中上扬子上元古界—中生界碎屑锆石年代学研究
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摘要
我们对大陆地壳演化过程的了解，在很大程度上依赖于出露地表的各类岩石形成时代的认识，而这方面的认识常常受到多种因素的限制。沉积岩中的碎屑锆石来自于其物源区出露的各种岩石中锆石的混合，因而提供了认识地质历史时期大陆地壳表层平均年龄组成、了解地壳生长与改造和恢复构造—古地理格局的极佳对象。本文对中扬子及邻区的新元古界南华系、志留系、泥盆系、三叠系和侏罗系典型沉积剖面进行了较系统的岩相学、地球化学和LA-ICPMS和SHRIMP碎屑锆石年代学研究，分析了这些沉积物及其中碎屑锆石的来源，并以此探讨了扬子地块的基底年龄组成和构造转折时期的古地理格局。文章取得的主要认识或发现的问题如下：
1．各时期沉积岩中碎屑锆石形貌和阴极发光特征指示其绝大多数为岩浆成因，但锆石微量元素特征与典型花岗岩锆石有明显差异。不同位置、不同时代地层中的碎屑锆石大多数来自于岩浆岩：它们具有典型的振荡环带，轻稀土元素相对亏损，重稀土元素强烈富集，具有明显的Eu负异常和Ce正异常，Th／U比值一般大于0.3。所有的锆石具有一致的特征，因而稀土元素和Th／U比值都难以成为有效的沉积物源判别指标。另一方面，绝大多数碎屑锆石的轻稀土和总稀土含量分别为70 ppm和723 ppm，均明显低于前人提出的花岗岩中锆石的平均含量(分别为207 ppm和1800 ppm)，而由于花岗岩是提供锆石的最主要源区，而在沉积和成岩过程中发生了轻／重稀土元素分馏的可能性不大，因此一些花岗岩中锆石的轻稀土过量可能不具有普遍意义，而本文的大量碎屑锆石微量元素数据更能代表地壳各种岩石中锆石的微量元素组成。
2．通过最年轻的碎屑锆石限定地层的时代通常可获得具有实际意义的结果，提供的地层时代下限一般与实际情况相差在50Ma以内。鄂东南南华系莲沱组为787±13 Ma；鄂东南上志留统中最年轻的谐和锆石为427±5 Ma，与该套地层底界时代仅相差4 Ma，与生物地层资料一致；鄂北宜城中泥盆统云台观组石英砂岩中最年轻的谐和锆石年龄为411±7Ma，鄂东南崇阳五通组石英砂岩最年轻的谐和锆石为423±4 Ma，两者分别比其已知的沉积时代老30～40 Ma和50～70 Ma；对中生代砂岩中的最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄与其地层底界时代的对比显示，两者差距变化于2～50 Ma之间，总的来说比较一致：萍乐盆地上三叠统安源组最年轻的谐和锆石为253±7 Ma，与该组底界(221 Ma)相差32Ma；江汉盆地上三叠统鸡公山组216±2 Ma，与该组底界(～207Ma)相差～10Ma；沅麻盆地上三叠统小江口组砂岩最年轻的谐和锆石年龄为256±2 Ma，与该组底界(～207 Ma)相差～50Ma；四川盆地上三叠统须家河组两件样品中最年轻的谐和锆石分别为244±7 Ma和234±6 Ma，与该组底界(～210 Ma)分别相差～35Ma和25 Ma；下侏罗统桐竹园组最年轻的谐和锆石为207±2 Ma，与该组底界(～205 Ma)基本一致。以上对比表明，绝大多数的砂岩中最谐和的碎屑锆石年龄与地层底界的时代差距在50Ma以内，这种对于较年轻地层时代限定的意义在一定程度上可能受到制约，但对于缺少化石的前寒武系岩石来说是完全可以满意的。
3．扬子地块内部鄂西—鄂东南地区的南华系碎屑锆石年龄分布可限定扬子地块基底形成的主要时期为～2500Ma、～2000Ma和～800Ma，并对各时期基底相对发育程度提供大致的制约；而扬子北缘和西缘元古界中广泛分布的1100～900Ma的碎屑锆石年龄与扬子地块周缘在中—新元古代时期的强烈岩浆活动和地块增生一致。元古界碎屑锆石年代学揭示了扬子地块的基底的演化过程，即由内部的新太古代—古元古代基底和周缘的中—新元古代增生地体组成，显示了逐渐向外生长扩展的特点。分述如下：(1)鄂东南通山和鄂西峡东地区的莲沱组中的碎屑锆石年龄集中分布于～2500Ma、～2000Ma和～800Ma，在更晚期的古城组和南沱组冰碛岩中也呈现类似的年龄分布模式，在一定的时间和空间范围内，碎屑锆石组成显示高度的一致性，说明了在该地区相当大的范围内出露地表的岩石主要为2500Ma、2000Ma和700～800Ma。莲沱组碎屑锆石年龄分布特征可以大致代表中扬子地块(甚至整个扬子地块)中浅层次基底的年龄组成及其相对比例，即新元古代物质占16％，古元古代物质占23％，新太古代物质占61％。尽管扬子地块中存在～2900Ma的结晶岩石以及更老的年龄信息，但其在元古界碎屑岩中的并未构成主要组分，根据统计学规律，其所占比例应小于4％。这一年龄组成模式与安徽铜陵地区的中生代石英闪长岩中继承锆石和扬子地块几个地区元古宙钾镁煌斑岩中锆石捕虏晶的年龄分布基本一致，表明扬子地块深部基底年龄组成与沉积岩中来自曾经出露于地表的基底年龄组成一样。(2)扬子北缘、西缘和邻区元古界中不同程度的出现1600～900Ma的锆石，特别是1100～900Ma的年龄信息广泛出现于秦岭—大别、胶东、华夏甚至昆仑山，与扬子地块内部元古界碎屑锆石年龄分布完全不一致，表明在这些沉积物源区中—新元古代岩石的普遍存在。这些中元古代—新元古代早期碎屑锆石与这些地区同时期岩浆岩的广泛分布一致，可能形成于1100～900Ma期间扬子周缘广泛发育的岩浆作用、地体增生过程以及相关的沉积作用。
4．萍乐盆地、江汉盆地、四川盆地和松潘—甘孜盆地中的早中生代砂岩碎屑锆石年龄分布与扬子地块古生界和元古界沉积岩截然不同，而以广泛出现1900～1800Ma的锆石为特征，其物源最可能来自华夏地块北部的武夷地块中的古元古代基底岩石及其衍生物，结合岩相学资料推测当时的华南地理格局为东高西低，存在一条自东向西横贯华南大陆的大型河流体系，将来自华夏地块的碎屑物质向西搬运。各盆地早中生代砂岩碎屑锆石分布特征如下：(1)萍乐盆地上三叠统安源组砂岩和江汉盆地鸡公山组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄分布呈现非常突出的单峰式分布特征，2000～1700Ma年龄组占总数的分别占58％和56％，其中绝大多数的年龄又分布于1900～1800Ma之间。对扬子地块及其边缘地区的结晶基底和碎屑锆石年龄组成的综合分析表明，这些呈单峰分布的1900～1800Ma的锆石不可能来自扬子地块，包括扬子地块内部、秦岭—大别造山带以及江南造山带，因为一方面1900～1800Ma的基底年龄信息与广泛分布的新元古代岩石相比实在太少；另一方面在扬子地块内部或北缘地区早期的沉积岩中，无论是元古界还是古生界碎屑沉积物中都很少出现1900～1800Ma的年龄组，而这些锆石在三叠系碎屑岩中的突然出现并且同时广泛出现于扬子内部、边缘甚至外部的盆地中，这种现象只有用外来的物源进行解释才较合理；华北克拉通的各个地块均形成于新太古代前，直接来自华北克拉通或者再旋回的碎屑物质至少应该包含较多的太古宙年龄组分，因此也不可能是这些单峰分布的1900～1800Ma锆石的主要物源区；而华夏地块东北部浙闽一带(武夷地块)是唯一的年龄分布以2000～1700Ma年龄组占优势的地区，因而是其最可能的物源区，而对萍乐盆地上三叠统—侏罗系的沉积相和古水流分析表明，古水流一直指向W-SW，支持物源来自东侧华夏地块的推断。(2)四川盆地3件早中生代样品也给出了相似的年龄组成，但多了～2500Ma的组分，显示它们来自于和萍乐盆地安源组砂岩和江汉盆地鸡公山组相似的物源区，但有部分来自扬子地块的物质加入，这表明当时中、上扬子盆地可能是连通的，与古水流方向研究结果一致；在四川盆地以西的松潘—甘孜三叠系复理石中同样含有大量1900～1800Ma的碎屑锆石，由于在扬子地块找不到可以匹配的年龄，具有这些年龄的锆石以前均被解释为来自华北克拉通，但这些特征与扬子地块的中生界沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄分布则可以很好地对比，表明它们很可能也来源于华夏地块。(3)这些点滴的资料暗示了早中生代时一条横贯华南大陆自东向西的大型河流体系的存在，它连接了江汉盆地、四川盆地和松潘—甘孜盆地，将来自华夏地块的碎屑物质源源不断地向西搬运。
5．综合碎屑锆石年代学资料和已有研究成果揭示扬子地块和华夏地块可能都广泛存在古元古代的地质事件，但其性质存在明显差异：扬子地块以2100～2000Ma的岩浆事件和2000～1900Ma变质作用为特征，前者可能与碰撞前的洋—陆俯冲消减作用有关，而后者可能代表了扬子地块北缘的一次弧—陆碰撞造山事件；华夏地块存在1900～1800Ma的强烈岩浆事件，这次事件可能导致了华夏地块最早的大规模基底的形成。它们可能都属于Columbia超级大陆体系的一部分，但处于不同位置，因而具有不同的演化历史。
Our knowledge on the evolution of the continental crust relies heavily on the understandingof the formation age of various types of rocks that are exposed to the surface of the Earth. That,however, is frequently hampered by a variety of geological factors. Detrital zircons preserved inclastic rocks are a mixture of zircons derived from various source rocks, and thus provide us withan ideal way to study the average age composition of the continental crust, to understand thegrowth and modification of continents and to reconstruct paleogeography of the past Earth. Inthis paper we present results of petrographic, geochemical and LA-ICPMS detrital zircongeochronological study on representative profiles of the Nanhua, Silurian, Devonian, Triassic andJurassic systems in the Mid-Yangtze and sedimentary provenance analysis in an attempt to probeinto the age composition of the Yangtze basement and paleogeography during periods of tectonicregime transition.
Detrital zircons from the Yangtze sediments are largely of magmatic origin, as indicated bytypical oscillatory zoning, depletion of light rare earth elements (REEs) and enrichment of heavyREEs and significant negative Eu anomaly and positive Ce anomaly, with Th/U ratios mostly＞0.3. The uniform characters argue against trace element as a viable sedimentary provenanceindicator. Nevertheless, light REEs and total REE contents of these zircons average at 70 ppmand 723 ppm, respectively, and are surprisingly lower than those of zircons from granitoids (207ppm and 1800 ppm, respectively) reported in literature. If the REE composition of zircons fromgranitoids is universal, this difference requires that LREE/HREE fractionation have happenedduring deposition and diagenesis as granitoids are the major source of detrital zircons. However,this interpretation is not viable because zircons are highly stable mineral that are unlikely toundergo REE fractionation during sedimentary processes. Therefore, the previously reportedchemical characteristics of zircons from granitoids may not be representative, whereas detritalzircon REE composition presented in this work is a more reasonable estimation for crustal zirconcomposition.
Proterozoic successions from different localities display distinct zircon age patterns. Thosefrom W Hubei-SE Hubei regions consistently show prominent peaks at～2500 Ma、～2000Ma and～800 Ma, this age pattern is interpreted to represent the shallow basement of theMid-Yangtze region in the context of paleogeographical background and geochronological dataof inherited zircon from the granitoids that formed in the Yangtze craton. Therefore, the YangtzeBlock is composed of 16％Neoproterozoic (～800 Ma) rocks, 23％Paleoproterozoic (～2000Ma)rocks and 61％Neoarchean (2500～2400 Ma) rocks. In contrast, Proterozoic successionsfrom the northern and western margin of the Yangtze Block are characterized by much youngerage populations, such as the 1600～900 Ma one, in particular the universal presence of 1100～900 Ma zircons. They also lack～2000 Ma and～2500 Ma age populations. These age patternsare consistent with the wide occurrence of coeval magmatic rocks and support the existence ofextensive oceanic subduction and arc-magmatism all around the Yangtze Block during the Late Mesoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic.
The Upper Triassic sandstones from the Pingle and Jianghan basins show unimodal agepatterns with prominent peak at 1900～1800 Ma, which match that of the Cathaysia Block, thenorthern portion of the Cathaysia, and are distinct from that of the Yangtze Block. The NorthChina Craton is also not a viable source as it contains abundant Archean basement rocks.Derivation from the Cathaysia Block is most favorable, and is supported by paleocurrent studies.Besides the presence of～2500 Ma and Paleozoic age population, the Late Triassic-EarlyJurassic sandstones from the Sichuan Basin also contain abundant 1900～1800 Ma zircons,which are not available from either the interior of Yangtze Block or the Qinling-Dabie Orogen,and are close to those of the Triassic Pingle and Jianghan sediments, point to partial derivationfrom Cathaysia. In the Triassic flysch from the Songpan-Ganzi basin, West China, a prominent1900～1800 Ma age peak is also present, suggest that the sediments might also have beensourced by the Cathaysia Block. This requires a westward draining trans-continental fluvialsystem, which is more than 1000 km long. The abrupt occurrence of these Cathaysian zircons inthe interior, marginal and even the outside of the Yangtze Block imply that the Cathaysia blockhave been rapidly uplifted, probably as a result of the oblique collision starting from the east.Detritus shed from the Cathaysia Block was transported along the continental margin of theSouth China Block across the Jianghan and Sichuan basins and finally reached theSongpan-Ganzi remnant basin.
In combination with published geochronological data in South China, detrital zircongeochronology reveals the universal presence of Paleoproterozoic events in both the Yangtze andthe Cathaysia blocks that are correlated with different tectonic setting. Paleoproterozoic events inthe Yangtze block are characterized by a 2100～2000Ma magmatic event and a 2000～1900Mametamorphic event, with the former probably associated with ocean-continent subduction and thelatter with subsequent arc-continent collision and orogeny in the northern margin of the Yangtzeblock. The Cathaysia block has underwent intensive magmatism during the period of 1900～1800Ma, which might have led to the formation of the oldest continental crust. Although both theYangtze and the Cathaysia blocks are likely part of the Columbia supercontinent, they havedifferent evolutionary history.
1．各时期沉积岩中碎屑锆石形貌和阴极发光特征指示其绝大多数为岩浆成因，但锆石微量元素特征与典型花岗岩锆石有明显差异。不同位置、不同时代地层中的碎屑锆石大多数来自于岩浆岩：它们具有典型的振荡环带，轻稀土元素相对亏损，重稀土元素强烈富集，具有明显的Eu负异常和Ce正异常，Th／U比值一般大于0.3。所有的锆石具有一致的特征，因而稀土元素和Th／U比值都难以成为有效的沉积物源判别指标。另一方面，绝大多数碎屑锆石的轻稀土和总稀土含量分别为70 ppm和723 ppm，均明显低于前人提出的花岗岩中锆石的平均含量(分别为207 ppm和1800 ppm)，而由于花岗岩是提供锆石的最主要源区，而在沉积和成岩过程中发生了轻／重稀土元素分馏的可能性不大，因此一些花岗岩中锆石的轻稀土过量可能不具有普遍意义，而本文的大量碎屑锆石微量元素数据更能代表地壳各种岩石中锆石的微量元素组成。
2．通过最年轻的碎屑锆石限定地层的时代通常可获得具有实际意义的结果，提供的地层时代下限一般与实际情况相差在50Ma以内。鄂东南南华系莲沱组为787±13 Ma；鄂东南上志留统中最年轻的谐和锆石为427±5 Ma，与该套地层底界时代仅相差4 Ma，与生物地层资料一致；鄂北宜城中泥盆统云台观组石英砂岩中最年轻的谐和锆石年龄为411±7Ma，鄂东南崇阳五通组石英砂岩最年轻的谐和锆石为423±4 Ma，两者分别比其已知的沉积时代老30～40 Ma和50～70 Ma；对中生代砂岩中的最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄与其地层底界时代的对比显示，两者差距变化于2～50 Ma之间，总的来说比较一致：萍乐盆地上三叠统安源组最年轻的谐和锆石为253±7 Ma，与该组底界(221 Ma)相差32Ma；江汉盆地上三叠统鸡公山组216±2 Ma，与该组底界(～207Ma)相差～10Ma；沅麻盆地上三叠统小江口组砂岩最年轻的谐和锆石年龄为256±2 Ma，与该组底界(～207 Ma)相差～50Ma；四川盆地上三叠统须家河组两件样品中最年轻的谐和锆石分别为244±7 Ma和234±6 Ma，与该组底界(～210 Ma)分别相差～35Ma和25 Ma；下侏罗统桐竹园组最年轻的谐和锆石为207±2 Ma，与该组底界(～205 Ma)基本一致。以上对比表明，绝大多数的砂岩中最谐和的碎屑锆石年龄与地层底界的时代差距在50Ma以内，这种对于较年轻地层时代限定的意义在一定程度上可能受到制约，但对于缺少化石的前寒武系岩石来说是完全可以满意的。
3．扬子地块内部鄂西—鄂东南地区的南华系碎屑锆石年龄分布可限定扬子地块基底形成的主要时期为～2500Ma、～2000Ma和～800Ma，并对各时期基底相对发育程度提供大致的制约；而扬子北缘和西缘元古界中广泛分布的1100～900Ma的碎屑锆石年龄与扬子地块周缘在中—新元古代时期的强烈岩浆活动和地块增生一致。元古界碎屑锆石年代学揭示了扬子地块的基底的演化过程，即由内部的新太古代—古元古代基底和周缘的中—新元古代增生地体组成，显示了逐渐向外生长扩展的特点。分述如下：(1)鄂东南通山和鄂西峡东地区的莲沱组中的碎屑锆石年龄集中分布于～2500Ma、～2000Ma和～800Ma，在更晚期的古城组和南沱组冰碛岩中也呈现类似的年龄分布模式，在一定的时间和空间范围内，碎屑锆石组成显示高度的一致性，说明了在该地区相当大的范围内出露地表的岩石主要为2500Ma、2000Ma和700～800Ma。莲沱组碎屑锆石年龄分布特征可以大致代表中扬子地块(甚至整个扬子地块)中浅层次基底的年龄组成及其相对比例，即新元古代物质占16％，古元古代物质占23％，新太古代物质占61％。尽管扬子地块中存在～2900Ma的结晶岩石以及更老的年龄信息，但其在元古界碎屑岩中的并未构成主要组分，根据统计学规律，其所占比例应小于4％。这一年龄组成模式与安徽铜陵地区的中生代石英闪长岩中继承锆石和扬子地块几个地区元古宙钾镁煌斑岩中锆石捕虏晶的年龄分布基本一致，表明扬子地块深部基底年龄组成与沉积岩中来自曾经出露于地表的基底年龄组成一样。(2)扬子北缘、西缘和邻区元古界中不同程度的出现1600～900Ma的锆石，特别是1100～900Ma的年龄信息广泛出现于秦岭—大别、胶东、华夏甚至昆仑山，与扬子地块内部元古界碎屑锆石年龄分布完全不一致，表明在这些沉积物源区中—新元古代岩石的普遍存在。这些中元古代—新元古代早期碎屑锆石与这些地区同时期岩浆岩的广泛分布一致，可能形成于1100～900Ma期间扬子周缘广泛发育的岩浆作用、地体增生过程以及相关的沉积作用。
4．萍乐盆地、江汉盆地、四川盆地和松潘—甘孜盆地中的早中生代砂岩碎屑锆石年龄分布与扬子地块古生界和元古界沉积岩截然不同，而以广泛出现1900～1800Ma的锆石为特征，其物源最可能来自华夏地块北部的武夷地块中的古元古代基底岩石及其衍生物，结合岩相学资料推测当时的华南地理格局为东高西低，存在一条自东向西横贯华南大陆的大型河流体系，将来自华夏地块的碎屑物质向西搬运。各盆地早中生代砂岩碎屑锆石分布特征如下：(1)萍乐盆地上三叠统安源组砂岩和江汉盆地鸡公山组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄分布呈现非常突出的单峰式分布特征，2000～1700Ma年龄组占总数的分别占58％和56％，其中绝大多数的年龄又分布于1900～1800Ma之间。对扬子地块及其边缘地区的结晶基底和碎屑锆石年龄组成的综合分析表明，这些呈单峰分布的1900～1800Ma的锆石不可能来自扬子地块，包括扬子地块内部、秦岭—大别造山带以及江南造山带，因为一方面1900～1800Ma的基底年龄信息与广泛分布的新元古代岩石相比实在太少；另一方面在扬子地块内部或北缘地区早期的沉积岩中，无论是元古界还是古生界碎屑沉积物中都很少出现1900～1800Ma的年龄组，而这些锆石在三叠系碎屑岩中的突然出现并且同时广泛出现于扬子内部、边缘甚至外部的盆地中，这种现象只有用外来的物源进行解释才较合理；华北克拉通的各个地块均形成于新太古代前，直接来自华北克拉通或者再旋回的碎屑物质至少应该包含较多的太古宙年龄组分，因此也不可能是这些单峰分布的1900～1800Ma锆石的主要物源区；而华夏地块东北部浙闽一带(武夷地块)是唯一的年龄分布以2000～1700Ma年龄组占优势的地区，因而是其最可能的物源区，而对萍乐盆地上三叠统—侏罗系的沉积相和古水流分析表明，古水流一直指向W-SW，支持物源来自东侧华夏地块的推断。(2)四川盆地3件早中生代样品也给出了相似的年龄组成，但多了～2500Ma的组分，显示它们来自于和萍乐盆地安源组砂岩和江汉盆地鸡公山组相似的物源区，但有部分来自扬子地块的物质加入，这表明当时中、上扬子盆地可能是连通的，与古水流方向研究结果一致；在四川盆地以西的松潘—甘孜三叠系复理石中同样含有大量1900～1800Ma的碎屑锆石，由于在扬子地块找不到可以匹配的年龄，具有这些年龄的锆石以前均被解释为来自华北克拉通，但这些特征与扬子地块的中生界沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄分布则可以很好地对比，表明它们很可能也来源于华夏地块。(3)这些点滴的资料暗示了早中生代时一条横贯华南大陆自东向西的大型河流体系的存在，它连接了江汉盆地、四川盆地和松潘—甘孜盆地，将来自华夏地块的碎屑物质源源不断地向西搬运。
5．综合碎屑锆石年代学资料和已有研究成果揭示扬子地块和华夏地块可能都广泛存在古元古代的地质事件，但其性质存在明显差异：扬子地块以2100～2000Ma的岩浆事件和2000～1900Ma变质作用为特征，前者可能与碰撞前的洋—陆俯冲消减作用有关，而后者可能代表了扬子地块北缘的一次弧—陆碰撞造山事件；华夏地块存在1900～1800Ma的强烈岩浆事件，这次事件可能导致了华夏地块最早的大规模基底的形成。它们可能都属于Columbia超级大陆体系的一部分，但处于不同位置，因而具有不同的演化历史。
Our knowledge on the evolution of the continental crust relies heavily on the understandingof the formation age of various types of rocks that are exposed to the surface of the Earth. That,however, is frequently hampered by a variety of geological factors. Detrital zircons preserved inclastic rocks are a mixture of zircons derived from various source rocks, and thus provide us withan ideal way to study the average age composition of the continental crust, to understand thegrowth and modification of continents and to reconstruct paleogeography of the past Earth. Inthis paper we present results of petrographic, geochemical and LA-ICPMS detrital zircongeochronological study on representative profiles of the Nanhua, Silurian, Devonian, Triassic andJurassic systems in the Mid-Yangtze and sedimentary provenance analysis in an attempt to probeinto the age composition of the Yangtze basement and paleogeography during periods of tectonicregime transition.
Detrital zircons from the Yangtze sediments are largely of magmatic origin, as indicated bytypical oscillatory zoning, depletion of light rare earth elements (REEs) and enrichment of heavyREEs and significant negative Eu anomaly and positive Ce anomaly, with Th/U ratios mostly＞0.3. The uniform characters argue against trace element as a viable sedimentary provenanceindicator. Nevertheless, light REEs and total REE contents of these zircons average at 70 ppmand 723 ppm, respectively, and are surprisingly lower than those of zircons from granitoids (207ppm and 1800 ppm, respectively) reported in literature. If the REE composition of zircons fromgranitoids is universal, this difference requires that LREE/HREE fractionation have happenedduring deposition and diagenesis as granitoids are the major source of detrital zircons. However,this interpretation is not viable because zircons are highly stable mineral that are unlikely toundergo REE fractionation during sedimentary processes. Therefore, the previously reportedchemical characteristics of zircons from granitoids may not be representative, whereas detritalzircon REE composition presented in this work is a more reasonable estimation for crustal zirconcomposition.
Proterozoic successions from different localities display distinct zircon age patterns. Thosefrom W Hubei-SE Hubei regions consistently show prominent peaks at～2500 Ma、～2000Ma and～800 Ma, this age pattern is interpreted to represent the shallow basement of theMid-Yangtze region in the context of paleogeographical background and geochronological dataof inherited zircon from the granitoids that formed in the Yangtze craton. Therefore, the YangtzeBlock is composed of 16％Neoproterozoic (～800 Ma) rocks, 23％Paleoproterozoic (～2000Ma)rocks and 61％Neoarchean (2500～2400 Ma) rocks. In contrast, Proterozoic successionsfrom the northern and western margin of the Yangtze Block are characterized by much youngerage populations, such as the 1600～900 Ma one, in particular the universal presence of 1100～900 Ma zircons. They also lack～2000 Ma and～2500 Ma age populations. These age patternsare consistent with the wide occurrence of coeval magmatic rocks and support the existence ofextensive oceanic subduction and arc-magmatism all around the Yangtze Block during the Late Mesoproterozoic-Early Neoproterozoic.
The Upper Triassic sandstones from the Pingle and Jianghan basins show unimodal agepatterns with prominent peak at 1900～1800 Ma, which match that of the Cathaysia Block, thenorthern portion of the Cathaysia, and are distinct from that of the Yangtze Block. The NorthChina Craton is also not a viable source as it contains abundant Archean basement rocks.Derivation from the Cathaysia Block is most favorable, and is supported by paleocurrent studies.Besides the presence of～2500 Ma and Paleozoic age population, the Late Triassic-EarlyJurassic sandstones from the Sichuan Basin also contain abundant 1900～1800 Ma zircons,which are not available from either the interior of Yangtze Block or the Qinling-Dabie Orogen,and are close to those of the Triassic Pingle and Jianghan sediments, point to partial derivationfrom Cathaysia. In the Triassic flysch from the Songpan-Ganzi basin, West China, a prominent1900～1800 Ma age peak is also present, suggest that the sediments might also have beensourced by the Cathaysia Block. This requires a westward draining trans-continental fluvialsystem, which is more than 1000 km long. The abrupt occurrence of these Cathaysian zircons inthe interior, marginal and even the outside of the Yangtze Block imply that the Cathaysia blockhave been rapidly uplifted, probably as a result of the oblique collision starting from the east.Detritus shed from the Cathaysia Block was transported along the continental margin of theSouth China Block across the Jianghan and Sichuan basins and finally reached theSongpan-Ganzi remnant basin.
In combination with published geochronological data in South China, detrital zircongeochronology reveals the universal presence of Paleoproterozoic events in both the Yangtze andthe Cathaysia blocks that are correlated with different tectonic setting. Paleoproterozoic events inthe Yangtze block are characterized by a 2100～2000Ma magmatic event and a 2000～1900Mametamorphic event, with the former probably associated with ocean-continent subduction and thelatter with subsequent arc-continent collision and orogeny in the northern margin of the Yangtzeblock. The Cathaysia block has underwent intensive magmatism during the period of 1900～1800Ma, which might have led to the formation of the oldest continental crust. Although both theYangtze and the Cathaysia blocks are likely part of the Columbia supercontinent, they havedifferent evolutionary history.
引文
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