地下矿山人员紧急通讯涵盖信息研究与应用
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摘要
近年来我国地下矿山矿难频发,地下矿山的安全问题已经引起了社会各界的普遍关注。地下矿山的安全问题关系到：矿工的人身和生命安全、公私财产安全,整个社会的繁荣和谐。科技工作者对矿山安全问题已经作了大量的研究和分析,在事故应急救援方面也做了不少工作,而从紧急通讯角度研究的比较少。
研究统计表明,在很多矿山灾害中矿工在事故逃散过程中获得的信息根本就不完整、不确切。为保证信息指令能够原始、真实、全面和有效地传递,有必要对地下矿工传达紧急险情的方式和内容进行研究,以制订简易可行的通讯操作规程。一个有效的通讯会减少混乱,增加决策者的自信心,终止谣言和错误信息,提高救援成功的可能性,从而提高应急救援能力和矿山事故中人员生还机率,最大限度地减少事故及人员财产损失。因此加强地下矿山人员紧急通讯的研究对增强矿山救援决策能力、提高国家应对矿山突发事件的水平具有重大的意义。
本文针对我国地下矿山行业面临的紧急救援中紧急通讯不力,矿井救援不能及时到达的这一难题,通过分析国外提出的紧急通讯三角模型并结合我国地下矿山的特点,提出一套矿井紧急通讯规范化信息。这套规范化信息包括6个基本信息类："who"、"where"、"what"、"miners"、"event'和"response".通过专家打分法,结合模糊评判方法对各信息类的重要度进行评价,得出各信息类的优先级,6类基本信息优先级按先后顺序分别为"where"、"what"、"who"、"event"、"miners"、和"response".并将这套规范化信息作为考核指标应用于地下矿山事故紧急演练,研究地下矿山从业人员在事故紧急演练过程中,发现事故后传递事故信息的过程中发生的信息缺失,冗余,误报的情况,得出样本矿井的紧急通讯水平。按照这套规范化信息对地下矿山从业人员进行安全培训教育。并在培训后对样本矿井进行二次模拟实验,判断样本矿井的紧急通讯的通讯管理水平是否有提高,以验证该套信息的适用性。
实验证明,这套信息对地下矿山紧急通讯水平的提高有一定作用。
In recent years, mining accidents took place frequently in China. And safety problems of underground mine, which related to the lives and safety of miners, public and private property security, harmony and prosperity of society, have aroused widespread attention. Mine safety issues have been made a lot of research and analysis, but research from the perspective of emergency communications is few.
In the rescue process, it's difficult for persons in distress, the communication people underground and the rescue crew ground as well the Rescue Command Center to communicate exactly and rapidly reflect the accident situation effectively, because that underground working conditions and environment is dangerous and complex, mine rescue communications technology and equipment is unenlightened and it's hard for persons in distress to keep normal state to pass the accident message under the time and environmental pressure. To some extent, the relief and rescue command decision-making is affected. Research statistics show that the information obtained from quite a few miners in the evacuation process is disintegrated and imprecise. To ensure that the information instructions could be communicated originally, truthfully, comprehensively and effectively, it's necessary to make research on the methods and content conveyed by the miners underground, so as to develop simple and feasible communication operational procedures. An effective communication will reduce confusion and increase self-confidence of decision makers, end rumors and wrong information, raise the likelihood of success, thereby enhancing the emergency rescue capacity and survivor probability in the mine accident, and minimize personnel casualty and property damage. Therefore, enhance the research on emergency communications of personnel underground mine is imperative. In the rescue process, how to transmit the specific information of emergency to other miners underground, ground relief headquarters and rescue command center real-timely, accurately and efficiently, is quite significant to enhance the decision-making ability and improve the level of national response to mine emergencies.
Research of domestic institutions in the field is quite few. In this paper, in allusion to the key problem of mine emergency communication, a set of standardized information, including 6 basic information aggregates "who", "where", "what", "miners", "event" and "response", was proposed, with the characteristics of underground mines in China combined and analyzing the Triangular model of emergency communications, which was proposed by United States Institute of Security. The important degree of the information aggregate, which was evaluated by expert scoring and fuzzy evaluation method, was sorted and the priority was presented. And the standardized information will be used as evaluation indicators in the emergency drills to underground mine accidents, so as to get the information missing, redundant, false during the process of transferring accident information by underground mine practitioners and the emergency communication level of the sample mine. The standardized information will be transmitted to the employees by safety training and education so as to enhance the emergency communication standardized management of mining enterprises. And after the training, a second simulation experiment will be conducted to the sample mines, so as to determine the level of communication management in emergency has been improved and verify the applicability of the information.
研究统计表明,在很多矿山灾害中矿工在事故逃散过程中获得的信息根本就不完整、不确切。为保证信息指令能够原始、真实、全面和有效地传递,有必要对地下矿工传达紧急险情的方式和内容进行研究,以制订简易可行的通讯操作规程。一个有效的通讯会减少混乱,增加决策者的自信心,终止谣言和错误信息,提高救援成功的可能性,从而提高应急救援能力和矿山事故中人员生还机率,最大限度地减少事故及人员财产损失。因此加强地下矿山人员紧急通讯的研究对增强矿山救援决策能力、提高国家应对矿山突发事件的水平具有重大的意义。
本文针对我国地下矿山行业面临的紧急救援中紧急通讯不力,矿井救援不能及时到达的这一难题,通过分析国外提出的紧急通讯三角模型并结合我国地下矿山的特点,提出一套矿井紧急通讯规范化信息。这套规范化信息包括6个基本信息类："who"、"where"、"what"、"miners"、"event'和"response".通过专家打分法,结合模糊评判方法对各信息类的重要度进行评价,得出各信息类的优先级,6类基本信息优先级按先后顺序分别为"where"、"what"、"who"、"event"、"miners"、和"response".并将这套规范化信息作为考核指标应用于地下矿山事故紧急演练,研究地下矿山从业人员在事故紧急演练过程中,发现事故后传递事故信息的过程中发生的信息缺失,冗余,误报的情况,得出样本矿井的紧急通讯水平。按照这套规范化信息对地下矿山从业人员进行安全培训教育。并在培训后对样本矿井进行二次模拟实验,判断样本矿井的紧急通讯的通讯管理水平是否有提高,以验证该套信息的适用性。
实验证明,这套信息对地下矿山紧急通讯水平的提高有一定作用。
In recent years, mining accidents took place frequently in China. And safety problems of underground mine, which related to the lives and safety of miners, public and private property security, harmony and prosperity of society, have aroused widespread attention. Mine safety issues have been made a lot of research and analysis, but research from the perspective of emergency communications is few.
In the rescue process, it's difficult for persons in distress, the communication people underground and the rescue crew ground as well the Rescue Command Center to communicate exactly and rapidly reflect the accident situation effectively, because that underground working conditions and environment is dangerous and complex, mine rescue communications technology and equipment is unenlightened and it's hard for persons in distress to keep normal state to pass the accident message under the time and environmental pressure. To some extent, the relief and rescue command decision-making is affected. Research statistics show that the information obtained from quite a few miners in the evacuation process is disintegrated and imprecise. To ensure that the information instructions could be communicated originally, truthfully, comprehensively and effectively, it's necessary to make research on the methods and content conveyed by the miners underground, so as to develop simple and feasible communication operational procedures. An effective communication will reduce confusion and increase self-confidence of decision makers, end rumors and wrong information, raise the likelihood of success, thereby enhancing the emergency rescue capacity and survivor probability in the mine accident, and minimize personnel casualty and property damage. Therefore, enhance the research on emergency communications of personnel underground mine is imperative. In the rescue process, how to transmit the specific information of emergency to other miners underground, ground relief headquarters and rescue command center real-timely, accurately and efficiently, is quite significant to enhance the decision-making ability and improve the level of national response to mine emergencies.
Research of domestic institutions in the field is quite few. In this paper, in allusion to the key problem of mine emergency communication, a set of standardized information, including 6 basic information aggregates "who", "where", "what", "miners", "event" and "response", was proposed, with the characteristics of underground mines in China combined and analyzing the Triangular model of emergency communications, which was proposed by United States Institute of Security. The important degree of the information aggregate, which was evaluated by expert scoring and fuzzy evaluation method, was sorted and the priority was presented. And the standardized information will be used as evaluation indicators in the emergency drills to underground mine accidents, so as to get the information missing, redundant, false during the process of transferring accident information by underground mine practitioners and the emergency communication level of the sample mine. The standardized information will be transmitted to the employees by safety training and education so as to enhance the emergency communication standardized management of mining enterprises. And after the training, a second simulation experiment will be conducted to the sample mines, so as to determine the level of communication management in emergency has been improved and verify the applicability of the information.
引文
[1]李学来,胡敬东.爆矿应急救援技术的研究及应用现状.煤炭工程,2005,4,211.
[2]刘国庚.安全管理工程概论[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[3]王启明,鲍爱华.我国非煤矿山安全生产现状与技术发展[J].采矿技术,2005,5(2)：11-12.
[4]中国安全生产网事故统计数据库.
[5]国家安全生产监督管理局监管一司.全国非煤矿山安全生产形势分析[J].当代矿工,2004,(6)：18.
[6]王永建.矿井系统可靠性工程基础.北京：中国矿业大学出版社,1995.67～90.
[7]周爱民.金属矿山安全现状与防治新技术[J].采矿技术,2003.6,3(2)：2.
[8]王红汉,吴子钧.我国非煤矿山安全生产形势、差距与对策[J].工业安全与环保,2002,28(12)：41.
[9]Launa Mallett, PhD, Charles Vaught, PhD, Michael J. Brnich, Jr.The Emergency Communication Triangle[j], October 1999.
[10]Charles Vaught, Ph.D., Michael J. Brnich, Jr., Launa G Mallett, Ph.D., Henry P. Cole, Ed.D., William J. Wiehagen, Ronald S. Conti, Kathleen M. Kowalski, Ph.D., and Charles D. Litton.Behavioral and Organizational Dimensions of Underground Mine Fires[M], May 2000.
[11]陈伟红,尹广杰,王华等.大型仓储超市人员安全疏散影响因素分析[J].消防信息与技术产品,2004,12：25～29.
[12]李红杰,吴荣俊,许永胜,等.采掘业灾害预警管理[M].石家庄：河北科学技术出版社,2004.
[13]马西员.矿山伤亡事故分析与预防[J].江西有色金属,2003.12,17(4)：3-4.张涛,陈建宏.漏泄电缆在井下移动通信中应用的研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2006(12),26(6),27.
[14]潘真,李树刚,王联.重大事故应急预案的研究.煤矿现代化,2006,75.
[15]金永飞,徐精彩,郑学召.基于双绞线通信技术的矿山应急救援系统的研究[J].矿业安全与环保,2006(6),33(3),36.
[16]Bower GH, Morrow DG [1990]. Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science 247:44-48.
[17]Bransford J, Sherwood R, Vye N, Rieser J [1986]. Teaching thinking and problem solving:research foundations. Am Psychologist 41(10):1078-1089.
[18]王红卫,姚红毅,魏识新,周少秋.矿井井下移动通信.中州煤炭,1999,102(6),15.
[19]Brener ES [1984]. Paradigms and problem solving:a literature review. J Med Education59(8):625-633.
[20]Bruner JS [1986]. Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
[21]董德彪,刘见中.我国煤矿救护技术与装备的现状及发展.煤矿安全,2006(10),383.
[22]Brecke FH [1982]. Instructional design for air crew judgment training. Aviat Space EnvironMed 53(10):951-957.
[23]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及使用方法[M].科学出版社,2005.
[24]贺仲雄.模糊数学及应用[M].天津科学技术出版社,1983.
[25]肖木恩.模糊数学在采矿方法选择中的应用[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(1)：15·17.
[26]唐文,陈钟.基于模糊集合理论的主观信任管理模型[J].软件学报,2003,14(8)：1401-1408.
[27][袁禄来,曾国荪,王伟.基于Dempster-Shafer证据理论的信任度评估模型[J].武汉大学学报：理学版,2006,52(5)：627-630.
[28]张艳群,张辰,基于模糊理论的信任度评估模型[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(3)：532-534.
[29]沈昌祥,张焕国,冯登国等,信息安全综述[J].中国科学(E辑)：信息科学,2007,37(2)：129-150.
[30]孙玉琴,张志宏,石琳.作业时间为梯形模糊数的并行多机调度问题[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2003,22(4)：369-371.
[31]畅文生,黄晓乃,伍衡山,等.模糊数学在采矿方法优化选择中的应用[J].长沙大学学报,2002,16(4)：54-57.
[32]Training to Improve Emergency Communication Skills Launa Mallett, Michael J. Brnich, Jr. and Charles Vaught Pittsburgh Research Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
[33]马锐.我国群死群伤特大火灾研究[D].重庆大学硕士论文.2005,6-7
[34]刘钧儒.加强巨灾应急通讯系统建设迫在眉睫[J].群言,2008,(07)：42-43
[35]Babbott D, Halter WD [1983]. Clinical problem-solving skills of internists trained in the problem-oriented system. J Med Education 58(12):947-953.
[36]Bollet AJ [1984]. Harrison's principles of internal medicine patient management problems:pretest self-assessment and review. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
[37]陈信.论人-机-环境系统工程[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1988.
[38]Porter G. Environmental Security as a National—security Issue[J]. Currl list,1995,94(592): 218-222.
[39]Michael R Hoffmann, Scot T Martin, Wonyong Choi. Chem Rev[J].1995,95:69-74.
[40]肖位枢.模糊数学基础及应用.北京：航空工业出版社,1992.67～74.
[41]柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2005.
[2]刘国庚.安全管理工程概论[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[3]王启明,鲍爱华.我国非煤矿山安全生产现状与技术发展[J].采矿技术,2005,5(2)：11-12.
[4]中国安全生产网事故统计数据库.
[5]国家安全生产监督管理局监管一司.全国非煤矿山安全生产形势分析[J].当代矿工,2004,(6)：18.
[6]王永建.矿井系统可靠性工程基础.北京：中国矿业大学出版社,1995.67～90.
[7]周爱民.金属矿山安全现状与防治新技术[J].采矿技术,2003.6,3(2)：2.
[8]王红汉,吴子钧.我国非煤矿山安全生产形势、差距与对策[J].工业安全与环保,2002,28(12)：41.
[9]Launa Mallett, PhD, Charles Vaught, PhD, Michael J. Brnich, Jr.The Emergency Communication Triangle[j], October 1999.
[10]Charles Vaught, Ph.D., Michael J. Brnich, Jr., Launa G Mallett, Ph.D., Henry P. Cole, Ed.D., William J. Wiehagen, Ronald S. Conti, Kathleen M. Kowalski, Ph.D., and Charles D. Litton.Behavioral and Organizational Dimensions of Underground Mine Fires[M], May 2000.
[11]陈伟红,尹广杰,王华等.大型仓储超市人员安全疏散影响因素分析[J].消防信息与技术产品,2004,12：25～29.
[12]李红杰,吴荣俊,许永胜,等.采掘业灾害预警管理[M].石家庄：河北科学技术出版社,2004.
[13]马西员.矿山伤亡事故分析与预防[J].江西有色金属,2003.12,17(4)：3-4.张涛,陈建宏.漏泄电缆在井下移动通信中应用的研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2006(12),26(6),27.
[14]潘真,李树刚,王联.重大事故应急预案的研究.煤矿现代化,2006,75.
[15]金永飞,徐精彩,郑学召.基于双绞线通信技术的矿山应急救援系统的研究[J].矿业安全与环保,2006(6),33(3),36.
[16]Bower GH, Morrow DG [1990]. Mental models in narrative comprehension. Science 247:44-48.
[17]Bransford J, Sherwood R, Vye N, Rieser J [1986]. Teaching thinking and problem solving:research foundations. Am Psychologist 41(10):1078-1089.
[18]王红卫,姚红毅,魏识新,周少秋.矿井井下移动通信.中州煤炭,1999,102(6),15.
[19]Brener ES [1984]. Paradigms and problem solving:a literature review. J Med Education59(8):625-633.
[20]Bruner JS [1986]. Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
[21]董德彪,刘见中.我国煤矿救护技术与装备的现状及发展.煤矿安全,2006(10),383.
[22]Brecke FH [1982]. Instructional design for air crew judgment training. Aviat Space EnvironMed 53(10):951-957.
[23]李鸿吉.模糊数学基础及使用方法[M].科学出版社,2005.
[24]贺仲雄.模糊数学及应用[M].天津科学技术出版社,1983.
[25]肖木恩.模糊数学在采矿方法选择中的应用[J].矿业研究与开发,2003,23(1)：15·17.
[26]唐文,陈钟.基于模糊集合理论的主观信任管理模型[J].软件学报,2003,14(8)：1401-1408.
[27][袁禄来,曾国荪,王伟.基于Dempster-Shafer证据理论的信任度评估模型[J].武汉大学学报：理学版,2006,52(5)：627-630.
[28]张艳群,张辰,基于模糊理论的信任度评估模型[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(3)：532-534.
[29]沈昌祥,张焕国,冯登国等,信息安全综述[J].中国科学(E辑)：信息科学,2007,37(2)：129-150.
[30]孙玉琴,张志宏,石琳.作业时间为梯形模糊数的并行多机调度问题[J].包头钢铁学院学报,2003,22(4)：369-371.
[31]畅文生,黄晓乃,伍衡山,等.模糊数学在采矿方法优化选择中的应用[J].长沙大学学报,2002,16(4)：54-57.
[32]Training to Improve Emergency Communication Skills Launa Mallett, Michael J. Brnich, Jr. and Charles Vaught Pittsburgh Research Laboratory National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
[33]马锐.我国群死群伤特大火灾研究[D].重庆大学硕士论文.2005,6-7
[34]刘钧儒.加强巨灾应急通讯系统建设迫在眉睫[J].群言,2008,(07)：42-43
[35]Babbott D, Halter WD [1983]. Clinical problem-solving skills of internists trained in the problem-oriented system. J Med Education 58(12):947-953.
[36]Bollet AJ [1984]. Harrison's principles of internal medicine patient management problems:pretest self-assessment and review. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
[37]陈信.论人-机-环境系统工程[M].北京：人民军医出版社,1988.
[38]Porter G. Environmental Security as a National—security Issue[J]. Currl list,1995,94(592): 218-222.
[39]Michael R Hoffmann, Scot T Martin, Wonyong Choi. Chem Rev[J].1995,95:69-74.
[40]肖位枢.模糊数学基础及应用.北京：航空工业出版社,1992.67～74.
[41]柯惠新,沈浩.调查研究中的统计分析法[M].北京：中国传媒大学出版社,2005.