改良品多阶段销售补货模型及其供应链协调策略研究
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摘要
随着经济的不断发展以及科学技术的不断进步，人民生活水平不断提高，消费者的需求趋于多样化、个性化，商品的种类也越来越多。变质品是指随着时间的推移价值降低或者数量减少或效用降低的物品，如牛奶、新鲜蔬菜、鲜花、酒精、汽油、放射性物质以及电子产品等。然而在我们的市场中也存在着随着时间的推移价值增加或者数量增加或者效用增加的物品，例如家禽养殖场中快速生长的鸡、鸭、猪等以及鱼塘中高繁殖率的鱼等，这些物品我们都称之为改良品。虽然改良品的改良过程与变质品的变质过程同样重要，但在变质品及变质品供应链受到高度关注的同时，与其紧密相关的改良品及改良品供应链并没有引起学术界应有的重视和关注。
本文基于改良品的改良特征，研究了在资金约束情况下改良品供应商的多阶段销售和补货策略，同时运用供应链合同研究了几种不同假设下的改良品供应链协调问题。具体工作体现在以下几个方面。
首先，本文研究了一个改良品供应商在资金约束下的多阶段销售补货模型，根据不同的情形建立了4个多阶段改良品销售补货模型，其中后面的2个模型考虑了补货策略。模型不仅考虑了改良作用和资金约束，同时还考虑了订购成本、销售成本、库存成本以及改良成本等其他因素。模型的研究目的是如何使改良品供应商的利润最大化。通过数值算例，说明了该模型的有效性。最后，对相关参数进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对改良品供应商总利润的影响。
其次，研究了固定计划期下改良品供应链收益共享协调策略。给出了零售商采取不允许缺货下的一次订货策略在分散决策时零售商的最优计划期、订货量以及集中决策时的最优计划期、订货量；在零售商分别采取允许缺货下一次订货以及不允许缺货下二次订货两种策略时，分析了分散决策时零售商的最优订货时刻以及集中决策时的最优订货时刻，并分别设计了基于订货时间的收益共享契约，推导出了收益共享系数的满足条件；通过对数值算例分析得出算例中的最优决策是允许缺货下基于收益共享的零售商一次订货策略，并且对改良品供应链的相关参数进行了敏感性分析。
再次，在批量对批量供应模式的假设下，以改良品供应链作为研究对象，研究了分散决策和集中决策下的供应链单位时间总成本，以及改良率与市场需求率对供应链单位时间总成本的影响，分析了数量折扣下改良品供应链的最优订购策略。通过算例分析，发现基于数量折扣的改良品供应链协调策略有效地实现了该类改良品供应链的协调，并对改良品供应链的改良率和市场需求率进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对供应链的影响。
最后，在供应商为获取规模经济降低成本采取一次大批量订货、多批次发货的策略下，以订货周期为决策变量，分析了无数量折扣协作下零售商和供应商的单位时间总成本，以及供应链的单位时间总成本；进一步推导出在数量折扣协作下供应商的单位时间的总成本，针对模型设计相应算法进行求解；通过数值算例表明该数量折扣能够有效降低供应链单位时间总成本，并对改良品供应链的相关参数改良率和市场需求率进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对供应链的影响。
With the continuous development of the economy and the advancement of scienceand technology, the living standard of people has been improved continuously, thedemand of consumers tends to be diversified and personalized, the kinds of goodsbecome more and more. Deteriorating items are those goods that their value or utility orquantity of some commodities decreases with time. Milk, fresh vegetables, flowers,alcohol, gasoline, radioactive chemicals and electronic products are examples ofdeteriorating items. It is also observed in the marketplace that the value or utility orquantity of some commodities increases with time.These items include the fast growinganimals like chicken, duck, pigs, etc. in poultry farm, high breed fishes in pond, etc.These items can be termed as ameliorating items. Amelioration of the amelioratingitems is the same important as the deterioration of the deteriorating items. The topic ofthe deteriorating items and their supply chain has attracted the attentions of more andmore scholars. However, a closely related topic about the ameliorating items and theirsupply chain has never attracted enough academic attention.
This paper, which is based on the characteristics of amelioration of theameliorating items, studies the multi-stage selling-replenishment models for theameliorating items taking account of the funding constraints, then discusses the contractcoordination problem for the different modes of ameliorating items’ supply chains.Specific work as follows:
Firstly, this study develops four multi-stage selling-replenishment models for theameliorating items from the perspective of the supplier. In addition, the replenishment isconsidered in the last two models. The models considered the ameliorating effects andfunding constraints. Moreover, we consider the ordering cost, selling cost, inventoryholding cost and amelioration cost. The aim of those models is used to obtain themaximum total profit of the ameliorating items supplier. The numerical examples aregiven to illustrate that the models is very effective. In order to study how variousparameters affect the optimal solution of the proposed models, sensitivity analysis isalso performed.
Secondly, the revenue sharing contracts for the supply chain of ameliorating itemswith a fixed planning horizon are studied. When the retailer adopts the strategy withunallowable shortages and one order，the optimal planning horizon and the order quantity are given in decentralized decision mode and centralized decision mode. Whenthe retailer respectively adopts the strategy with allowable shortages and one order andthe strategy with unallowable shortages and two order, the optimal order points aregiven in decentralized decision mode and centralized decision mode. The revenuesharing contracts based on the order points for supply chains of ameliorating items aredeveloped and the scopes of the revenue sharing coefficient are deduced. By analysis ofan example, it reveals that the strategy with allowable shortages and one order based onthe revenue sharing contract is the optimal. Sensitivity analysis with respect to theparameters also is performed.
Thirdly, a two-echelon supply chain of ameliorating items under the assumption ofthe lot-for-lot policy is presented. The unit time total costs are given in decentralizeddecision mode and centralized decision mode, and also the impacts of amelioration rateand demand rate on them are given. The coordination problem of the supply chain isstudied. The optimal strategy is achieved with quantity discount provided by thesupplier. The numerical example is given to illustrate that the optimal strategy is veryeffective in improving the coordination of the supply chain. The sensitivity of the totalcost of the supply chain with respect to amelioration rate and demand rate has also beenpresented.
Lastly, suppose that the supplier adopt the strategy with large-scale ordering andlot-splitting in order to reduce the cost through scale economy. Using order cycle as thedecision variable and not considering quantity discount, the unit time total costs of theretailer, the supplier and the supply chain are given respectively. Further, the unit timetotal cost of the supply chain with quantity discount is deduced. And the correspondingalgorithms are designed which are used to derive the solution of the models. Thenumerical example is given to illustrate that the optimal strategy is very effective inimproving the coordination of the supply chain. The sensitivity of the total cost of thesupply chain with respect to demand rate and amelioration rate has also been presented.
本文基于改良品的改良特征，研究了在资金约束情况下改良品供应商的多阶段销售和补货策略，同时运用供应链合同研究了几种不同假设下的改良品供应链协调问题。具体工作体现在以下几个方面。
首先，本文研究了一个改良品供应商在资金约束下的多阶段销售补货模型，根据不同的情形建立了4个多阶段改良品销售补货模型，其中后面的2个模型考虑了补货策略。模型不仅考虑了改良作用和资金约束，同时还考虑了订购成本、销售成本、库存成本以及改良成本等其他因素。模型的研究目的是如何使改良品供应商的利润最大化。通过数值算例，说明了该模型的有效性。最后，对相关参数进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对改良品供应商总利润的影响。
其次，研究了固定计划期下改良品供应链收益共享协调策略。给出了零售商采取不允许缺货下的一次订货策略在分散决策时零售商的最优计划期、订货量以及集中决策时的最优计划期、订货量；在零售商分别采取允许缺货下一次订货以及不允许缺货下二次订货两种策略时，分析了分散决策时零售商的最优订货时刻以及集中决策时的最优订货时刻，并分别设计了基于订货时间的收益共享契约，推导出了收益共享系数的满足条件；通过对数值算例分析得出算例中的最优决策是允许缺货下基于收益共享的零售商一次订货策略，并且对改良品供应链的相关参数进行了敏感性分析。
再次，在批量对批量供应模式的假设下，以改良品供应链作为研究对象，研究了分散决策和集中决策下的供应链单位时间总成本，以及改良率与市场需求率对供应链单位时间总成本的影响，分析了数量折扣下改良品供应链的最优订购策略。通过算例分析，发现基于数量折扣的改良品供应链协调策略有效地实现了该类改良品供应链的协调，并对改良品供应链的改良率和市场需求率进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对供应链的影响。
最后，在供应商为获取规模经济降低成本采取一次大批量订货、多批次发货的策略下，以订货周期为决策变量，分析了无数量折扣协作下零售商和供应商的单位时间总成本，以及供应链的单位时间总成本；进一步推导出在数量折扣协作下供应商的单位时间的总成本，针对模型设计相应算法进行求解；通过数值算例表明该数量折扣能够有效降低供应链单位时间总成本，并对改良品供应链的相关参数改良率和市场需求率进行了敏感性分析，研究了它们对供应链的影响。
With the continuous development of the economy and the advancement of scienceand technology, the living standard of people has been improved continuously, thedemand of consumers tends to be diversified and personalized, the kinds of goodsbecome more and more. Deteriorating items are those goods that their value or utility orquantity of some commodities decreases with time. Milk, fresh vegetables, flowers,alcohol, gasoline, radioactive chemicals and electronic products are examples ofdeteriorating items. It is also observed in the marketplace that the value or utility orquantity of some commodities increases with time.These items include the fast growinganimals like chicken, duck, pigs, etc. in poultry farm, high breed fishes in pond, etc.These items can be termed as ameliorating items. Amelioration of the amelioratingitems is the same important as the deterioration of the deteriorating items. The topic ofthe deteriorating items and their supply chain has attracted the attentions of more andmore scholars. However, a closely related topic about the ameliorating items and theirsupply chain has never attracted enough academic attention.
This paper, which is based on the characteristics of amelioration of theameliorating items, studies the multi-stage selling-replenishment models for theameliorating items taking account of the funding constraints, then discusses the contractcoordination problem for the different modes of ameliorating items’ supply chains.Specific work as follows:
Firstly, this study develops four multi-stage selling-replenishment models for theameliorating items from the perspective of the supplier. In addition, the replenishment isconsidered in the last two models. The models considered the ameliorating effects andfunding constraints. Moreover, we consider the ordering cost, selling cost, inventoryholding cost and amelioration cost. The aim of those models is used to obtain themaximum total profit of the ameliorating items supplier. The numerical examples aregiven to illustrate that the models is very effective. In order to study how variousparameters affect the optimal solution of the proposed models, sensitivity analysis isalso performed.
Secondly, the revenue sharing contracts for the supply chain of ameliorating itemswith a fixed planning horizon are studied. When the retailer adopts the strategy withunallowable shortages and one order，the optimal planning horizon and the order quantity are given in decentralized decision mode and centralized decision mode. Whenthe retailer respectively adopts the strategy with allowable shortages and one order andthe strategy with unallowable shortages and two order, the optimal order points aregiven in decentralized decision mode and centralized decision mode. The revenuesharing contracts based on the order points for supply chains of ameliorating items aredeveloped and the scopes of the revenue sharing coefficient are deduced. By analysis ofan example, it reveals that the strategy with allowable shortages and one order based onthe revenue sharing contract is the optimal. Sensitivity analysis with respect to theparameters also is performed.
Thirdly, a two-echelon supply chain of ameliorating items under the assumption ofthe lot-for-lot policy is presented. The unit time total costs are given in decentralizeddecision mode and centralized decision mode, and also the impacts of amelioration rateand demand rate on them are given. The coordination problem of the supply chain isstudied. The optimal strategy is achieved with quantity discount provided by thesupplier. The numerical example is given to illustrate that the optimal strategy is veryeffective in improving the coordination of the supply chain. The sensitivity of the totalcost of the supply chain with respect to amelioration rate and demand rate has also beenpresented.
Lastly, suppose that the supplier adopt the strategy with large-scale ordering andlot-splitting in order to reduce the cost through scale economy. Using order cycle as thedecision variable and not considering quantity discount, the unit time total costs of theretailer, the supplier and the supply chain are given respectively. Further, the unit timetotal cost of the supply chain with quantity discount is deduced. And the correspondingalgorithms are designed which are used to derive the solution of the models. Thenumerical example is given to illustrate that the optimal strategy is very effective inimproving the coordination of the supply chain. The sensitivity of the total cost of thesupply chain with respect to demand rate and amelioration rate has also been presented.
引文
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