中美高速公路运输比较研究
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摘要
高速公路是综合运输网络中的骨干和动脉,对提高人民生活水平和促进经济增长都有重要作用。目前,我国高速公路已经基本连片成网,里程居世界第二位,高速公路里程和路网面积密度都接近美国水平,公众期望了解与美国相媲美的我国高速公路网络是否在运输产出方面也可与美国相比拟。本文通过中美高速公路运输的比较分析深化了对我国高速公路运输产出与特征的认识,同时也分析了美国高速公路运输状况。
由于中美两国高速公路运输数据来源有巨大差异,本文首先对美国与中国高速公路运输数据的来源进行了分析与比较。美国高速公路运输数据主要来源于家庭出行调查和商品流动调查,本文对美国家庭出行调查与商品流动调查进行了深入剖析,分析了其优缺点,对美国客货运数据来源进行了评价；对于获取美国州际公路网上交通量数据的公路性能监控系统和获取货运数据的国家货运分析框架也进行了阐述,分析了其中可能存在的误差。
我国高速公路运输数据来源于高速公路运输量调查,该调查通过对高速公路收费数据库的全面调查结合路上抽样调查获取高速公路运输数据,在分析我国高速公路运输统计方法后,本文对中美高速公路与铁路运输数据来源进行了比较研究。通过比较发现运输数据来源的差异在于来源渠道、调查方式、调查对象和调查内容等。
根据我国高速公路运输量调查方法收集到的客货运输与车辆运行数据,以及来源于不同渠道的美国高速公路运输相关数据,对中美两国高速公路上运输状况进行对比,掌握了我国高速公路上客货运输特性,认为我国高速公路运输最大的特征在于货车比重大,客运的特点在于群体性出行比重大。同时,通过我国高速公路与铁路运输的对比,以及中美公铁运输的对比,分析了我国高速公路与铁路的客货运市场分工,对于我国高速公路与铁路运输发展趋势进行了判断。
最后,本文提出了高速公路运输统计的制度化建议。认为应将高速公路运输统计纳入国家公路运输统计体系中,并委托专门机构开展全国层面的统计,在运输统计内容上,还可以在客货运OD、货物分类与价值量、运输可靠性数据等方面进一步深入。
Freeway network is the backbone and artery of comprehensive transport network. It has an important role in raising the living standard and promoting economic growth. Now China's freeway has been linking into a network. Its mileage ranked second in the world. The mileage and the network density of China's freeway network are close to U.S. levels, so the public want to know if the transport output of China's freeway network is also can be compared with the United States freeway network. This paper aims to do a comparative analysis between U.S. and China freeway transportation to better understand freeway transport output and characteristics of our country, but also to better understand the status of the U.S. freeway transportation.
Since freeway transportation data sources of two countries have great difference, the freeway transport data sources of United States and China were analyzed and compared firstly. U.S. freeway transport data mainly derived from National Household Travel Survey and Commodity Flow Survey. National Household Travel Survey and Commodity Flow Survey were analyzed in detail; especially their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. The data sources of U.S. passenger and freight transportation of were evaluated. Highway Performance Monitoring System and Freight Analysis Framework, which were the main source of traffic data and freight data on the Interstate Highway System respectively, were also expounded. In particular, sample errors and non-sample errors that may exist were pointed out.
Transportation data of China's freeway network is derived from China Freeway Transportation Survey. This survey gets transportation data through a complete survey of freeway toll data system, combining with sample survey on road. Based on transportation data collection methods analysis of the two countries, the differences in transportation data collection were compared. Differences were mainly in data sources, survey methods, survey respondents, and survey contents.
According to transport data and vehicle operating data from transportation survey methods of two counties, transportation status on freeway network of two countries was compared, and the characteristics of passenger and cargo transportation on our country's freeway network were identified. A main characteristic of China's freeway transportation is the large proportion of trucks. Meanwhile, through comparison of freeway and rail transport between China and United States, the division of freeway and railway transport was analyzed, and trends of China's freeway and railway transport were predicted in this paper.
Finally, institutionalization suggestions of freeway transport statistics in China were proposed. That the freeway transport statistics should be included in the national road transport statistics system, and specialized agencies should be entrusted to carry out the national level statistics. From the content of transport statistics, further researches should be done on Origin-and-Destination data of passenger and freight, value and classification data of freight, transport reliability data, and so on.
由于中美两国高速公路运输数据来源有巨大差异,本文首先对美国与中国高速公路运输数据的来源进行了分析与比较。美国高速公路运输数据主要来源于家庭出行调查和商品流动调查,本文对美国家庭出行调查与商品流动调查进行了深入剖析,分析了其优缺点,对美国客货运数据来源进行了评价；对于获取美国州际公路网上交通量数据的公路性能监控系统和获取货运数据的国家货运分析框架也进行了阐述,分析了其中可能存在的误差。
我国高速公路运输数据来源于高速公路运输量调查,该调查通过对高速公路收费数据库的全面调查结合路上抽样调查获取高速公路运输数据,在分析我国高速公路运输统计方法后,本文对中美高速公路与铁路运输数据来源进行了比较研究。通过比较发现运输数据来源的差异在于来源渠道、调查方式、调查对象和调查内容等。
根据我国高速公路运输量调查方法收集到的客货运输与车辆运行数据,以及来源于不同渠道的美国高速公路运输相关数据,对中美两国高速公路上运输状况进行对比,掌握了我国高速公路上客货运输特性,认为我国高速公路运输最大的特征在于货车比重大,客运的特点在于群体性出行比重大。同时,通过我国高速公路与铁路运输的对比,以及中美公铁运输的对比,分析了我国高速公路与铁路的客货运市场分工,对于我国高速公路与铁路运输发展趋势进行了判断。
最后,本文提出了高速公路运输统计的制度化建议。认为应将高速公路运输统计纳入国家公路运输统计体系中,并委托专门机构开展全国层面的统计,在运输统计内容上,还可以在客货运OD、货物分类与价值量、运输可靠性数据等方面进一步深入。
Freeway network is the backbone and artery of comprehensive transport network. It has an important role in raising the living standard and promoting economic growth. Now China's freeway has been linking into a network. Its mileage ranked second in the world. The mileage and the network density of China's freeway network are close to U.S. levels, so the public want to know if the transport output of China's freeway network is also can be compared with the United States freeway network. This paper aims to do a comparative analysis between U.S. and China freeway transportation to better understand freeway transport output and characteristics of our country, but also to better understand the status of the U.S. freeway transportation.
Since freeway transportation data sources of two countries have great difference, the freeway transport data sources of United States and China were analyzed and compared firstly. U.S. freeway transport data mainly derived from National Household Travel Survey and Commodity Flow Survey. National Household Travel Survey and Commodity Flow Survey were analyzed in detail; especially their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. The data sources of U.S. passenger and freight transportation of were evaluated. Highway Performance Monitoring System and Freight Analysis Framework, which were the main source of traffic data and freight data on the Interstate Highway System respectively, were also expounded. In particular, sample errors and non-sample errors that may exist were pointed out.
Transportation data of China's freeway network is derived from China Freeway Transportation Survey. This survey gets transportation data through a complete survey of freeway toll data system, combining with sample survey on road. Based on transportation data collection methods analysis of the two countries, the differences in transportation data collection were compared. Differences were mainly in data sources, survey methods, survey respondents, and survey contents.
According to transport data and vehicle operating data from transportation survey methods of two counties, transportation status on freeway network of two countries was compared, and the characteristics of passenger and cargo transportation on our country's freeway network were identified. A main characteristic of China's freeway transportation is the large proportion of trucks. Meanwhile, through comparison of freeway and rail transport between China and United States, the division of freeway and railway transport was analyzed, and trends of China's freeway and railway transport were predicted in this paper.
Finally, institutionalization suggestions of freeway transport statistics in China were proposed. That the freeway transport statistics should be included in the national road transport statistics system, and specialized agencies should be entrusted to carry out the national level statistics. From the content of transport statistics, further researches should be done on Origin-and-Destination data of passenger and freight, value and classification data of freight, transport reliability data, and so on.
引文
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