面向用户的软件柔性度量研究
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摘要
软件柔性的含义是软件自身形态易于变化的能力，它通常被用来适应环境的变化和用户需求的变化，柔性软件意味着可以在很多情况下避免程序开发人员修改软件的代码，这样将大大降低软件维护的费用。软件的柔性正日益被业界接纳为评价软件质量的重要属性，柔性在软件设计和评价中的重要作用正在被承认。然而，目前用户很难找到可行的标准和方法判断一个软件柔性的强弱，开发人员也没有定量的方法指导柔性的设计，也很难确切地知道究竟能让用户体会到多少柔性的益处。因此，在软件工程领域迫切需要柔性度量的理论与方法。和软件内部体系结构的柔性相比，软件外部面向用户的柔性更为用户所关注，把面向用户的柔性度量作为突破口不失为一个正确的选择。
首先，提出了面向用户的软件柔性的概念，归纳了面向用户的软件柔性的特征。对柔性窗体进行了形式化的定义并归纳了柔性窗体的特征。对软件变化模型、软件柔性变化模型、柔性软件形态变化模型分别进行了形式化的描述。
其次，对度量中的各个关键要素包括柔性窗体、操控难度、柔变范围、柔度、柔量都给出了明确的定义和详细的阐述，同时给出了操控难度、柔变范围、柔度、柔量的度量单位和最大最小等特殊值的意义，提出了基于柔性窗体的面向用户的软件柔性的度量模型并给出了此度量模型的形式化定义。给出了度量柔性窗体的详细的步骤，给出了柔变范围的度量步骤和度量模型，并对度量模型进行了详细的解释。
再次，针对柔性软件和柔性窗体的特性，给出了操控难度的评价指标集，并分析了指标集中的各个指标，用模糊德尔菲法对操控难度的评价指标进行了筛选，用模糊层次分析法确定了各个指标的权重，从而得到了最终的操控难度的度量指标体系，提出了度量柔性窗体操控难度的方法，给出了各个指标的四级评分标准和操控难度的度量步骤。给出了度量操控难度的度量模型和形式化定义，并对度量模型进行了详细的解释。
最后，为了验证基于柔性窗体的面向用户的软件柔性度量模型的可用性，设计了一个度量实验。实验对一个人事工资管理软件的面向用户的柔性进行了度量，给出了这个软件的所有的柔性窗体，对每个柔性窗体的操作都进行了分析，对每个柔性窗体的重要度量指标操控难度和柔变范围，都给出了详细的度量步骤和度量数据，然后根据公式计算了每个柔性窗体的柔度和整个软件的柔量。对最后的度量结果进行了分析和讨论，同时也对面向用户的软件柔性的度量模型的可用性进行了分析和评价。
The basic meaning of software flexibility is the ability of software to be changedeasily. Users can use it to adapt to their needs for the change of environment andrequirement. Flexible software system means that users can adjust software in anefficiently way to meet the needs of the change of environment and requirement withoutchanging the source code. Flexibility is accepted as an attribute to evaluate the quality ofsoftware, the importance of flexibility is being recognized in the design and evaluation ofsoftware. However, users can hardly find a standard and method to measure theflexibility of software. Developers have no quantitative methods to guide the design offlexible software. It is difficult to know exactly how much benefits the users can havefrom the flexible software. Therefore, it is urgent to have the theories and methods tomeasure flexibility. Compared with architecture flexibility, more users are awared to useroriented flexibility, so it is right to begin with user oriented flexibility.
Firstly, the dissertation gives the definition of user oriented flexibility and itscharacteristics. The definition and characteristics of flexible window are given which arethe bases to build the measurement model of user oriented flexibility. The formaldescription of the model of software change, the model of software flexible change andthe model of state change of flexible software is also given.
Secondly, it puts forward the definition and characteristics of the user-orientedflexible window and proposes the measurement model of flexibility based on flexiblewindow and its formal definition. The dissertation establishes a measurement model withthe core elements: flexible window, manipulate complexity and flexible distance. It alsogives the methods and procedures to measure flexible distance based on functionalpoints.
Furthermore, it put forward the method to measure manipulative complexity basedon fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy AHP. It gives the score table of each index of manipulatecomplexicity, and eventually gets the method and procedures to measure manipulatecomplexicity.
Finally, a case study of a human resource and salary management system is carriedout to illustrate the concretely analysis and measurement process, all of the five flexiblewindows are given, manipulative complexity, flexible distance and flexible degree offlexible windows are calculated respectively. The paper analysises the measurementresult about flexible capacity, the usefulness of the model is illuminated.
首先，提出了面向用户的软件柔性的概念，归纳了面向用户的软件柔性的特征。对柔性窗体进行了形式化的定义并归纳了柔性窗体的特征。对软件变化模型、软件柔性变化模型、柔性软件形态变化模型分别进行了形式化的描述。
其次，对度量中的各个关键要素包括柔性窗体、操控难度、柔变范围、柔度、柔量都给出了明确的定义和详细的阐述，同时给出了操控难度、柔变范围、柔度、柔量的度量单位和最大最小等特殊值的意义，提出了基于柔性窗体的面向用户的软件柔性的度量模型并给出了此度量模型的形式化定义。给出了度量柔性窗体的详细的步骤，给出了柔变范围的度量步骤和度量模型，并对度量模型进行了详细的解释。
再次，针对柔性软件和柔性窗体的特性，给出了操控难度的评价指标集，并分析了指标集中的各个指标，用模糊德尔菲法对操控难度的评价指标进行了筛选，用模糊层次分析法确定了各个指标的权重，从而得到了最终的操控难度的度量指标体系，提出了度量柔性窗体操控难度的方法，给出了各个指标的四级评分标准和操控难度的度量步骤。给出了度量操控难度的度量模型和形式化定义，并对度量模型进行了详细的解释。
最后，为了验证基于柔性窗体的面向用户的软件柔性度量模型的可用性，设计了一个度量实验。实验对一个人事工资管理软件的面向用户的柔性进行了度量，给出了这个软件的所有的柔性窗体，对每个柔性窗体的操作都进行了分析，对每个柔性窗体的重要度量指标操控难度和柔变范围，都给出了详细的度量步骤和度量数据，然后根据公式计算了每个柔性窗体的柔度和整个软件的柔量。对最后的度量结果进行了分析和讨论，同时也对面向用户的软件柔性的度量模型的可用性进行了分析和评价。
The basic meaning of software flexibility is the ability of software to be changedeasily. Users can use it to adapt to their needs for the change of environment andrequirement. Flexible software system means that users can adjust software in anefficiently way to meet the needs of the change of environment and requirement withoutchanging the source code. Flexibility is accepted as an attribute to evaluate the quality ofsoftware, the importance of flexibility is being recognized in the design and evaluation ofsoftware. However, users can hardly find a standard and method to measure theflexibility of software. Developers have no quantitative methods to guide the design offlexible software. It is difficult to know exactly how much benefits the users can havefrom the flexible software. Therefore, it is urgent to have the theories and methods tomeasure flexibility. Compared with architecture flexibility, more users are awared to useroriented flexibility, so it is right to begin with user oriented flexibility.
Firstly, the dissertation gives the definition of user oriented flexibility and itscharacteristics. The definition and characteristics of flexible window are given which arethe bases to build the measurement model of user oriented flexibility. The formaldescription of the model of software change, the model of software flexible change andthe model of state change of flexible software is also given.
Secondly, it puts forward the definition and characteristics of the user-orientedflexible window and proposes the measurement model of flexibility based on flexiblewindow and its formal definition. The dissertation establishes a measurement model withthe core elements: flexible window, manipulate complexity and flexible distance. It alsogives the methods and procedures to measure flexible distance based on functionalpoints.
Furthermore, it put forward the method to measure manipulative complexity basedon fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy AHP. It gives the score table of each index of manipulatecomplexicity, and eventually gets the method and procedures to measure manipulatecomplexicity.
Finally, a case study of a human resource and salary management system is carriedout to illustrate the concretely analysis and measurement process, all of the five flexiblewindows are given, manipulative complexity, flexible distance and flexible degree offlexible windows are calculated respectively. The paper analysises the measurementresult about flexible capacity, the usefulness of the model is illuminated.
引文
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