研究。
①复杂社会网络上员工知识分享的关系行为、关系网络生成及结构特征研究
论文从企业员工知识分享行为网络背景和员工社会关系为切入点，首先从随机关系行为入手，分析知识分享关系网络的生成机理和员工节点度分布；然后再充分考虑知识分享关系建立的成本和收益及知识分享关系的外部性，借鉴Jackson和Goyal等的策略网络形成思想，构建了企业员工知识分享关系行为的策略网络博弈模型，通过该博弈模型可以清楚地体现知识分享中关系行为的成本和收益。这样就可以使我们能够模拟当存在缔结和断开员工间知识分享关系的个体利益激励时，知识分享关系网络如何生成和发展，研究并预测在这种成本效应及外部效应下网络结构呈现形式和特征，进一步探讨了网络的稳定性与效率，为研究复杂社会网络对企业员工知识分享的策略行为的影响奠定理论基础。
②复杂社会网络上员工知识分享的策略行为动力学过程研究
论文所讨论的复杂社会网络上知识分享行为，实际上有两个相关问题。一个是结构层面的连通性，即谁和谁相连；另一个是在知识分享行为层面的连通性，即每个个体的知识分享行为对于系统中每个其他个体都有隐含的影响，知识分享关系网络个体的行为模式必须包含策略性行为选择和策略性推理。基于此，论文运用演化博弈的图论模型，通过频率相依的Moran过程刻画并分析了企业中员工知识分享策略行为的动力学过程。经过分析发现在复杂的知识分享关系网络中，知识分享策略的固定概率大小决定了选择过程中是否能够战胜知识隐匿策略成为员工群体中的演化稳定策略。论文进一步运用了平均场方法找出有利于知识分享策略在演化过程中胜出的条件是节点的邻居节点平均度要大于成本收益率，这将Nowak等的网络直接互惠拓展到间接互惠。
③复杂社会网络上知识分享关系行为与知识分享策略行为的共演化分析
在复杂社会网络环境中，员工知识分享的策略行为既受制于员工间知识分享网络结构，同时也反作用于员工关系行为选择。在前述理论的基础上，论文根据员工的策略行为不同引入了异质连接关系行为和活性连接关系行为，通过数理分析及计算机仿真方法，探索了员工关系行为如何影响员工知识分享的策略行为，找出网络动态变化对员工知识分享策略行为的影响机理；进一步研究知识分享关系行为与知识分享策略行为的共演化问题，厘清复杂社会网络上员工知识分享行为两个维度的相互作用规律。
④选择合适的案例分析并检验复杂社会网络的知识分享行为理论结果
在理论分析的基础上，以中国移动通信集团旗下某研究院为案例研究对象，运用社会网络分析为工具，通过量化的语言来描述这些关系数据，并利用社会网络分析软件对得到的关系数据的复杂网络特性(凝聚子群、可达性、网络密度、中心性、中介性、小世界等)进行分析，检验论文的部分理论结果，进一步探讨了企业员工知识分享行为如何受到其所处的社会网络关系所影响，实现了复杂社会网络上员工知识分享行为研究的定性与定量方法有效结合，并提出相应的对策和建议。
With the rapid development of science and technology in the era of knowledgeeconomy, employees’ knowledge has become the key strategic resource of enterprisedevelopment and knowledge sharing has also become the important measures to enhancecompetitiveness. Especially in this diversified, personalized market where opportunitiesfleet soon, enterprise is developing into flat, flexible, and networked organization, whichhas made the enterprise evolve into a complex social network constituted by differentkinds of main body and its relationships. In the network, relationships betweenemployees’ knowledge sharing and its structure form the "trunk", and their knowledgebecomes the "blood". All this have changed the traditional hierarchical, specialized anddual relationship,"world is flat" has become people’s own experience in the real world,and no matter from connotation or denotation, behavior of employees knowledge sharinghas changed dramatically, which has brought new opportunities and also put forward anew challenge for researchers in this field.
In the system of employees’ knowledge sharing, due to the particularity ofemployees’ knowledge, dynamics of the structure of social relations and diversitybetween elements, the complexity of knowledge sharing behavior has increasedsignificantly, which brings huge impact on traditional knowledge management and alsoputs forward new requirements about employees’ knowledge sharing in the complexsocial network. Especially, the various processes in complex social network have shapedand coordinated a certain number of knowledge sharing behavior of employees and theirinteractive relationship strategy, which will react these behaviors and relationshipstrategies as well and make it appear different traditional equilibrium. In the modernknowledge specialization system, employees’ interdependence on the knowledge makesknowledge sharing become the indispensable condition for the enterprise operation. Butsince employee is an independent behavior decision-making individual, all of themmaintain autonomy to some degree, and for various reasons, they pursue different profits;Therefore, to promote employees' knowledge sharing, it is necessary to research theessence of these processes and understand the logic behind the behavior and thetheoretical basis of their behavior strategy choice.
On this basis, the paper systematically researches the problems of the enterpriseknowledge sharing behavior of employees from the perspective of complex social network. In this study, the paper will divide employees’ knowledge sharing behavior intotwo dimensions: relationship behavior and strategy behavior; Through the integrated useof theoretical tools, such as behavioral economics, social network analysis, network gameand case analysis method, it also researches the generating mechanism behind employees’knowledge sharing behavior strategy in the complex network, and explores the mutualinfluence mechanism between knowledge sharing relational network and sharing strategybehavior, so as to promote the employees’ knowledge sharing and improvecompetitiveness.
In this study, the thesis has mainly researched the above question systematicallyfrom the following four aspects.
①The connotation, relationship，formation mechanism and structure characteristicsof complex social network in knowledge sharing.
This paper starts with the background and the employees’ social relationship of theemployees’ knowledge sharing behavior. At the beginning, we analyze the formationmechanism and node degree distribution of knowledge sharing relationship networkthrough random relationship behavior. There is a breakthrough on the knowledge sharingbehavior of employees’ social relationship, considering the costs and benefits andexternalities of the relationship, we draw lessons from Jackson and Goyal’s research andconstruct a dynamic game model of employee social relations strategy network, the gamemodel reflects the connection relationship between costs and benefits clearly. Thus，wecan simulate the emergence and development of knowledge sharing relationship networkwhen there is personal motivation that generate or cut off the knowledge sharingrelationship between employees. Through the simulation we can make a prediction thatthe formation and characteristics of the structure of the network under the cost effect andexternalities and a further discussion about the relationship between the stability andefficiency of the network, and provide a theoretical foundation for the analysis of whatkind of network structure is for the employees to share knowledge.
②The analysis of dynamic process of employee knowledge sharing behavior on thecomplex social network.
Actually，there are two related questions in this research. One is the structuralconnectivity, which is how two persons connected. Another question is the connectivity inthe knowledge sharing behavior, namely, individual knowledge sharing behavior hasimplied effect on others in the system, individual behavior model must include strategicbehavior and strategic reasoning. Our research based on these studies and used the graph theory model of evolutionary game theory to depict and analyze the dynamic process ofknowledge sharing strategic behavior of employees through frequency dependent Moranprocess. Then we found that on complex social networks, the fixed probabilitiesdetermine whether the choice is advantageous to the mutation strategy to replace theoriginal one. Under complex social network structure, we try to use the mean field theoryto find out the condition which is conducive to knowledge sharing strategies in theevolutionary process. Finally, we found that the condition is the average degree ofneighbor nodes greater than the link cost and expanded Nowak’s et al. research.
③The influence of social network structural complexity on strategy choice ofemployee knowledge sharing behavior.
In a complex social network environment, the results of staff’s individual behaviorshould not be isolated, it is constrained by the structure of employee’s knowledge sharingnetwork and react to individual behavior. On the basis of the model, the paper introducesheterogeneous connection and active connection between employees, and explores howdifferent employees’ social network structure impact employee knowledge sharingbehavior strategy, find out the influence law for how the change of the network structureinfluence employee knowledge sharing behavior strategy choice. Thesis further studiedthe influence law. The law is on the same network structure under different topologicalnode position affects employee knowledge sharing behavior strategy choice and to clarifythe connection heterogeneity of employee knowledge sharing behavior of employees’strategy choice.
④A appropriate case for analyzing and testing complex social network theory ofknowledge sharing behavior.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, the paper chooses China Mobile Group DesignInstitute Co.，Ltd for case study, make use of the social network analysis tools, describethe relationship between these data through quantitative language, use social networkanalysis software to analyze the features (cohesive subgroups, accessibility, networkdensity, centrality, betweens, structural holes, small world, etc.) of complex network inthe system. In exploring how knowledge sharing influenced by its social network relation,the qualitative and quantitative research methods for complex social network in staffknowledge sharing has been combined. Thesis put forward the correspondingcountermeasure and the suggestion, which to promote employee’s knowledge sharing inthe enterprise.
在企业员工知识分享系统中，由于员工知识的特殊性、社会关系结构的动态性、要素间关联的多元性等因素影响，知识分享行为的复杂性显著增加，这给传统的知识管理带来巨大的冲击，也对复杂社会网络条件下的企业员工知识分享提出全新的要求。特别是复杂社会网络上的种种过程形塑和协调了一定数量员工的知识分享行为及其互动关系策略，同时也被这些行为及关系策略所反作用，及使之呈现出不同于传统的均衡状态。在现代知识分工体系下，企业员工之间在知识层面的相互依赖，使得知识分享成为企业运营不可或缺的条件。但由于员工个体作为独立行为决策单位，皆保持着某种程度的自主权，并且出于种种原因，他们追求的利益不尽相同；因此，要促进员工知识分享就必须研究这些过程的实质，理解其背后的行为逻辑，并通晓其行为策略选择的理论基础。
在此基础上，论文从复杂社会网络的视角对企业员工知识分享行为问题进行系统研究。在研究中，论文将员工知识分享行为分为关系行为和策略行为两个重要维度；综合运用行为经济学、社会网络分析、网络博弈及案例分析等理论工具方法；研究企业中员工知识分享的关系行为和知识分享关系网络的生成机理及其复杂结构特征；探索在复杂网络上员工知识分享行为策略背后的行为逻辑及分享策略选择规律；厘清知识分享关系网络与知识分享策略行为的相互影响机制，进而促进企业员工的知识分享，提升企业的竞争力。
在研究中，论文主要从以下四个方面对上述问题进行了系统研究。
①复杂社会网络上员工知识分享的关系行为、关系网络生成及结构特征研究
论文从企业员工知识分享行为网络背景和员工社会关系为切入点，首先从随机关系行为入手，分析知识分享关系网络的生成机理和员工节点度分布；然后再充分考虑知识分享关系建立的成本和收益及知识分享关系的外部性，借鉴Jackson和Goyal等的策略网络形成思想，构建了企业员工知识分享关系行为的策略网络博弈模型，通过该博弈模型可以清楚地体现知识分享中关系行为的成本和收益。这样就可以使我们能够模拟当存在缔结和断开员工间知识分享关系的个体利益激励时，知识分享关系网络如何生成和发展，研究并预测在这种成本效应及外部效应下网络结构呈现形式和特征，进一步探讨了网络的稳定性与效率，为研究复杂社会网络对企业员工知识分享的策略行为的影响奠定理论基础。
②复杂社会网络上员工知识分享的策略行为动力学过程研究
论文所讨论的复杂社会网络上知识分享行为，实际上有两个相关问题。一个是结构层面的连通性，即谁和谁相连；另一个是在知识分享行为层面的连通性，即每个个体的知识分享行为对于系统中每个其他个体都有隐含的影响，知识分享关系网络个体的行为模式必须包含策略性行为选择和策略性推理。基于此，论文运用演化博弈的图论模型，通过频率相依的Moran过程刻画并分析了企业中员工知识分享策略行为的动力学过程。经过分析发现在复杂的知识分享关系网络中，知识分享策略的固定概率大小决定了选择过程中是否能够战胜知识隐匿策略成为员工群体中的演化稳定策略。论文进一步运用了平均场方法找出有利于知识分享策略在演化过程中胜出的条件是节点的邻居节点平均度要大于成本收益率，这将Nowak等的网络直接互惠拓展到间接互惠。
③复杂社会网络上知识分享关系行为与知识分享策略行为的共演化分析
在复杂社会网络环境中，员工知识分享的策略行为既受制于员工间知识分享网络结构，同时也反作用于员工关系行为选择。在前述理论的基础上，论文根据员工的策略行为不同引入了异质连接关系行为和活性连接关系行为，通过数理分析及计算机仿真方法，探索了员工关系行为如何影响员工知识分享的策略行为，找出网络动态变化对员工知识分享策略行为的影响机理；进一步研究知识分享关系行为与知识分享策略行为的共演化问题，厘清复杂社会网络上员工知识分享行为两个维度的相互作用规律。
④选择合适的案例分析并检验复杂社会网络的知识分享行为理论结果
在理论分析的基础上，以中国移动通信集团旗下某研究院为案例研究对象，运用社会网络分析为工具，通过量化的语言来描述这些关系数据，并利用社会网络分析软件对得到的关系数据的复杂网络特性(凝聚子群、可达性、网络密度、中心性、中介性、小世界等)进行分析，检验论文的部分理论结果，进一步探讨了企业员工知识分享行为如何受到其所处的社会网络关系所影响，实现了复杂社会网络上员工知识分享行为研究的定性与定量方法有效结合，并提出相应的对策和建议。
With the rapid development of science and technology in the era of knowledgeeconomy, employees’ knowledge has become the key strategic resource of enterprisedevelopment and knowledge sharing has also become the important measures to enhancecompetitiveness. Especially in this diversified, personalized market where opportunitiesfleet soon, enterprise is developing into flat, flexible, and networked organization, whichhas made the enterprise evolve into a complex social network constituted by differentkinds of main body and its relationships. In the network, relationships betweenemployees’ knowledge sharing and its structure form the "trunk", and their knowledgebecomes the "blood". All this have changed the traditional hierarchical, specialized anddual relationship,"world is flat" has become people’s own experience in the real world,and no matter from connotation or denotation, behavior of employees knowledge sharinghas changed dramatically, which has brought new opportunities and also put forward anew challenge for researchers in this field.
In the system of employees’ knowledge sharing, due to the particularity ofemployees’ knowledge, dynamics of the structure of social relations and diversitybetween elements, the complexity of knowledge sharing behavior has increasedsignificantly, which brings huge impact on traditional knowledge management and alsoputs forward new requirements about employees’ knowledge sharing in the complexsocial network. Especially, the various processes in complex social network have shapedand coordinated a certain number of knowledge sharing behavior of employees and theirinteractive relationship strategy, which will react these behaviors and relationshipstrategies as well and make it appear different traditional equilibrium. In the modernknowledge specialization system, employees’ interdependence on the knowledge makesknowledge sharing become the indispensable condition for the enterprise operation. Butsince employee is an independent behavior decision-making individual, all of themmaintain autonomy to some degree, and for various reasons, they pursue different profits;Therefore, to promote employees' knowledge sharing, it is necessary to research theessence of these processes and understand the logic behind the behavior and thetheoretical basis of their behavior strategy choice.
On this basis, the paper systematically researches the problems of the enterpriseknowledge sharing behavior of employees from the perspective of complex social network. In this study, the paper will divide employees’ knowledge sharing behavior intotwo dimensions: relationship behavior and strategy behavior; Through the integrated useof theoretical tools, such as behavioral economics, social network analysis, network gameand case analysis method, it also researches the generating mechanism behind employees’knowledge sharing behavior strategy in the complex network, and explores the mutualinfluence mechanism between knowledge sharing relational network and sharing strategybehavior, so as to promote the employees’ knowledge sharing and improvecompetitiveness.
In this study, the thesis has mainly researched the above question systematicallyfrom the following four aspects.
①The connotation, relationship，formation mechanism and structure characteristicsof complex social network in knowledge sharing.
This paper starts with the background and the employees’ social relationship of theemployees’ knowledge sharing behavior. At the beginning, we analyze the formationmechanism and node degree distribution of knowledge sharing relationship networkthrough random relationship behavior. There is a breakthrough on the knowledge sharingbehavior of employees’ social relationship, considering the costs and benefits andexternalities of the relationship, we draw lessons from Jackson and Goyal’s research andconstruct a dynamic game model of employee social relations strategy network, the gamemodel reflects the connection relationship between costs and benefits clearly. Thus，wecan simulate the emergence and development of knowledge sharing relationship networkwhen there is personal motivation that generate or cut off the knowledge sharingrelationship between employees. Through the simulation we can make a prediction thatthe formation and characteristics of the structure of the network under the cost effect andexternalities and a further discussion about the relationship between the stability andefficiency of the network, and provide a theoretical foundation for the analysis of whatkind of network structure is for the employees to share knowledge.
②The analysis of dynamic process of employee knowledge sharing behavior on thecomplex social network.
Actually，there are two related questions in this research. One is the structuralconnectivity, which is how two persons connected. Another question is the connectivity inthe knowledge sharing behavior, namely, individual knowledge sharing behavior hasimplied effect on others in the system, individual behavior model must include strategicbehavior and strategic reasoning. Our research based on these studies and used the graph theory model of evolutionary game theory to depict and analyze the dynamic process ofknowledge sharing strategic behavior of employees through frequency dependent Moranprocess. Then we found that on complex social networks, the fixed probabilitiesdetermine whether the choice is advantageous to the mutation strategy to replace theoriginal one. Under complex social network structure, we try to use the mean field theoryto find out the condition which is conducive to knowledge sharing strategies in theevolutionary process. Finally, we found that the condition is the average degree ofneighbor nodes greater than the link cost and expanded Nowak’s et al. research.
③The influence of social network structural complexity on strategy choice ofemployee knowledge sharing behavior.
In a complex social network environment, the results of staff’s individual behaviorshould not be isolated, it is constrained by the structure of employee’s knowledge sharingnetwork and react to individual behavior. On the basis of the model, the paper introducesheterogeneous connection and active connection between employees, and explores howdifferent employees’ social network structure impact employee knowledge sharingbehavior strategy, find out the influence law for how the change of the network structureinfluence employee knowledge sharing behavior strategy choice. Thesis further studiedthe influence law. The law is on the same network structure under different topologicalnode position affects employee knowledge sharing behavior strategy choice and to clarifythe connection heterogeneity of employee knowledge sharing behavior of employees’strategy choice.
④A appropriate case for analyzing and testing complex social network theory ofknowledge sharing behavior.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, the paper chooses China Mobile Group DesignInstitute Co.，Ltd for case study, make use of the social network analysis tools, describethe relationship between these data through quantitative language, use social networkanalysis software to analyze the features (cohesive subgroups, accessibility, networkdensity, centrality, betweens, structural holes, small world, etc.) of complex network inthe system. In exploring how knowledge sharing influenced by its social network relation,the qualitative and quantitative research methods for complex social network in staffknowledge sharing has been combined. Thesis put forward the correspondingcountermeasure and the suggestion, which to promote employee’s knowledge sharing inthe enterprise.
引文
陈关荣.2008.复杂网络及其新近研究进展简介[J].力学进展,38(6):653-662.
陈静慧.2000.关系与人际关系质量：主观契合度的中介效果与关系类型的调节效果[D].“国立”台湾大学心理学研究所硕士论文.
陈亮,陈忠,韩丽川,郭浩,朱音.2009.基于社会网络分析的企业员工知识存量测度及实证研究[J].管理工程学报,23(4):49-53+68.
陈萍.2008.组织内部知识共享的进化博弈分析[J].图书与情报,(4):76-79.
单伟.2008.企业内部隐性知识流动与转化研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文.
党兴华,汤喜建.2007.员工知识背景差异与组织内知识转移[J].科研管理,(6):50-55+75.
德鲁克.1999.知识管理[M].开峰译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
邓丹.2006.研发团队的知识共享研究——从社会网络的角度[D].南京:南京航空航天大学.
方锦清.2007.非线性网络的动力学复杂性研究的若干进展[J].自然科学进展,17(7):841-857.
郭睦庚.2001.知识的分类及其管理[J].决策借鉴,14(2):11-14.
胡安安,徐瑛,凌鸿.组织内知识共享信任机制的发展路径和改善方法研究[J].现代情报,2007,8(8):2-9.
胡晓真.2012.组织内社会网络中心性、知识分享与员工工作绩效的关系研究[D].吉林大学.
贾鲁昆,李文龙,李自珍,张丰盘.2008.具有非一致接触率的复制方程的进化稳定性[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),44(4):93-98.
姜道奎.2012.团队知识共享机制研究[D].山东大学.
邝宁华,胡奇英,杜荣.2004.强联系与跨部门复杂知识转移困难的克服[J].研究与发展管理,(2):20-25.
刘超.2012.基于“拥挤”视角的企业员工知识分享激励机制研究[D].衡阳:南华大学.
刘佳,王馨.2013.组织内部社会网络联系对知识共享影响的实证研究[J].情报科学,(2):105-109.
刘军.2004.社会网络分析导论[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
刘军.2009.整体网分析讲义[M].上海:世纪出版集团.
刘枭.2011.组织支持、组织激励、员工行为与研发团队创新绩效的作用机理研究[D].浙江大学.
陆瑾.2006.基于演化博弈论的知识联盟动态复杂性分析[J].财经科学,(3):54-61.
罗家德.2005.社会网分析讲义[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
李玉英,刘心声,李夏飞.2012.活跃连接下两个水平上的合作进化.南京大学学报:数学半年刊,29(1),66-74.
李宪印,陈万明.2008.组织内知识共享的进化博弈模型[J].统计与决策,(12):170-171.
秦红霞,陈宝国.2010.企业内部知识共享网络模型分析[J].情报杂志,29(5):16-19.
秦红霞,陈华东.2009.社会网络视角的企业知识共享演化博弈分析[J].情报杂志,28(5):143-146.
任志安,毕玲.2007.网络关系与知识共享:社会网络视角分析[J].情报杂志,26(001):75-78.
阮国祥,阮平南,宋静.2011.创新网络成员知识共享演化博弈仿真分析[J].情报杂志,30(2):100-104.
苏卉.2009.基于W-S模型的组织内知识共享研究[J].情报杂志,28(3):138-140.
史江涛.2012.员工关系、沟通对知识管理的作用机制研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社.
沈其泰,黄敏萍,郑伯埙.2004.团队共享心智模式与知识分享行为：成员性格特质与性格相似性的调节效果[J].管理学报,21(5):553-570.
孙红萍,刘向阳.2007.个体知识共享意向的社会资本透视[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(1):111-114.
汪秉宏,周涛,周昌松.2012.人类行为、复杂网络及信息挖掘的统计物理研究[J].上海理工大学学报,34(2):103-117.
汪晓媛.2012.战略人力资源管理、员工信任与知识共享关系研究[D].苏州大学.
王晓科.2010.不同理性动机下的企业隐性知识共享博弈[J].情报杂志,2010,29(11):110-117.
吴丙山,张卫国,秦大斌,罗军.2011.高新技术企业隐性知识分享网络结构特征及其影响研究[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),17(4):62-67.
吴丙山,赵骅,罗军.2012.高新技术企业中知识分享微观机制研究[J].科研管理,33(3):65-71.
谢荷锋.2007.组织氛围对企业员工间非正式知识分享行为的激励研究[J].研究与发展管理,(2):92-99.
谢建成,吴佳典.2010.以协同合作模式建构研究者知识之研究[J].教育数据与图书馆学,48(2):239-246.
殷国鹏,莫云生,陈禹.2006.利用社会网络分析促进隐性知识管理[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),(z1):964-969.
于晶,刘臣,单伟.2011.知识网络中知识共享的准公共物品进化博弈[J].科学学与科学技术管理,32(12):65-70.
叶诗凡,杨岚,张建华.2012.供应链知识共享动态进化博弈研究[J].情报杂志,31(9):126-130.
颜伟宏.2008.以理性行为观点探讨人格特质对知识分享意图之影响[D].台南:“国立”成功大学.
杨中芳,彭泗清.1999.中国人人际信任的概念化:一个人际关系的观点.社会学研究,2(2):1-21.
姚小涛,张田.2008.强关系与弱关系:企业成长的社会关系依赖研究[J].管理科学学报,11(1):143-152.
于娱,施琴芬.2011.有限理性视角下组织间隐性知识共享博弈研究[J].情报杂志,30(11):110-114+86.
张慧.2012.空间结构种群中基于博弈模型的合作进化的研究[D].兰州大学.
张火灿,刘淑宁.2002.从社会网络理论探讨员工知识分享.人力资源管理学报,2(3):101-113.
赵君,廖建桥.2009.团队成员知识共享的进化博弈分析[J].情报杂志,28(9):122-126.
钟琦,汪克夷.2008.基于社会网络分析法的组织知识网络及其优化[J].情报杂志,27(9):59-62.
周密,赵文红,姚小涛.2007.社会关系视角下的知识转移理论研究评述及展望.科研管理,28(3),78-85.
翟伟希.2010.基于社会网络分析的组织知识共享研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.
A Iahad, N., Abdul Rahman, A., Rahim, M.,&Irliana, N.(2012). Collaborative learning: socialnetwork analysis approach. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation,2,62-68.
Abbott, M. B.(1993). The electronic encapsulation of knowledge in hydraulics, hydrology and waterresources. Advances in water resources,16(1),21-39.
Abramson, G.,&Kuperman, M.(2001). Social games in a social network. Physical Review E,63(3),030901.
Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Marzooqi, N. Y.,&Mohammed, Y. F.(2007). Organizational culture andknowledge sharing: critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management,11(2),22-42.
Albert, R.,&Barabási, A. L.(2002). Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of modernphysics,74(1),47.
Amaral, L. A.,&Ottino, J. M.(2004). Complex networks. The European Physical JournalB-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems,38(2),147-162.
Aumann, R. J.,&Myerson, R. B.(2003). Endogenous formation of links between players and ofcoalitions: An application of the Shapley value (pp.207-220). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Axelrod, R.,&Hamilton, W. D.(1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science,211(4489),1390-1396.
Axelrod, R. M.(1997). The complexity of cooperation: Agent-based models of competition andcollaboration. Princeton University Press.
Bala, V.,&Goyal, S.(2000). A noncooperative model of network formation. Econometrica,68(5),1181-1229.
Ballester, C., Calvó-Armengol, A.,&Zenou, Y.(2006). Who's who in networks. wanted: the key player.Econometrica,74(5),1403-1417.
Banck, G. A.(1973). Network analysis and social theory. See Ref,14,37-44.
Barabási, A. L.(2011). The network takeover. Nature Physics,8(1),14.
Barabási, A. L.,&Albert, R.(1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. science,286(5439),509-512.
Barnes, J. A.(1954). Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human relations.
Bartol, K. M.,&Srivastava, A.(2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: the role of organizationalreward systems. Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,9(1),64-76.
Bartol, K. M., Liu, W., Zeng, X.,&Wu, K.(2009). Social exchange and knowledge sharing amongknowledge workers: The moderating role of perceived job security. Management andOrganization Review,5(2),223-240.
Blau, P. M.(1964). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers.
Blau, P. M.(1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York:Free Press.
Bo, X.,&Yang, J.(2010). Evolutionary ultimatum game on complex networks under incompleteinformation. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,389(5),1115-1123.
Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M.,&Hwang, D. U.(2006). Complex networks:Structure and dynamics. Physics reports,424(4),175-308.
Bock, G. W.,&Kim, Y. G.(2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: an exploratory study of attitudesabout knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ),15(2),14-21.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G.&Freeman, L. C.(2002). UCINET for Windows: Software for SocialNetwork Analysis. Harvard Analytic Technologies.
Boyd, D.(2007). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenagesocial life, in MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Learning-Youth, Identity, and DigitalMedia Volume, D. Buckingham, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,2007, pp.119-142.
Brass, D. J.(1995). A social network perspective on human resources management. Research inpersonnel and human resources management,13(1),39-79.
Breiger, R. L.,&Ennis, J. G.(1979). Personae and social roles: The network structure of personalitytypes in small groups. Social Psychology Quarterly,262-270.
Bresman, H., Birkinshaw, J.,&Nobel, R.(1999). Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions.Journal of international business studies,439-462.
Burt, R. S.(1992). The social structure of competition. In N. Nohria and R. Eccles (eds.), Networksand Organizations: Structure, Form and Action. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA,57-91.
Burt, R. S.(2009). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press.
Carayol, N.,&Roux, P.(2005). Self-Organizing Innovation Networks: when do small worlds emerge?.European Journal of Economic and Social Systems,18(2),307-332.
Carley, K. M.(2002). Smart agents and organizations of the future. The handbook of new media,12,206-220.
Carley, K. M.(2003). Dynamic network analysis. In Dynamic social network modeling and analysis:Workshop summary and papers (pp.133-145). Comittee on Human Factors, National ResearchCouncil.
Carrington, P. J., Scott, J.,&Wasserman, S.(Eds.).(2005). Models and methods in social networkanalysis. Cambridge university press.
Chalmers, D.(2013). Social innovation: An exploration of the barriers faced by innovatingorganizations in the social economy. Local Economy,28(1),17-34.
Chanvarasuth, P.,&Ravichandran, T.(2003). Absorptive capacity and strategic alliance in the supplychain context. In Engineering Management Conference,2003. IEMC'03. ManagingTechnologically Driven Organizations: The Human Side of Innovation and Change (pp.340-344). IEEE.
Chen, C. W., Chang, M. L.,&Tseng, C. P.(2012). Human factors of knowledge‐sharing intentionamong taiwanese enterprises: A model of hypotheses. Human Factors and Ergonomics inManufacturing&Service Industries,22(4),362-371.
Cress, U.,&Hesse, F. W.(2004). Knowledge sharing in groups: Experimental findings of how toovercome a social dilemma. In Proceedings of the6th international conference on Learningsciences (pp.150-157). International Society of the Learning Sciences.
Davenport, T. H., and Prusak, L.(1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What TheyKnow, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Dawson, R.(2012). Developing knowledge-based client relationships. Routledge.
Doreian, P.,&Stokman, F.(Eds.).(2013). Evolution of social networks (Vol.1). Routledge.
Dreber, A., Rand, D. G., Fudenberg, D.,&Nowak, M. A.(2008). Winners don’t punish. Nature,452(7185),348-351.
Fehr, E.,&Fischbacher, U.(2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature,425(6960),785-791.
Feri, F.(2005). Network formation with endogenous decay.
Foucault, M.(1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Routledge.
Freeman, L. C.(1979). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks,1(3),215-239.
Fudenberg, D.,&Tirole, J.(1991). Game theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Furusawa, T.,&Konishi, H.(2007). Free trade networks. Journal of International Economics,72(2),310-335.
Galaskiewicz, J.,&Wasserman, S.(1989). Mimetic Processes within an Interorganizational Field: AnEmpirical Test. Administrative Science Quarterly,34,454-479.
Galeotti, A., Goyal, S.,&Kamphorst, J.(2006). Network formation with heterogeneous players.Games and Economic Behavior,54(2),353-372.
Galeotti, A., Goyal, S., Jackson, M. O., Vega-Redondo, F.,&Yariv, L.(2010). Network games. Thereview of economic studies,77(1),218-244.
Goyal, S.(2007). Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks. Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, NJ.
Goyal, S.,&Joshi, S.(2006). Bilateralism and free trade. International Economic Review,47(3),749-778.
Goyal, S.,&Vega-Redondo, F.(2005). Network formation and social coordination. Games andEconomic Behavior,50(2),178-207.
Granovetter, M. S.(1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. S.(1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness.American Journal of sociology,481-510.
Hamilton, W. D.(1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. Journal of theoretical biology,7(1),1-16.
Hammerstein, P.(1981). The role of asymmetries in animal contests. Animal Behaviour,29(1),193-205.
Hansen, M. T.(1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge acrossorganization subunits. Administrative science quarterly,44(1),82-111.
Hansen, M. T., Mors, M. L.,&L v s, B.(2005). Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiplenetworks, multiple phases. Academy of Management Journal,48(5),776-793.
Hauert, C.,&Doebeli, M.(2004) Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in thesnowdrift game. Nature,428,643-646.
Hayek, F. A.(1945). The use of knowledge in society. The American economic review,35(4),519-530.
Hendriks, P.(1999). Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledgesharing. Knowledge and process management,6(2),91-100.
Hofbauer, J.&Sigmund, K.(1998). Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics. Cambridge,Cambridge University Press.
Holste, J. S.,&Fields, D.(2010). Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and use. Journal of KnowledgeManagement,14(1),128-140.
House, J. S., Umberson, D.,&Landis, K. R.(1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annualreview of sociology,293-318.
Huisman, M.,&Van Duijn, M. A.(2005). Software for social network analysis. Models and methodsin social network analysis,270-316.
Hung, S. Y., Durcikova, A., Lai, H. M.,&Lin, W. M.(2011). The influence of intrinsic and extrinsicmotivation on individuals' knowledge sharing behavior. International Journal ofHuman-Computer Studies,69(6),415-427.
Hutchins, E.(1991) The social organization of distributed cognition. In L. B. Resnick, J. M.Levine&S.D. Teasley (Eds.). Perspectives on socially shared cognition.(pp.283-307).Washington, DC.:American Psychological Association.
Jackson, D.(2006). The creation of knowledge networks. Improving schools and educational systems,274.
Jackson, M. O.(2009). Networks and economic behavior. Annu. Rev. Econ.,1(1),489-511.
Jackson, M. O.(2010). An overview of social networks and economic applications. The handbook ofsocial economics.
Jackson, M. O., Rodriguez-Barraquer, T.,&Tan, X.(2012). Social capital and social quilts: Networkpatterns of favor exchange. The American Economic Review,102(5),1857-1897.
Jackson, S. E., Chuang, C. H., Harden, E. E.,&Jiang, Y.(2006). Toward developing human resourcemanagement systems for knowledge-intensive teamwork. Research in personnel and humanresources management,25,27-70.
Joshi, K. D., Sarker, S.,&Sarker, S.(2007). Knowledge transfer within information systemsdevelopment teams: Examining the role of knowledge source attributes. Decision SupportSystems,43(2),322-335.
Kilduff, M.,&Tsai, W.(2003). Social networks and organizations. SAGE Publications Limited.
Kim, H. W., Koh, Y. H., Li, L. H., Lee, S.,&Kim, H. E.(2004). Hydroxyapatite coating on titaniumsubstrate with titania buffer layer processed by sol–gel method. Biomaterials,25(13),2533-2538.
Kim, S.,&Lee, H.(2006). The Impact of Organizational Context and Information Technology onEmployee Knowledge‐Sharing Capabilities. Public Administration Review,66(3),370-385.
Kimmerle, J., Cress, U.,&Held, C.(2010). The interplay between individual and collective knowledge:technologies for organisational learning and knowledge building. Knowledge ManagementResearch&Practice,8(1),33-44.
Knoke, D.,&Yang, S.(2007). Social network analysis (Vol.154). SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Kogut, B.,&Zander, U.(1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replicationof technology. Organization science,3(3),383-397.
Koskinen, K. U.(2000). Tacit knowledge as a promoter of project success. European Journal ofPurchasing&Supply Management,6(1),41-47.
Kossinets, G.,&Watts, D. J.(2006). Empirical analysis of an evolving social network. Science,311(5757),88-90.
Krackhardt, D.(1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. Networksand organizations: Structure, form, and action,216-239.
Krackhardt, D.,&Brass, D. J.(1994). Intraorganizational networks (pp.207-29). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Kranton, R. E.,&Minehart, D. F.(2001). A theory of buyer-seller networks. American EconomicReview,91(3),485-508.
Kukko, M.(2013). Knowledge sharing barriers in organic growth: A case study from a softwarecompany. The Journal of High Technology Management Research,24(1),18-29.
Lai, G.,&Wong, O.(2002). The tie effect on information dissemination: the spread of a commercialrumor in Hong Kong. Social Networks,24(1),49-75.
Lave, J.,&Wenger, E.(1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridgeuniversity press.
Lazer, D., Pentland, A. S., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barabasi, A. L., Brewer, D.,...&Van Alstyne, M.(2009). Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science. Science (New York,NY),323(5915),721.
Lesser, E., Fontaine, M.,&Slusher, J.(2012). Knowledge and communities. Routledge.
Levin, D. Z., Cross, R., Abrams, L. C.,&Lesser, E. L.(2002). Trust and knowledge sharing: A criticalcombination. IBM Institute for Knowledge-Based Organizations,1-9.
Liao, T. J.(2010). Cluster and performance in foreign firms: the role of resources, knowledge, and trust.Industrial Marketing Management,39(1),161-169.
Lin, N.(2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol.19). Cambridge UniversityPress.
Lin, T. C., Wu, S.,&Lu, C. T.(2012). Exploring the affect factors of knowledge sharing behavior: Therelations model theory perspective. Expert Systems with Applications,39(1),751-764.
Lin, W. B.(2013). Research on knowledge sharing and interpersonal relationships: empirical study offamily firms and non-family firms. Quality&Quantity,47(1),151-166.
Louch, H.(2000). Personal network integration: transitivity and homophily in strong-tie relations.Social networks,22(1),45-64.
Luo, Y., Liu, Y.,&Xue, J.(2009). Relationship investment and channel performance: an analysis ofmediating forces. Journal of Management Studies,46(7),1113-1137.
Mantegna, R. N.,&Stanley, H. E.(1997). Stock market dynamics and turbulence: parallel analysis offluctuation phenomena. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,239(1),255-266.
M rtensson, M.(2000). A critical review of knowledge management as a management tool. Journal ofknowledge management,4(3),204-216.
Mayhew, B. H.(1980). Structuralism versus individualism: Part1, shadowboxing in the dark. SocialForces,59(2),335-375.
McAllister, D. J.(1995). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperationin organizations. Academy of management journal,24-59.
McDermott, R.(1999). Why information technology inspired but cannot deliver knowledgemanagement. California management review,41(4),103.
McPherson, G. R.(1992). Comparison of linear and non-linear overstory-understory models forponderosa pine: a conceptual framework. Forest Ecology and Management,55(1),31-34.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L.,&Cook, J. M.(2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in socialnetworks. Annual review of sociology,415-444.
Mehra, A., Kilduff, M.,&Brass, D. J.(2001). The social networks of high and low self-monitors:Implications for workplace performance. Administrative science quarterly,46(1),121-146.
Metcalfe, M.(2005). Knowledge sharing, complex environments and small-worlds. Human SystemsManagement,24(3),185-195.
Milardo, R. M.(Ed.).(1988). Families and social networks. London: Sage Publications.
Mirowski, P.(1991). More heat than light: Economics as social physics, physics as nature's economics.Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, T. R.(1973). Motivation and participation: An integration. Academy of Management Journal,16(4),670-679.
Moran, P. A. P.(1958, January). Random processes in genetics. In Mathematical Proceedings of theCambridge Philosophical Society (Vol.54, No.01, pp.60-71). Cambridge University Press.
Nakamaru, M.,&Iwasa, Y.(2005). The evolution of altruism by costly punishment inlattice-structured populations: score-dependent viability versus score-dependent fertility.Evolutionary ecology research,7(6),853-870.
Nash, J. F.(1950). Equilibrium points in n-person games. Proceedings of the national academy ofsciences,36(1),48-49.
Newman, M. E.(2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM review,45(2),167-256.
Niu, G. Y.(2013). A Game Theory Based Analysis of the Tacit Knowledge Sharing and IncentiveMechanism. Advanced Materials Research,601,564-569.
Nonaka, I.,&Takeuchi, H.(1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companiescreate the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R.,&Nagata, A.(2000). A firm as a knowledge-creating entity: a new perspectiveon the theory of the firm. Industrial and corporate change,9(1),1-20.
Nonaka, I., Von Krogh, G.,&Voelpel, S.(2006). Organizational knowledge creation theory:evolutionary paths and future advances. Organization studies,27(8),1179-1208.
Nowak, J., Asiedu, S. K., Bensalim, S., Richards, J., Stewart, A., Smith, C.,&Sturz, A. V.(1998).From laboratory to applications: challenges and progress with in vitro dual cultures of potatoand beneficial bacteria. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,52(1),97-103.
Nowak, M. A.(2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. science,314(5805),1560-1563.
Nowak, M. A.(2012). Evolving cooperation. Journal of theoretical biology,299,1-8.
Nowak, M. A.,&May, R. M.(1992). Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature,359(6398),826-829.
Nowak, M. A.,&May, R. M.(1993). The spatial dilemmas of evolution. International Journal ofbifurcation and chaos,3(01),35-78.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1992). Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations. Nature,355(6357),250-253.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1993). A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat inthe Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Nature,364(6432),56-58.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1998). Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature,393(6685),573-577.
O’Reilly III, C. A.(1991). Organizational behavior: Where we’ve been, where we’re going. Annualreview of psychology,42(1),427-458.
Ohtsuki, H.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolutionary games on cycles. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyB: Biological Sciences,273(1598),2249-2256.
Ohtsuki, H., Iwasa, Y.,&Nowak, M. A.(2009). Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin ofefficiency for costly punishment. Nature,457(7225),79-82.
Ohtsuki, H., Nowak, M. A.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2007). Breaking the symmetry between interaction andreplacement in evolutionary dynamics on graphs. Physical review letters,98(10),108106.
Ostro, N.(1997). The corporate brain. Chief Executive,123,58-62.
Ou, R., Yang, J., Chang, J.,&Xie, W.(2009). On heterogeneity of complex networks in the real world.In Cutting-Edge Research Topics on Multiple Criteria Decision Making (pp.213-219). SpringerBerlin Heidelberg.
Oye, N. D., Salleh, M.,&Noorminshah, A.(2011). Knowledge Sharing in Workplace: Motivators andDemotivators. International journal of managing information technology,3(4).
Pacheco, J. M., Traulsen, A.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Active linking in evolutionary games. Journal oftheoretical biology,243(3),437-443.
Pacheco, J. M., Traulsen, A., Ohtsuki, H.,&Nowak, M. A.(2008). Repeated games and directreciprocity under active linking. Journal of theoretical biology,250(4),723.
Pfeffer, J.(1983). Organizational demography. Research in organizational behavior.
Polanyi, M.(1962). Tacit knowing: Its bearing on some problems of philosophy. Reviews of ModernPhysics,34(4),601-615.
Rand, D. G., Dreber, A., Ellingsen, T., Fudenberg, D.,&Nowak, M. A.(2009). Positive interactionspromote public cooperation. Science,325(5945),1272-1275.
Reagans, R.,&McEvily, B.(2003). Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesionand range. Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2),240-267.
Rees, C. J. C.(1966). D. Phil. Thesis (Oxford University).82-154.
Rogers, E. M.(2010). Diffusion of innovations. New York, Free Press.
Rong, Z., Li, X.,&Wang, X.(2007). Roles of mixing patterns in cooperation on a scale-freenetworked game. Physical Review E,76(2),027101.
Sabetzadeh, F.,&Tsui, E.(2011). Social motives polarity and its impact on knowledge sharing. VINE,41(1),76-88.
Sankowska, A.(2013). Relationships between organizational trust, knowledge transfer, knowledgecreation, and firm's innovativeness. Learning Organization, The,20(1),85-100.
Santos, F. C.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2005). Scale-free networks provide a unifying framework for theemergence of cooperation. Physical Review Letters,95(9),098104.
Santos, F. C., Pacheco, J. M.,&Lenaerts, T.(2006). Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust theirsocial ties. PLoS Computational Biology,2(10), e140.
Santos, F. C., Rodrigues, J. F.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2005). Epidemic spreading and cooperation dynamicson homogeneous small-world networks. Physical Review E,72(5),056128.
Schaffer, M. E.(1988). Evolutionarily stable strategies for a finite population and a variable contestsize. Journal of theoretical biology,132(4),469-478.
Schaffer, M. E.(1989). Are profit-maximisers the best survivors?: A darwinian model of economicnatural selection. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,12(1),29-45.
Scott, J.(2012). Social network analysis. SAGE Publications Limited.
Selten, R.(1980). A note on evolutionarily stable strategies in asymmetric animal conflicts. Journal ofTheoretical Biology,84(1),93-101.
Senge, P. M.(1997). Communities of leaders and learners. Harvard Business Review,75(5),30-32.
Sharma, R. S.(2013). Knowledge Dilemmas within Organizations: Resolutions from Game Theory.Knowledge-Based Systems.
Sigmund, K., Hauert, C.,&Nowak, M. A.(2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences,98(19),10757-10762.
Simmel, G.(1908). Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die formen der vergesellschaftung. Duncker&Humblot.
Skyrme, D.(2012). Knowledge networking: Creating the collaborative enterprise. Routledge.
Smith, J. M.(1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Smith, J. M.(1993). Evolution and the Theory of Games (pp.202-215). Springer US.
Smith, J. M.,&Price, G. R.(1973). The Logic of Animal Conflict. Nature,246,15-18.
Swinkels, J. M.(1992). Evolution and strategic stability: from Maynard Smith to Kohlberg andMertens. Journal of Economic Theory,57(2),333-342.
Szabó, G.,&T ke, C.(1998). Evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game on a square lattice. PhysicalReview E,58(1),68-73.
Szabó, G.,&Vukov, J.(2004). Cooperation for volunteering and partially random partnerships.Physical Review E,69(3),036107.
Szabó, G., Vukov, J.,&Szolnoki, A.(2005). Phase diagrams for an evolutionary prisoner’s dilemmagame on two-dimensional lattices. Physical Review E,72(4),047107.
Tambayong, L.(2007). Dynamics of Network Formation Processes in the Co-Author Model. Journalof Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,10(3),2.
Tanaka, H., Shan, W., Phillips, G. R., Arndt, K., Bozdagi, O., Shapiro, L.,...&Colman, D. R.(2000).Molecular modification of N-cadherin in response to synaptic activity. Neuron,25(1),93-107.
Taylor, C.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolutionary game dynamics with non-uniform interaction rates.Theoretical population biology,69(3),243.
Taylor, P. D.,&Jonker, L. B.(1978). Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics. MathematicalBiosciences,40(1),145-156.
Tichy, N. M.(1981)."Networks in Organizations," in Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol.2, P. C.Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck, eds., Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L.,&Fombrun, C.(1979). Social network analysis for organizations.Academy of Management Review,507-519.
Tomassini, M., Luthi, L.,&Giacobini, M.(2006). Hawks and doves on small-world networks.Physical Review E,73(1),016132.
Tortoriello, M.,&Krackhardt, D.(2010). Activating cross-boundary knowledge: the role of Simmelianties in the generation of innovations. Academy of Management Journal,53(1),167-181.
Traulsen, A.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences,103(29),10952-10955.
Trivers, R. L.(1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly review of biology,35-57.
Tsai, W.(2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position andabsorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of managementjournal,44(5),996-1004.
Tsai, W.(2002). Social structure of “coopetition” within a multiunit organization: Coordination,competition, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization science,13(2),179-190.
Tsoukas, H.,&Vladimirou, E.(2001). What is organizational knowledge?. Journal of managementstudies,38(7),973-993.
Umberson, D., Chen, M. D., House, J. S., Hopkins, K.,&Slaten, E.(1996). The effect of socialrelationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different?. Americansociological review,61(5),837-857.
Vaara, E., Sarala, R., Stahl, G. K.,&Bj rkman, I.(2012). The impact of organizational and nationalcultural differences on social conflict and knowledge transfer in international acquisitions.Journal of Management Studies,49(1),1-27.
Vaccaro, A., Veloso, F.,&Brusoni, S.(2009). The impact of virtual technologies on knowledge-basedprocesses: An empirical study. Research Policy,38(8),1278-1287.
Vukov, J., Szabó, G.,&Szolnoki, A.(2006). Cooperation in the noisy case: Prisoner’s dilemma gameon two types of regular random graphs. Physical Review E,73(6),067103.
Vukov, J., Szabó, G.,&Szolnoki, A.(2008). Evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game on Newman-Wattsnetworks. Physical Review E,77(2),026109.
Wang, P.,&Watts, A.(2006). Formation of buyer‐seller trade networks in a quality‐differentiatedproduct market. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique,39(3),971-1004.
Wang, W. X., Ren, J., Chen, G.,&Wang, B. H.(2006). Memory-based snowdrift game on networks.Physical Review E,74(5),056113.
Wang, X.(2013). Forming mechanisms and structures of a knowledge transfer network: theoretical andsimulation research. Journal of Knowledge Management,17(2),278-289.
Wasserman, S.,&Faust, K.(1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol.8).Cambridge university press.
Watts, D. J.(2004). The "new" science of networks. Annual review of sociology,243-270.
Watts, D. J.,&Strogatz, S. H.(1998). Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature,393(6684),440-442.
Weick, K. E.(1979). The Social Psychology of Organizing.2d ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Wellman, B.(1988). The community question re-evaluated. In M. P.Smith (Ed.), Power, communityand the city (pp.81-107). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A.,&Snyder, W. M.(2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guideto managing knowledge. Harvard Business Press.
White, H. C., Boorman, S. A.,&Breiger, R. L.(1976). Social structure from multiple networks. I.Blockmodels of roles and positions. American journal of sociology,730-780.
Wijnhoven, F.(1998). Knowledge logistics in business contexts: analyzing and diagnosing knowledgesharing by logistics concepts. Knowledge and Process Management,5(3),143-157.
Wilson, S., Liber, O., Johnson, M., Beauvoir, P., Sharples, P.,&Milligan, C.(2007). Personal LearningEnvironments: Challenging the dominant design of educational systems. Journal of e-Learningand Knowledge Society,3(2),27-38.
Wu, L. Y.,&Wang, C. J.(2007). Transforming resources to improve performance of technology-basedfirms: A Taiwanese Empirical Study Original Research Article. Journal of Engineering andTechnology Management,24(3),251-261.
Wu, Z. X., Xu, X. J., Chen, Y.,&Wang, Y. H.(2005). Spatial prisoner’s dilemma game withvolunteering in Newman-Watts small-world networks. Physical Review E,71(3),037103.
Wu, Z. X., Xu, X. J., Huang, Z. G., Wang, S. J.,&Wang, Y. H.(2006). Evolutionary prisoner’sdilemma game with dynamic preferential selection. Physical Review E,74(2),021107.
Zander, U.,&Kogut, B.(1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation oforganizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization science,6(1),76-92.
Zhang, G., Xu, Q.,&Liu, X.(2011). Knowledge diffusion within the Datang sock-manufacturingcluster in China. Regional Studies,45(7),977-996.
陈静慧.2000.关系与人际关系质量：主观契合度的中介效果与关系类型的调节效果[D].“国立”台湾大学心理学研究所硕士论文.
陈亮,陈忠,韩丽川,郭浩,朱音.2009.基于社会网络分析的企业员工知识存量测度及实证研究[J].管理工程学报,23(4):49-53+68.
陈萍.2008.组织内部知识共享的进化博弈分析[J].图书与情报,(4):76-79.
单伟.2008.企业内部隐性知识流动与转化研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文.
党兴华,汤喜建.2007.员工知识背景差异与组织内知识转移[J].科研管理,(6):50-55+75.
德鲁克.1999.知识管理[M].开峰译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.
邓丹.2006.研发团队的知识共享研究——从社会网络的角度[D].南京:南京航空航天大学.
方锦清.2007.非线性网络的动力学复杂性研究的若干进展[J].自然科学进展,17(7):841-857.
郭睦庚.2001.知识的分类及其管理[J].决策借鉴,14(2):11-14.
胡安安,徐瑛,凌鸿.组织内知识共享信任机制的发展路径和改善方法研究[J].现代情报,2007,8(8):2-9.
胡晓真.2012.组织内社会网络中心性、知识分享与员工工作绩效的关系研究[D].吉林大学.
贾鲁昆,李文龙,李自珍,张丰盘.2008.具有非一致接触率的复制方程的进化稳定性[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),44(4):93-98.
姜道奎.2012.团队知识共享机制研究[D].山东大学.
邝宁华,胡奇英,杜荣.2004.强联系与跨部门复杂知识转移困难的克服[J].研究与发展管理,(2):20-25.
刘超.2012.基于“拥挤”视角的企业员工知识分享激励机制研究[D].衡阳:南华大学.
刘佳,王馨.2013.组织内部社会网络联系对知识共享影响的实证研究[J].情报科学,(2):105-109.
刘军.2004.社会网络分析导论[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
刘军.2009.整体网分析讲义[M].上海:世纪出版集团.
刘枭.2011.组织支持、组织激励、员工行为与研发团队创新绩效的作用机理研究[D].浙江大学.
陆瑾.2006.基于演化博弈论的知识联盟动态复杂性分析[J].财经科学,(3):54-61.
罗家德.2005.社会网分析讲义[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.
李玉英,刘心声,李夏飞.2012.活跃连接下两个水平上的合作进化.南京大学学报:数学半年刊,29(1),66-74.
李宪印,陈万明.2008.组织内知识共享的进化博弈模型[J].统计与决策,(12):170-171.
秦红霞,陈宝国.2010.企业内部知识共享网络模型分析[J].情报杂志,29(5):16-19.
秦红霞,陈华东.2009.社会网络视角的企业知识共享演化博弈分析[J].情报杂志,28(5):143-146.
任志安,毕玲.2007.网络关系与知识共享:社会网络视角分析[J].情报杂志,26(001):75-78.
阮国祥,阮平南,宋静.2011.创新网络成员知识共享演化博弈仿真分析[J].情报杂志,30(2):100-104.
苏卉.2009.基于W-S模型的组织内知识共享研究[J].情报杂志,28(3):138-140.
史江涛.2012.员工关系、沟通对知识管理的作用机制研究[M].北京:经济科学出版社.
沈其泰,黄敏萍,郑伯埙.2004.团队共享心智模式与知识分享行为：成员性格特质与性格相似性的调节效果[J].管理学报,21(5):553-570.
孙红萍,刘向阳.2007.个体知识共享意向的社会资本透视[J].科学学与科学技术管理,(1):111-114.
汪秉宏,周涛,周昌松.2012.人类行为、复杂网络及信息挖掘的统计物理研究[J].上海理工大学学报,34(2):103-117.
汪晓媛.2012.战略人力资源管理、员工信任与知识共享关系研究[D].苏州大学.
王晓科.2010.不同理性动机下的企业隐性知识共享博弈[J].情报杂志,2010,29(11):110-117.
吴丙山,张卫国,秦大斌,罗军.2011.高新技术企业隐性知识分享网络结构特征及其影响研究[J].重庆大学学报(社会科学版),17(4):62-67.
吴丙山,赵骅,罗军.2012.高新技术企业中知识分享微观机制研究[J].科研管理,33(3):65-71.
谢荷锋.2007.组织氛围对企业员工间非正式知识分享行为的激励研究[J].研究与发展管理,(2):92-99.
谢建成,吴佳典.2010.以协同合作模式建构研究者知识之研究[J].教育数据与图书馆学,48(2):239-246.
殷国鹏,莫云生,陈禹.2006.利用社会网络分析促进隐性知识管理[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),(z1):964-969.
于晶,刘臣,单伟.2011.知识网络中知识共享的准公共物品进化博弈[J].科学学与科学技术管理,32(12):65-70.
叶诗凡,杨岚,张建华.2012.供应链知识共享动态进化博弈研究[J].情报杂志,31(9):126-130.
颜伟宏.2008.以理性行为观点探讨人格特质对知识分享意图之影响[D].台南:“国立”成功大学.
杨中芳,彭泗清.1999.中国人人际信任的概念化:一个人际关系的观点.社会学研究,2(2):1-21.
姚小涛,张田.2008.强关系与弱关系:企业成长的社会关系依赖研究[J].管理科学学报,11(1):143-152.
于娱,施琴芬.2011.有限理性视角下组织间隐性知识共享博弈研究[J].情报杂志,30(11):110-114+86.
张慧.2012.空间结构种群中基于博弈模型的合作进化的研究[D].兰州大学.
张火灿,刘淑宁.2002.从社会网络理论探讨员工知识分享.人力资源管理学报,2(3):101-113.
赵君,廖建桥.2009.团队成员知识共享的进化博弈分析[J].情报杂志,28(9):122-126.
钟琦,汪克夷.2008.基于社会网络分析法的组织知识网络及其优化[J].情报杂志,27(9):59-62.
周密,赵文红,姚小涛.2007.社会关系视角下的知识转移理论研究评述及展望.科研管理,28(3),78-85.
翟伟希.2010.基于社会网络分析的组织知识共享研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.
A Iahad, N., Abdul Rahman, A., Rahim, M.,&Irliana, N.(2012). Collaborative learning: socialnetwork analysis approach. Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation,2,62-68.
Abbott, M. B.(1993). The electronic encapsulation of knowledge in hydraulics, hydrology and waterresources. Advances in water resources,16(1),21-39.
Abramson, G.,&Kuperman, M.(2001). Social games in a social network. Physical Review E,63(3),030901.
Al-Alawi, A. I., Al-Marzooqi, N. Y.,&Mohammed, Y. F.(2007). Organizational culture andknowledge sharing: critical success factors. Journal of Knowledge Management,11(2),22-42.
Albert, R.,&Barabási, A. L.(2002). Statistical mechanics of complex networks. Reviews of modernphysics,74(1),47.
Amaral, L. A.,&Ottino, J. M.(2004). Complex networks. The European Physical JournalB-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems,38(2),147-162.
Aumann, R. J.,&Myerson, R. B.(2003). Endogenous formation of links between players and ofcoalitions: An application of the Shapley value (pp.207-220). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Axelrod, R.,&Hamilton, W. D.(1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science,211(4489),1390-1396.
Axelrod, R. M.(1997). The complexity of cooperation: Agent-based models of competition andcollaboration. Princeton University Press.
Bala, V.,&Goyal, S.(2000). A noncooperative model of network formation. Econometrica,68(5),1181-1229.
Ballester, C., Calvó-Armengol, A.,&Zenou, Y.(2006). Who's who in networks. wanted: the key player.Econometrica,74(5),1403-1417.
Banck, G. A.(1973). Network analysis and social theory. See Ref,14,37-44.
Barabási, A. L.(2011). The network takeover. Nature Physics,8(1),14.
Barabási, A. L.,&Albert, R.(1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. science,286(5439),509-512.
Barnes, J. A.(1954). Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human relations.
Bartol, K. M.,&Srivastava, A.(2002). Encouraging knowledge sharing: the role of organizationalreward systems. Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies,9(1),64-76.
Bartol, K. M., Liu, W., Zeng, X.,&Wu, K.(2009). Social exchange and knowledge sharing amongknowledge workers: The moderating role of perceived job security. Management andOrganization Review,5(2),223-240.
Blau, P. M.(1964). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers.
Blau, P. M.(1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York:Free Press.
Bo, X.,&Yang, J.(2010). Evolutionary ultimatum game on complex networks under incompleteinformation. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,389(5),1115-1123.
Boccaletti, S., Latora, V., Moreno, Y., Chavez, M.,&Hwang, D. U.(2006). Complex networks:Structure and dynamics. Physics reports,424(4),175-308.
Bock, G. W.,&Kim, Y. G.(2002). Breaking the myths of rewards: an exploratory study of attitudesabout knowledge sharing. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ),15(2),14-21.
Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G.&Freeman, L. C.(2002). UCINET for Windows: Software for SocialNetwork Analysis. Harvard Analytic Technologies.
Boyd, D.(2007). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenagesocial life, in MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Learning-Youth, Identity, and DigitalMedia Volume, D. Buckingham, ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,2007, pp.119-142.
Brass, D. J.(1995). A social network perspective on human resources management. Research inpersonnel and human resources management,13(1),39-79.
Breiger, R. L.,&Ennis, J. G.(1979). Personae and social roles: The network structure of personalitytypes in small groups. Social Psychology Quarterly,262-270.
Bresman, H., Birkinshaw, J.,&Nobel, R.(1999). Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions.Journal of international business studies,439-462.
Burt, R. S.(1992). The social structure of competition. In N. Nohria and R. Eccles (eds.), Networksand Organizations: Structure, Form and Action. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA,57-91.
Burt, R. S.(2009). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press.
Carayol, N.,&Roux, P.(2005). Self-Organizing Innovation Networks: when do small worlds emerge?.European Journal of Economic and Social Systems,18(2),307-332.
Carley, K. M.(2002). Smart agents and organizations of the future. The handbook of new media,12,206-220.
Carley, K. M.(2003). Dynamic network analysis. In Dynamic social network modeling and analysis:Workshop summary and papers (pp.133-145). Comittee on Human Factors, National ResearchCouncil.
Carrington, P. J., Scott, J.,&Wasserman, S.(Eds.).(2005). Models and methods in social networkanalysis. Cambridge university press.
Chalmers, D.(2013). Social innovation: An exploration of the barriers faced by innovatingorganizations in the social economy. Local Economy,28(1),17-34.
Chanvarasuth, P.,&Ravichandran, T.(2003). Absorptive capacity and strategic alliance in the supplychain context. In Engineering Management Conference,2003. IEMC'03. ManagingTechnologically Driven Organizations: The Human Side of Innovation and Change (pp.340-344). IEEE.
Chen, C. W., Chang, M. L.,&Tseng, C. P.(2012). Human factors of knowledge‐sharing intentionamong taiwanese enterprises: A model of hypotheses. Human Factors and Ergonomics inManufacturing&Service Industries,22(4),362-371.
Cress, U.,&Hesse, F. W.(2004). Knowledge sharing in groups: Experimental findings of how toovercome a social dilemma. In Proceedings of the6th international conference on Learningsciences (pp.150-157). International Society of the Learning Sciences.
Davenport, T. H., and Prusak, L.(1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What TheyKnow, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Dawson, R.(2012). Developing knowledge-based client relationships. Routledge.
Doreian, P.,&Stokman, F.(Eds.).(2013). Evolution of social networks (Vol.1). Routledge.
Dreber, A., Rand, D. G., Fudenberg, D.,&Nowak, M. A.(2008). Winners don’t punish. Nature,452(7185),348-351.
Fehr, E.,&Fischbacher, U.(2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature,425(6960),785-791.
Feri, F.(2005). Network formation with endogenous decay.
Foucault, M.(1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Routledge.
Freeman, L. C.(1979). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks,1(3),215-239.
Fudenberg, D.,&Tirole, J.(1991). Game theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Furusawa, T.,&Konishi, H.(2007). Free trade networks. Journal of International Economics,72(2),310-335.
Galaskiewicz, J.,&Wasserman, S.(1989). Mimetic Processes within an Interorganizational Field: AnEmpirical Test. Administrative Science Quarterly,34,454-479.
Galeotti, A., Goyal, S.,&Kamphorst, J.(2006). Network formation with heterogeneous players.Games and Economic Behavior,54(2),353-372.
Galeotti, A., Goyal, S., Jackson, M. O., Vega-Redondo, F.,&Yariv, L.(2010). Network games. Thereview of economic studies,77(1),218-244.
Goyal, S.(2007). Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks. Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, NJ.
Goyal, S.,&Joshi, S.(2006). Bilateralism and free trade. International Economic Review,47(3),749-778.
Goyal, S.,&Vega-Redondo, F.(2005). Network formation and social coordination. Games andEconomic Behavior,50(2),178-207.
Granovetter, M. S.(1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. S.(1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness.American Journal of sociology,481-510.
Hamilton, W. D.(1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. Journal of theoretical biology,7(1),1-16.
Hammerstein, P.(1981). The role of asymmetries in animal contests. Animal Behaviour,29(1),193-205.
Hansen, M. T.(1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge acrossorganization subunits. Administrative science quarterly,44(1),82-111.
Hansen, M. T., Mors, M. L.,&L v s, B.(2005). Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiplenetworks, multiple phases. Academy of Management Journal,48(5),776-793.
Hauert, C.,&Doebeli, M.(2004) Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in thesnowdrift game. Nature,428,643-646.
Hayek, F. A.(1945). The use of knowledge in society. The American economic review,35(4),519-530.
Hendriks, P.(1999). Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledgesharing. Knowledge and process management,6(2),91-100.
Hofbauer, J.&Sigmund, K.(1998). Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics. Cambridge,Cambridge University Press.
Holste, J. S.,&Fields, D.(2010). Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and use. Journal of KnowledgeManagement,14(1),128-140.
House, J. S., Umberson, D.,&Landis, K. R.(1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annualreview of sociology,293-318.
Huisman, M.,&Van Duijn, M. A.(2005). Software for social network analysis. Models and methodsin social network analysis,270-316.
Hung, S. Y., Durcikova, A., Lai, H. M.,&Lin, W. M.(2011). The influence of intrinsic and extrinsicmotivation on individuals' knowledge sharing behavior. International Journal ofHuman-Computer Studies,69(6),415-427.
Hutchins, E.(1991) The social organization of distributed cognition. In L. B. Resnick, J. M.Levine&S.D. Teasley (Eds.). Perspectives on socially shared cognition.(pp.283-307).Washington, DC.:American Psychological Association.
Jackson, D.(2006). The creation of knowledge networks. Improving schools and educational systems,274.
Jackson, M. O.(2009). Networks and economic behavior. Annu. Rev. Econ.,1(1),489-511.
Jackson, M. O.(2010). An overview of social networks and economic applications. The handbook ofsocial economics.
Jackson, M. O., Rodriguez-Barraquer, T.,&Tan, X.(2012). Social capital and social quilts: Networkpatterns of favor exchange. The American Economic Review,102(5),1857-1897.
Jackson, S. E., Chuang, C. H., Harden, E. E.,&Jiang, Y.(2006). Toward developing human resourcemanagement systems for knowledge-intensive teamwork. Research in personnel and humanresources management,25,27-70.
Joshi, K. D., Sarker, S.,&Sarker, S.(2007). Knowledge transfer within information systemsdevelopment teams: Examining the role of knowledge source attributes. Decision SupportSystems,43(2),322-335.
Kilduff, M.,&Tsai, W.(2003). Social networks and organizations. SAGE Publications Limited.
Kim, H. W., Koh, Y. H., Li, L. H., Lee, S.,&Kim, H. E.(2004). Hydroxyapatite coating on titaniumsubstrate with titania buffer layer processed by sol–gel method. Biomaterials,25(13),2533-2538.
Kim, S.,&Lee, H.(2006). The Impact of Organizational Context and Information Technology onEmployee Knowledge‐Sharing Capabilities. Public Administration Review,66(3),370-385.
Kimmerle, J., Cress, U.,&Held, C.(2010). The interplay between individual and collective knowledge:technologies for organisational learning and knowledge building. Knowledge ManagementResearch&Practice,8(1),33-44.
Knoke, D.,&Yang, S.(2007). Social network analysis (Vol.154). SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Kogut, B.,&Zander, U.(1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replicationof technology. Organization science,3(3),383-397.
Koskinen, K. U.(2000). Tacit knowledge as a promoter of project success. European Journal ofPurchasing&Supply Management,6(1),41-47.
Kossinets, G.,&Watts, D. J.(2006). Empirical analysis of an evolving social network. Science,311(5757),88-90.
Krackhardt, D.(1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. Networksand organizations: Structure, form, and action,216-239.
Krackhardt, D.,&Brass, D. J.(1994). Intraorganizational networks (pp.207-29). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Kranton, R. E.,&Minehart, D. F.(2001). A theory of buyer-seller networks. American EconomicReview,91(3),485-508.
Kukko, M.(2013). Knowledge sharing barriers in organic growth: A case study from a softwarecompany. The Journal of High Technology Management Research,24(1),18-29.
Lai, G.,&Wong, O.(2002). The tie effect on information dissemination: the spread of a commercialrumor in Hong Kong. Social Networks,24(1),49-75.
Lave, J.,&Wenger, E.(1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridgeuniversity press.
Lazer, D., Pentland, A. S., Adamic, L., Aral, S., Barabasi, A. L., Brewer, D.,...&Van Alstyne, M.(2009). Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science. Science (New York,NY),323(5915),721.
Lesser, E., Fontaine, M.,&Slusher, J.(2012). Knowledge and communities. Routledge.
Levin, D. Z., Cross, R., Abrams, L. C.,&Lesser, E. L.(2002). Trust and knowledge sharing: A criticalcombination. IBM Institute for Knowledge-Based Organizations,1-9.
Liao, T. J.(2010). Cluster and performance in foreign firms: the role of resources, knowledge, and trust.Industrial Marketing Management,39(1),161-169.
Lin, N.(2002). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action (Vol.19). Cambridge UniversityPress.
Lin, T. C., Wu, S.,&Lu, C. T.(2012). Exploring the affect factors of knowledge sharing behavior: Therelations model theory perspective. Expert Systems with Applications,39(1),751-764.
Lin, W. B.(2013). Research on knowledge sharing and interpersonal relationships: empirical study offamily firms and non-family firms. Quality&Quantity,47(1),151-166.
Louch, H.(2000). Personal network integration: transitivity and homophily in strong-tie relations.Social networks,22(1),45-64.
Luo, Y., Liu, Y.,&Xue, J.(2009). Relationship investment and channel performance: an analysis ofmediating forces. Journal of Management Studies,46(7),1113-1137.
Mantegna, R. N.,&Stanley, H. E.(1997). Stock market dynamics and turbulence: parallel analysis offluctuation phenomena. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,239(1),255-266.
M rtensson, M.(2000). A critical review of knowledge management as a management tool. Journal ofknowledge management,4(3),204-216.
Mayhew, B. H.(1980). Structuralism versus individualism: Part1, shadowboxing in the dark. SocialForces,59(2),335-375.
McAllister, D. J.(1995). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperationin organizations. Academy of management journal,24-59.
McDermott, R.(1999). Why information technology inspired but cannot deliver knowledgemanagement. California management review,41(4),103.
McPherson, G. R.(1992). Comparison of linear and non-linear overstory-understory models forponderosa pine: a conceptual framework. Forest Ecology and Management,55(1),31-34.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L.,&Cook, J. M.(2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in socialnetworks. Annual review of sociology,415-444.
Mehra, A., Kilduff, M.,&Brass, D. J.(2001). The social networks of high and low self-monitors:Implications for workplace performance. Administrative science quarterly,46(1),121-146.
Metcalfe, M.(2005). Knowledge sharing, complex environments and small-worlds. Human SystemsManagement,24(3),185-195.
Milardo, R. M.(Ed.).(1988). Families and social networks. London: Sage Publications.
Mirowski, P.(1991). More heat than light: Economics as social physics, physics as nature's economics.Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, T. R.(1973). Motivation and participation: An integration. Academy of Management Journal,16(4),670-679.
Moran, P. A. P.(1958, January). Random processes in genetics. In Mathematical Proceedings of theCambridge Philosophical Society (Vol.54, No.01, pp.60-71). Cambridge University Press.
Nakamaru, M.,&Iwasa, Y.(2005). The evolution of altruism by costly punishment inlattice-structured populations: score-dependent viability versus score-dependent fertility.Evolutionary ecology research,7(6),853-870.
Nash, J. F.(1950). Equilibrium points in n-person games. Proceedings of the national academy ofsciences,36(1),48-49.
Newman, M. E.(2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM review,45(2),167-256.
Niu, G. Y.(2013). A Game Theory Based Analysis of the Tacit Knowledge Sharing and IncentiveMechanism. Advanced Materials Research,601,564-569.
Nonaka, I.,&Takeuchi, H.(1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companiescreate the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Nonaka, I., Toyama, R.,&Nagata, A.(2000). A firm as a knowledge-creating entity: a new perspectiveon the theory of the firm. Industrial and corporate change,9(1),1-20.
Nonaka, I., Von Krogh, G.,&Voelpel, S.(2006). Organizational knowledge creation theory:evolutionary paths and future advances. Organization studies,27(8),1179-1208.
Nowak, J., Asiedu, S. K., Bensalim, S., Richards, J., Stewart, A., Smith, C.,&Sturz, A. V.(1998).From laboratory to applications: challenges and progress with in vitro dual cultures of potatoand beneficial bacteria. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture,52(1),97-103.
Nowak, M. A.(2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. science,314(5805),1560-1563.
Nowak, M. A.(2012). Evolving cooperation. Journal of theoretical biology,299,1-8.
Nowak, M. A.,&May, R. M.(1992). Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature,359(6398),826-829.
Nowak, M. A.,&May, R. M.(1993). The spatial dilemmas of evolution. International Journal ofbifurcation and chaos,3(01),35-78.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1992). Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations. Nature,355(6357),250-253.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1993). A strategy of win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat inthe Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Nature,364(6432),56-58.
Nowak, M. A.,&Sigmund, K.(1998). Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature,393(6685),573-577.
O’Reilly III, C. A.(1991). Organizational behavior: Where we’ve been, where we’re going. Annualreview of psychology,42(1),427-458.
Ohtsuki, H.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolutionary games on cycles. Proceedings of the Royal SocietyB: Biological Sciences,273(1598),2249-2256.
Ohtsuki, H., Iwasa, Y.,&Nowak, M. A.(2009). Indirect reciprocity provides only a narrow margin ofefficiency for costly punishment. Nature,457(7225),79-82.
Ohtsuki, H., Nowak, M. A.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2007). Breaking the symmetry between interaction andreplacement in evolutionary dynamics on graphs. Physical review letters,98(10),108106.
Ostro, N.(1997). The corporate brain. Chief Executive,123,58-62.
Ou, R., Yang, J., Chang, J.,&Xie, W.(2009). On heterogeneity of complex networks in the real world.In Cutting-Edge Research Topics on Multiple Criteria Decision Making (pp.213-219). SpringerBerlin Heidelberg.
Oye, N. D., Salleh, M.,&Noorminshah, A.(2011). Knowledge Sharing in Workplace: Motivators andDemotivators. International journal of managing information technology,3(4).
Pacheco, J. M., Traulsen, A.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Active linking in evolutionary games. Journal oftheoretical biology,243(3),437-443.
Pacheco, J. M., Traulsen, A., Ohtsuki, H.,&Nowak, M. A.(2008). Repeated games and directreciprocity under active linking. Journal of theoretical biology,250(4),723.
Pfeffer, J.(1983). Organizational demography. Research in organizational behavior.
Polanyi, M.(1962). Tacit knowing: Its bearing on some problems of philosophy. Reviews of ModernPhysics,34(4),601-615.
Rand, D. G., Dreber, A., Ellingsen, T., Fudenberg, D.,&Nowak, M. A.(2009). Positive interactionspromote public cooperation. Science,325(5945),1272-1275.
Reagans, R.,&McEvily, B.(2003). Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesionand range. Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2),240-267.
Rees, C. J. C.(1966). D. Phil. Thesis (Oxford University).82-154.
Rogers, E. M.(2010). Diffusion of innovations. New York, Free Press.
Rong, Z., Li, X.,&Wang, X.(2007). Roles of mixing patterns in cooperation on a scale-freenetworked game. Physical Review E,76(2),027101.
Sabetzadeh, F.,&Tsui, E.(2011). Social motives polarity and its impact on knowledge sharing. VINE,41(1),76-88.
Sankowska, A.(2013). Relationships between organizational trust, knowledge transfer, knowledgecreation, and firm's innovativeness. Learning Organization, The,20(1),85-100.
Santos, F. C.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2005). Scale-free networks provide a unifying framework for theemergence of cooperation. Physical Review Letters,95(9),098104.
Santos, F. C., Pacheco, J. M.,&Lenaerts, T.(2006). Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust theirsocial ties. PLoS Computational Biology,2(10), e140.
Santos, F. C., Rodrigues, J. F.,&Pacheco, J. M.(2005). Epidemic spreading and cooperation dynamicson homogeneous small-world networks. Physical Review E,72(5),056128.
Schaffer, M. E.(1988). Evolutionarily stable strategies for a finite population and a variable contestsize. Journal of theoretical biology,132(4),469-478.
Schaffer, M. E.(1989). Are profit-maximisers the best survivors?: A darwinian model of economicnatural selection. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,12(1),29-45.
Scott, J.(2012). Social network analysis. SAGE Publications Limited.
Selten, R.(1980). A note on evolutionarily stable strategies in asymmetric animal conflicts. Journal ofTheoretical Biology,84(1),93-101.
Senge, P. M.(1997). Communities of leaders and learners. Harvard Business Review,75(5),30-32.
Sharma, R. S.(2013). Knowledge Dilemmas within Organizations: Resolutions from Game Theory.Knowledge-Based Systems.
Sigmund, K., Hauert, C.,&Nowak, M. A.(2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences,98(19),10757-10762.
Simmel, G.(1908). Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die formen der vergesellschaftung. Duncker&Humblot.
Skyrme, D.(2012). Knowledge networking: Creating the collaborative enterprise. Routledge.
Smith, J. M.(1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Smith, J. M.(1993). Evolution and the Theory of Games (pp.202-215). Springer US.
Smith, J. M.,&Price, G. R.(1973). The Logic of Animal Conflict. Nature,246,15-18.
Swinkels, J. M.(1992). Evolution and strategic stability: from Maynard Smith to Kohlberg andMertens. Journal of Economic Theory,57(2),333-342.
Szabó, G.,&T ke, C.(1998). Evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game on a square lattice. PhysicalReview E,58(1),68-73.
Szabó, G.,&Vukov, J.(2004). Cooperation for volunteering and partially random partnerships.Physical Review E,69(3),036107.
Szabó, G., Vukov, J.,&Szolnoki, A.(2005). Phase diagrams for an evolutionary prisoner’s dilemmagame on two-dimensional lattices. Physical Review E,72(4),047107.
Tambayong, L.(2007). Dynamics of Network Formation Processes in the Co-Author Model. Journalof Artificial Societies and Social Simulation,10(3),2.
Tanaka, H., Shan, W., Phillips, G. R., Arndt, K., Bozdagi, O., Shapiro, L.,...&Colman, D. R.(2000).Molecular modification of N-cadherin in response to synaptic activity. Neuron,25(1),93-107.
Taylor, C.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolutionary game dynamics with non-uniform interaction rates.Theoretical population biology,69(3),243.
Taylor, P. D.,&Jonker, L. B.(1978). Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics. MathematicalBiosciences,40(1),145-156.
Tichy, N. M.(1981)."Networks in Organizations," in Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol.2, P. C.Nystrom and W. H. Starbuck, eds., Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L.,&Fombrun, C.(1979). Social network analysis for organizations.Academy of Management Review,507-519.
Tomassini, M., Luthi, L.,&Giacobini, M.(2006). Hawks and doves on small-world networks.Physical Review E,73(1),016132.
Tortoriello, M.,&Krackhardt, D.(2010). Activating cross-boundary knowledge: the role of Simmelianties in the generation of innovations. Academy of Management Journal,53(1),167-181.
Traulsen, A.,&Nowak, M. A.(2006). Evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection. Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences,103(29),10952-10955.
Trivers, R. L.(1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly review of biology,35-57.
Tsai, W.(2001). Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks: effects of network position andabsorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance. Academy of managementjournal,44(5),996-1004.
Tsai, W.(2002). Social structure of “coopetition” within a multiunit organization: Coordination,competition, and intraorganizational knowledge sharing. Organization science,13(2),179-190.
Tsoukas, H.,&Vladimirou, E.(2001). What is organizational knowledge?. Journal of managementstudies,38(7),973-993.
Umberson, D., Chen, M. D., House, J. S., Hopkins, K.,&Slaten, E.(1996). The effect of socialrelationships on psychological well-being: Are men and women really so different?. Americansociological review,61(5),837-857.
Vaara, E., Sarala, R., Stahl, G. K.,&Bj rkman, I.(2012). The impact of organizational and nationalcultural differences on social conflict and knowledge transfer in international acquisitions.Journal of Management Studies,49(1),1-27.
Vaccaro, A., Veloso, F.,&Brusoni, S.(2009). The impact of virtual technologies on knowledge-basedprocesses: An empirical study. Research Policy,38(8),1278-1287.
Vukov, J., Szabó, G.,&Szolnoki, A.(2006). Cooperation in the noisy case: Prisoner’s dilemma gameon two types of regular random graphs. Physical Review E,73(6),067103.
Vukov, J., Szabó, G.,&Szolnoki, A.(2008). Evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma game on Newman-Wattsnetworks. Physical Review E,77(2),026109.
Wang, P.,&Watts, A.(2006). Formation of buyer‐seller trade networks in a quality‐differentiatedproduct market. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique,39(3),971-1004.
Wang, W. X., Ren, J., Chen, G.,&Wang, B. H.(2006). Memory-based snowdrift game on networks.Physical Review E,74(5),056113.
Wang, X.(2013). Forming mechanisms and structures of a knowledge transfer network: theoretical andsimulation research. Journal of Knowledge Management,17(2),278-289.
Wasserman, S.,&Faust, K.(1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol.8).Cambridge university press.
Watts, D. J.(2004). The "new" science of networks. Annual review of sociology,243-270.
Watts, D. J.,&Strogatz, S. H.(1998). Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks. Nature,393(6684),440-442.
Weick, K. E.(1979). The Social Psychology of Organizing.2d ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Wellman, B.(1988). The community question re-evaluated. In M. P.Smith (Ed.), Power, communityand the city (pp.81-107). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Wenger, E., McDermott, R. A.,&Snyder, W. M.(2002). Cultivating communities of practice: A guideto managing knowledge. Harvard Business Press.
White, H. C., Boorman, S. A.,&Breiger, R. L.(1976). Social structure from multiple networks. I.Blockmodels of roles and positions. American journal of sociology,730-780.
Wijnhoven, F.(1998). Knowledge logistics in business contexts: analyzing and diagnosing knowledgesharing by logistics concepts. Knowledge and Process Management,5(3),143-157.
Wilson, S., Liber, O., Johnson, M., Beauvoir, P., Sharples, P.,&Milligan, C.(2007). Personal LearningEnvironments: Challenging the dominant design of educational systems. Journal of e-Learningand Knowledge Society,3(2),27-38.
Wu, L. Y.,&Wang, C. J.(2007). Transforming resources to improve performance of technology-basedfirms: A Taiwanese Empirical Study Original Research Article. Journal of Engineering andTechnology Management,24(3),251-261.
Wu, Z. X., Xu, X. J., Chen, Y.,&Wang, Y. H.(2005). Spatial prisoner’s dilemma game withvolunteering in Newman-Watts small-world networks. Physical Review E,71(3),037103.
Wu, Z. X., Xu, X. J., Huang, Z. G., Wang, S. J.,&Wang, Y. H.(2006). Evolutionary prisoner’sdilemma game with dynamic preferential selection. Physical Review E,74(2),021107.
Zander, U.,&Kogut, B.(1995). Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation oforganizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization science,6(1),76-92.
Zhang, G., Xu, Q.,&Liu, X.(2011). Knowledge diffusion within the Datang sock-manufacturingcluster in China. Regional Studies,45(7),977-996.