美国残疾人体育组织研究
|
摘要
残疾人体育组织直接影响着残疾人体育的持续健康发展。如何调动广大社会力量、形成一个由大量民间组织构成、满足残疾人的多样化体育活动需求和实现发展残疾人体育真谛的残疾人体育组织系统,是理论界和实践领域需要探讨的问题。本文是一篇考察美国残疾人体育组织系统如何产生和演化发展的实证性研究,借用“自组织”的理论视角,探讨如何依靠各要素——残疾人体育组织间的协同合作,实现系统的自组织演化。本研究运用文献资料法、访谈法和个案研究法,将美国残疾人体育组织作为调查对象,通过访谈各组织机构的工作人员和残疾人体育的研究学者,并现场观察了残疾人体育活动,得出以下主要结论：
1.在各级各类民间性残疾人体育组织的主导下,美国残疾人体育的参与主体从伤残军人普及至几乎所有的残疾人群体,参与目的逐步从康复扩充至教育、竞技和休闲娱乐于一体。美国残疾人体育的发展历程可分萌芽、组织发展、主流体育的承认与接纳以及美国奥委会协调下的残疾人奥林匹克运动等四个阶段。
2.美国残疾人体育组织系统的结构与功能逐渐实现了从“无序”到“有序”、从“低”到“高”和从“简单”到“复杂”的演化,并呈现出“精英体育”和“非精英体育”两个子系统。
3.美国残疾人体育组织系统的演化发展离不开社会的发展土壤：主流社会对残疾人的理解与接纳、伤残军人的体育康复项目、有关残疾人体育的法律条款、残疾人参加体育活动的诉求、国际残疾人体育发展的影响、依靠社会力量推动的体育发展模式和残疾“社会模式”的影响。
4.美国残疾人体育组织系统的构成要素是各级各类的民间性残疾人体育组织,使得系统呈现出开放性、远离平衡性与非线性特征。依靠各要素之间的横纵向协同合作,实现系统的自组织演化。
5.美国残疾人体育组织系统存在的问题包括：残疾人体育与主流体育缺乏互动、大部分残疾人体育组织未与美国奥委会建立合作、残疾人与健全人在体育领域中依旧隔离。未来应给予宏观统筹,给予各类组织适当引导,加强残疾人体育组织与主流体育的合作,创造残疾人与健全人共同进行体育活动的机会。
6.我国是残疾人口大国,体育是实现残疾人平等参与社会生活与融入主流社会的突破口,残疾人体育对于构建和谐社会、坚持“以人为本”具有重要意义。在借鉴美国残疾人体育发展经验时,要充分考虑到两国的社会文化背景差异,不能照搬照抄,应根据我国的特点有选择地进行参考。
Disability sport organization plays an important role in the sustainable development of disability sport.The theoretical and practical areas need to explore the issue about how to make full use of the social forces and form a disability sport organization system of amounts of folk organizations to satisfy the people with disabilities'diversified physical activities needs and achieve the purpose of disability sport development.
The dissertation is an empirical study about how the United State's disability sport organization emerges and evolves based on the perspective from the theory of'Self-organization' and how the system operates with the corporation of different organizations.The dissertation combined the research methods of literature study, interview and case study and took disability sport organizations as investigation object. Through the interviews with staffs from the various organizations and scholars in disability sport and observing the disability sport activities, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.Due to the folk disability sport organizations, disability sport in USA has covered from those veterans from the wars to almost all kinds of disabilities and has developed from rehabilitation to education, competition and leisure. The development process of disability sport is divided into Emerging period, Organizations Period, Mainstream Acceptance Period and Paralympic period.
2.The structure and the function of the system gradually becomes from Disorder to Sequence, from Low-scale to High-scale and from Simplicity to Complication, even divided into two sub-organizations-elite sport and non-elite sport.
3.The system can not evolve without the social environment-the understanding and the acceptance of disabilities by the mainstream, veteran sport rehabilitation, laws and regulations about disability sport, disabilities'sport needs, international disability sport development, social model and'Small Government, Big Society'model.
4.The system is formed by factors, such as disability sport organizations, making the system open, far away equilibrium and non linear. With the horizontal and vertical corporations between the United States Olympic Paralympic division and five national disability sport organizations and disability sport organizations and local organizations,the system achieves the self-organization.5. The system is facing the problems such as lack of overall plan, lack of interactions
with the main sport and segregation from those people without disabilities. In the future, overall plan, corporation with the main sport and the opportunities created to make disabilities and people without disabilities perform together.
6. Due the social characteristics of the system, disability sport in China should learn from the disability sport of the United States based on the national conditions.
1.在各级各类民间性残疾人体育组织的主导下,美国残疾人体育的参与主体从伤残军人普及至几乎所有的残疾人群体,参与目的逐步从康复扩充至教育、竞技和休闲娱乐于一体。美国残疾人体育的发展历程可分萌芽、组织发展、主流体育的承认与接纳以及美国奥委会协调下的残疾人奥林匹克运动等四个阶段。
2.美国残疾人体育组织系统的结构与功能逐渐实现了从“无序”到“有序”、从“低”到“高”和从“简单”到“复杂”的演化,并呈现出“精英体育”和“非精英体育”两个子系统。
3.美国残疾人体育组织系统的演化发展离不开社会的发展土壤：主流社会对残疾人的理解与接纳、伤残军人的体育康复项目、有关残疾人体育的法律条款、残疾人参加体育活动的诉求、国际残疾人体育发展的影响、依靠社会力量推动的体育发展模式和残疾“社会模式”的影响。
4.美国残疾人体育组织系统的构成要素是各级各类的民间性残疾人体育组织,使得系统呈现出开放性、远离平衡性与非线性特征。依靠各要素之间的横纵向协同合作,实现系统的自组织演化。
5.美国残疾人体育组织系统存在的问题包括：残疾人体育与主流体育缺乏互动、大部分残疾人体育组织未与美国奥委会建立合作、残疾人与健全人在体育领域中依旧隔离。未来应给予宏观统筹,给予各类组织适当引导,加强残疾人体育组织与主流体育的合作,创造残疾人与健全人共同进行体育活动的机会。
6.我国是残疾人口大国,体育是实现残疾人平等参与社会生活与融入主流社会的突破口,残疾人体育对于构建和谐社会、坚持“以人为本”具有重要意义。在借鉴美国残疾人体育发展经验时,要充分考虑到两国的社会文化背景差异,不能照搬照抄,应根据我国的特点有选择地进行参考。
Disability sport organization plays an important role in the sustainable development of disability sport.The theoretical and practical areas need to explore the issue about how to make full use of the social forces and form a disability sport organization system of amounts of folk organizations to satisfy the people with disabilities'diversified physical activities needs and achieve the purpose of disability sport development.
The dissertation is an empirical study about how the United State's disability sport organization emerges and evolves based on the perspective from the theory of'Self-organization' and how the system operates with the corporation of different organizations.The dissertation combined the research methods of literature study, interview and case study and took disability sport organizations as investigation object. Through the interviews with staffs from the various organizations and scholars in disability sport and observing the disability sport activities, the main conclusions are as follows:
1.Due to the folk disability sport organizations, disability sport in USA has covered from those veterans from the wars to almost all kinds of disabilities and has developed from rehabilitation to education, competition and leisure. The development process of disability sport is divided into Emerging period, Organizations Period, Mainstream Acceptance Period and Paralympic period.
2.The structure and the function of the system gradually becomes from Disorder to Sequence, from Low-scale to High-scale and from Simplicity to Complication, even divided into two sub-organizations-elite sport and non-elite sport.
3.The system can not evolve without the social environment-the understanding and the acceptance of disabilities by the mainstream, veteran sport rehabilitation, laws and regulations about disability sport, disabilities'sport needs, international disability sport development, social model and'Small Government, Big Society'model.
4.The system is formed by factors, such as disability sport organizations, making the system open, far away equilibrium and non linear. With the horizontal and vertical corporations between the United States Olympic Paralympic division and five national disability sport organizations and disability sport organizations and local organizations,the system achieves the self-organization.5. The system is facing the problems such as lack of overall plan, lack of interactions
with the main sport and segregation from those people without disabilities. In the future, overall plan, corporation with the main sport and the opportunities created to make disabilities and people without disabilities perform together.
6. Due the social characteristics of the system, disability sport in China should learn from the disability sport of the United States based on the national conditions.
引文
1 David Legg, Claudia Emes & David Steward. History Overview of the Paralympics, Special Olympics, and Deaflympics. Journal of Palaestra,2004, Vol.20(1):30
2 容湘江,戴听.残疾人体育教程,北京：人民体育出版社,2010
3 王蒲.国际残奥运动理念与和谐社会发展观下的中国残疾人体育事业发展.北京：北京体育大学出版社,2012
4 Karen DePauw. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005
5 许国志.系统科学大辞典.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993
6 Silvers, A., Wasserman, D. Integration, disability and sport:past and future research directions. Journal of Sociology of sport,2004, Vol.18(1):39
7 Peter R., Giacobbi Jr.& Michael Stancil. Physical Activity and Quality of Life Experiences by Highly Active Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2008,Vol.25(9):189
8 Orelove F., Wood, J. An evaluative review of Special Olympics:Implications for community integration. Journal of Education and Training of Mentally Retarded,1982, Vol.17(17):325
9 Cooper RA, Quatrano LA & Axelson PW. Research on physical and health among people with disabilities:a consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Recreation Development,1999, Vol.26(8):142
10 Wilhite B, Adams-Mushett C, Calloway J. Sport and disabilities across the lifespan:introduction to the special issue. Journal of Recreation,1996, Vol.30 (2):108
11 Johnston, M.V., Miklos, C.S. Activity-related quality of life in rehabilitation and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.82(2):S26
12 Blinde, E.M., McClung, L.R. Enhancing the physical and social self through recreation activity:Accounts of individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1997, Vol.13(9):344
13 Vandlandewijck, Y.C.,Chappel, R.J. Integration and classification issues in competitive sports for athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport Science Review,1996, Vol.5(1):67
14 Wankel LM, Berger BG. The personal and social benefits of sport and physical activity. PA:Venture Publishing, 1991
15 Patrick J. Adherence to a physical fitness program by individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2005, Vol.9(3):112
16 Caldwell L. Leisure and health:why is leisure therapeutic? Journal of Guide Counts,2005, Vol.33(9):26
17 Nixon. H.L Sport and Disability. London:Sage.2000
18 Elizabeth Moberg-Wolff, Sarah Kiesling. Adapted recreational and sports programs for children with disabilities: A decade of experience. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine,2008, Vol.25(9):155
19 Thomas H Sawyer. Inclusion in sport activities:disabilities and the ADA. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2002, Vol.73(5):7
20 Pensgaard, A.M., Sorensen, M. Empowerment through the sport context:a model to guide research for individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2002, Vol.19(7):57
21 Wolff, E.A., Fay, T., Hums, M. A. Raising the bar:Inclusion of people with disabilities in sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2004, Vol.5(1):147
22 Greg Reid. Future directions of inquiry in adapted physical activity. Journal of National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education,2000, Vol.52(2):370
23 Candace Ashton-Shaeffer, Heather J. Gibson, Cari E. Autry & Carolyn S. Hanson. Barriers to disability sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2001, Vol.18(2):97
24 Passo M. Improving access to outdoor recreational activities on public lands. Minneapolis, MN:Wilderness Inquiry,2000
25 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities. Washington, DC:Office of the Surgeon General,2005
26 Van der Ploeg, vander Beek AJ, van der Woude LHV, van Mechelen W. Physical activity for people with a disability:a conceptual model. Journal of Sports Med,2004, Vol.34(10):639
27 Raymore LA. Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Recreation,2002, Vol.34(2):47
28 Scherer MJ, McAnaney D & Sax C. Opportunity is possible; performance is action:measuring participation Journal of Disability Rehabilitation,2007, Vol.28(6):1467
29 M.K. Bult, O.Verschuren, M.J. Jongmans, E. Lindeman & M. Ketelaar. What influences participation in leisure activities of children and youth with physical disabilities? A systematic review. Journal of Research on Developmental Disabilities,2011, Vol.32(9):1521
30 Francis M Kozub. Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners with Disabilities. Journal of Palaestra,2008, Vol. 24(2):19
31 Block, M.E. Why all students with disabilities should be included in regular physical education. Journal of PALAESTRA,1994, Vol.10(3):18
32 Dattilo J, Caldwell L, Lee Y & Kleiber D. Returning to the community with a spinal cord injury:implications for therapeutic recreation specialists. Journal of The Recreation,1998, Vol.32(4):26
33 Dewar, A. Would all the generic women in sport please stand up? Challenges facing feminist sport sociology. Journal of Sport Sociology,1993, Vol.45(7):211
34 Lisa Marie Olenik. Women is elite disability sport:multidimensional perspective:[Dissertation]. Alberta: University of Alberta,1998
35 Haugen, K., Wolff, E.A. Paralympic athletes:needs and issues. Journal of Sport Sociology,2002, Vol.20(3):21
36 Howard L. Nixon II. The creation of appropriate integration opportunities in sport for disabled and non-disabled people:A guide for research and action. Journal of Sociology of Sport,1984, Vol.12(4):192
37 刘建宇.当代美国体育教育中残疾学生评估的法律适用.法制与社会,2006,Vol.10(2)：179
38 张军献,虞重干.残疾人观的嬗变与残疾人体育的历史回顾.体育科学,2007,Vol.27(3)：17
39 刘洋.残疾人奥林匹克运动教育价值研究：[博士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2010
40 王占坤,张冉.残疾人体育溯源及发展展望.河北体育学院学报,2008,Vol.22(2)：11
41 卢雁,韩松.残疾人与奥林匹克运动Paralympic games的缘起与发展.北京体育大学学报,2007,Vol.9(6)：1164
42 Anonymous. Paralympic update. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.19(17):8
43 Beaver, David P. Inclusion or separation, integration or segregation. Journal of Palaestra,2004,Vol.17(2):9
44 Darlene Hunter. Community programs, sport clubs and clinics for adapted sports. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,2004,Vol.13(8):3
45 Combs, Gregory M. Resource acquisition strategies of nonprofit organizations:a study of disabled sport organizations:[D]. New York:University of New York,2000
46 Fay, T.G., Hums, M.A.,&Wolff, E.A. Inclusion of sport for athletes with disabilities into non-disabled sport organizations:a comparative analysis of three case studies. Journal of sociology of sport,2000, Vol.6(2):35
47 Legg, D.F.H., Steadward, R.D. Inclusion of athletes with disability within sport. Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education,2002, Vol.8(2):76
48 Lindstrom, H. Integration of sports for athletes with disabilities into sport programs for able-bodied athletes. Journal of Palaestra,1992, Vol.8(3):29
49 张龙.《中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较》.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：35
50 黄亚茹,中川一彦,李红.日本残疾人体育协会及其职能.山东体育学院学报,2007,Vol.23(5)：14
51 李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
52 沃德罗普.复杂.北京：三联书店,1997
53 Hermann Haken. Advanced Synergetics-Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. Springer: Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1983
54 许国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
55 吴彤.自组织方法论研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
56 哈肯.信息与自组织.成都：四川教育出版社.1988
57 钱学森,创建系统学.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2001
58 DePauw KP, Gavron. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005
59 DePauw KP. Research on Sport for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1986, Vol.26(3):292
60 Sherrill, C. Disability and Sport:Psychosocial Perspective on Inclusion, Integration, and Participation. Journal of Sport Science Review,1999,Vol.5(1):42-64
61 侯晓辉,万宇,陈耿.我国残障人休闲体育现状与对策.广州体育学院学报,2009,Vol.29(4)：6
62 容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
63 Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing Diverse Sports Opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007, Vol.31(6):418
64 王斌,马红宇.体育组织行为学.武汉：华中师范大学,2010
65 Scotch, R.K. From goodwill to civil rights. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1984
66 Williams,T. Disability sport socialization and identity construction. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,1994, Vol.11(3):14
67 Samuel R. Bagenstos. Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movements. Journal of Legal Medicine, 2010, Vol.31(10):241
68 John F Muller. Disability, Ambivalence and the Law. Journal of American Law and Medicine,2011, Vol. 37(4):469
69 Lenore Manderson. Disability, global legislation and human rights. Journal of Society for International Development,2004, Vol.47(2):30
70 Henry McCarthy. The disability rights movement:experience and perspective of selected leaders in the disability community. Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2003, Vol.46(20):209
71 郭春宁.残疾人人权的国际文书综述.中国残疾人,2011,Vol,52(4)：53.
72 DePauw, K.P. The (in)visibility of disability:cultural contexts and "sporting bodies". Journal of Quest,1997, Vol.49(6):417
73 United Nations. Standards rules on the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. New York: United Nations,1993
74 UNESCO. Overcoming obstacles to the Integration of disabled people. Paris:UNESCO,1995
75 Barron, L. Disability, politics& the struggle for change. Washington, DC:Gallaudet University Press,2001
76 Bowe, E. Equal rights for Americans with disabilities. New York:F. Watts,1992
77 Campbell, J., Oliver, M. Disability politics:Understanding our past, changing our future. New York:Norton, 1996
78 Charlton, J. Nothing about us without us:disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley:University of California Press.1998
79 Roberts, G.C. Toward a new theory of motivation in sport:the role of perceived ability. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.2000
80 Davidson, Jennifer. Sports and veterans with disabilities. Journal of the Exceptional Parent,2008, Vol.38(6):80
81 Beaver, David P. Disability sport...is there something wrong? Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.17(1):4
82 Goodman S. Spirit of Stoke Mandeville:the story of Sir Ludwig Guttmann. London:Collins,1986
83 Janet E. Lord, Michael Ashley Stein. Social rights and the relational value of the rights to participate in sport, recreation, and play. Journal of Boston University International Law Journal,2005, Vol.27(8):249
84 DePauw, K.P. Research on sport for athletes with disabilities. Journal of adapted physical activity quarterly, 1986, Vol.13(9):292
85 Auerbach, Jerome S. Unequal justice:lawyers and social change in modern America. New York:Oxford University Press,1976
86 World Health Organization. Physical Inactivity:A Global Public Health Problem. Geneva:World Health Organization,2008.
Cooper R.A., Quatrano L.A., Axelson P.W. Research on physical activity and health among people with disabilities:A consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2004,Vol.36(4):142-154
88 Rauzon Terrie. Anne Barriers to participation in physical activity/exercise for women with physical activities:[D].Salt Lake City:The University of Utah,2002
89 Washburn, R.A., Weimo, Z., McAuley, E., The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.25 (6):193-200.
90 James H. Rimmer, Jennifer L. Rowland. Health promotion for people with disabilities:implications for empowering the person and promoting disability-friendly environment. Journal of American lifestyle medicine, 2008, Vol.22(9):409
91 Emily Sparvero, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green. Elite sport development:United States. New York: University of New York press,2004
92 Marks, D.'Model of Disability'. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation,1997, Vol.19(6):85-91
93 Hendriks, A. Disabled persons and their right to equal treatment:allowing differentiation while ending discrimination. Journal of Health and Human Rights,1995, Vol.11(2):73-152
94 Reinders, H.S. The future of the disabled in liberal society:An ethical analysis. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,2000
95 Winnick, J.P. Adapted physical education and sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2010
96 Mastandrea,L. Sports and the Physically Challenged. Westport:Greenwood Press,2006
97 Walsh,J. The organization of paralympic sport in the United States. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2012, Vol.83(3):22
98 Huebner, C. Paralympic Resource Network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
99 Anonymous, President's council on fitness, sports and nutrition adopts disability fitness focus.Journal of Palaestra.,2011, Vol.25(3):12
100 John. Access for all:the rise of the Paralympic games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health.,2007, Vol.127(3):133
101 胡皓,楼慧心.自组织理论与社会发展研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002.
102 颜泽贤.耗散机构与系统演化.福州：福建人民出版社,1987
103 江泽民.加快改革开放和现代化建设步伐,夺取有中国特色社会主义事业的更大胜利(中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上的报告).北京：人民出版社,1992
104 切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践.北京：华夏出版社,1990
105 沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散机构论.上海：上海人民出版社,1987
106 苗东升.系统科学精要.北京：中国人民出版社,1998
107 贝塔朗菲.一般系统论.北京：清华大学出版社,1987
108 谭跃进、高世辑、周曼殊.北京：国防科技大学出版社,1996
109 王寿云,于景元,戴汝为,汪成为,钱学敏,涂元季.开放的复杂巨系统.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1996
10 钱学森.论系统工程(增订本).长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1998
11 钱学森,宋健.工程控制论(增订版)..北京：科学出版社,1983
112 J. M.Thompson, H.B.Stenmit. Nonlineaar Dynamics and Chaos:Geometrical Methods for Engineers and Scientists. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1986
113 Gavron, S.J. Disability sport (Second edition). Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2005
114 许国志.系统研究-祝贺钱学森同志85寿辰论文集.杭州：浙江教育出版社,1996
5 Scruton J. Stoke Mandeville:road to the Paralympic-fifty years of history. Aylesbury:Peterhouse,1998
116 C.G. Langton. Artificial Life. New York:Addison-Wesley,1989
117 Anonymous,U.S. Paralympic corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.17(4):8
8 沈小峰.混沌初开：自组织理论的哲学探索.北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008
3 Murry R. Encyclopedia of Sport in America. Nelson:Greenwood Press,2009
120 Charlie Hunbner. Paralympic resource network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
121 美国奥委会.残疾人社区体育项目http://www.teamusa.paralymic.com
122 Charlie Huebner. U.S. Paralympics forum. Journal of Palaestra,2012, Vol.20(2):9
123 Anonymous. U.S.Paralympic Corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.17(4):8
4 苗东升.开放复杂巨系统理论：科学性、研究现状和存在问题.河北师范大学学报,2001,Vol.12(2)：46
125 吴彤.百年“自组织”认识史.科技日报,2000,Vol.11(2)：45
126 徐国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
127 Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007,Vol.31(6):415
128 李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
129 李之俊.我国城市残疾人健身体育锻炼与对策.上海体育科研,2003,Vol.24(1)：13
130 张军献,谈卿.近二十年来我国残疾人体育研究述评.成都体育学院学报,2007,Vol.33(2)：107
131 戴昕,王蒲,杨铁黎.发展残疾人体育-全民健身运动中不容忽视的社会问题.安徽体育科技,2010,Vol.31(4),53
132 张燕中.我国残疾人体育的发展.体育文化导刊,2009,vol.12(4)：21
133 周建.杨建.我国残疾人实施全民健身计划现状调查.山东体育学院学报,2006,Vol.22(3),21
134 张龙.中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：36
135 卢雁,韩松,李伟一.我国残疾人体育管理组织机构之研究.北京体育大学学报,2004,Vol.27(12),1699
136 陈忠.现代系统科学.上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2005
137 苗东升.系统科学的难题与突破.科技导报,2000,vol.13(7)：48
8 卢玲.近年来我国特殊体育研究的综述.成都体育学院学报,2005,Vol.31(2)：40
9 苏文涛.城市社区残疾人体育活动的现状与对策.武汉体育学院学报,2009,Vol.43(9)：78
0 徐成立.我国残疾人参与全民健身活动的现状调查及对策研究：[硕士论文].武汉：华中师范大学,2006
[1]David Legg, Claudia Emes & David Steward. History Overview of the Paralympics, Special Olympics, and Deaflympics. Journal of Palaestra,2004, Vol.20(1):30
[2]容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
[3]王蒲.国际残奥运动理念与和谐社会发展观下的中国残疾人体育事业发展.北京：北京体育大学出版社,2012.61
[4]Karen DePauw. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005.45
[5]许国志.系统科学大辞典.昆明云南科技出版社,1993.27
[6]Silvers, A., Wasserman, D. Integration, disability and sport:past and future research directions. Journal of Sociology of sport,2004, Vol.18(1):39
[7]Peter R., Giacobbi Jr. & Michael Stancil. Physical Activity and Quality of Life Experiences by Highly Active Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2008,Vol.25(9):189
[8]Orelove F., Wood, J. An evaluative review of Special Olympics:Implications for community integration. Journal of Education and Training of Mentally Retarded,1982, Vol.17(17):325
[9]Cooper RA, Quatrano LA & Axelson PW. Research on physical and health among people with disabilities:a consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Recreation Development,1999, Vol. 26(8):142
[10]Wilhite B, Adams-Mushett C, Calloway J. Sport and disabilities across the lifespan: introduction to the special issue. Journal of Recreation,1996, Vol.30 (2):108
[11]Johnston, M. V., Miklos, C.S. Activity-related quality of life in rehabilitation and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.82(2):S26
[12]Blinde, E.M., McClung, L.R. Enhancing the physical and social self through recreation activity:Accounts of individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1997, Vol.13(9):344
[13]Vandlandewijck, Y.C.,Chappel, R.J. Integration and classification issues in competitive sports for athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport Science Review,1996, Vol.5(1):67
[14]Wankel LM, Berger BG. The personal and social benefits of sport and physical activity. PA: Venture Publishing,1991.121
[15]Patrick J. Adherence to a physical fitness program by individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2005, Vol.9(3):112
[16]Caldwell L. Leisure and health:why is leisure therapeutic? Journal of Guide Counts,2005, Vol.33(9):26
[17]Nixon, H.L. Sport and Disability. London:Sage,2000.422
[18]Elizabeth Moberg-Wolff, Sarah Kiesling. Adapted recreational and sports programs for children with disabilities:A decade of experience. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2008, Vol.25(9):155
[19]Thomas H Sawyer. Inclusion in sport activities:disabilities and the ADA. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2002, Vol.73(5):7
[20]Pensgaard, A.M., Sorensen, M. Empowerment through the sport context:a model to guide research for individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2002, Vol.19(7):57
[21]Wolff, E.A., Fay, T., Hums, M. A. Raising the bar:Inclusion of people with disabilities in sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2004, Vol.5(1):147
[22]Greg Reid. Future directions of inquiry in adapted physical activity. Journal of National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education,2000, Vol.52(2):370
[23]Candace Ashton-Shaeffer, Heather J. Gibson, Cari E. Autry & Carolyn S. Hanson. Barriers to disability sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2001, Vol.18(2):97
[24]Passo M. Improving access to outdoor recreational activities on public lands. Minneapolis, MN:Wilderness Inquiry,2000
[25]U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities. Washington, DC:Office of the Surgeon General,2005
[26]Van der Ploeg, vander Beek AJ, van der Woude LHV, van Mechelen W. Physical activity for people with a disability:a conceptual model. Journal of Sports Med,2004, Vol.34(10):639
[27]Raymore LA. Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Recreation,2002, Vol.34(2):47
[28]Scherer MJ, McAnaney D & Sax C. Opportunity is possible; performance is action: measuring participation. Journal of Disability Rehabilitation,2007, Vol.28(6):1467
[29]M.K. Bult, O.Verschuren, M.J. Jongmans, E. Lindeman & M. Ketelaar. What influences participation in leisure activities of children and youth with physical disabilities? A systematic review. Journal of Research on Developmental Disabilities,2011, Vol.32(9):1521
[30]Francis M Kozub. Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners with Disabilities. Journal of Palaestra,2008, Vol.24(2):19
[31]Block, M.E. Why all students with disabilities should be included in regular physical education. Journal of PALAESTRA,1994, Vol.10(3):18
[32]Dattilo J, Caldwell L, Lee Y & Kleiber D. Returning to the community with a spinal cord injury:implications for therapeutic recreation specialists. Journal of The Recreation,1998, Vol.32(4):26
[33]Lisa Marie Olenik. Women is elite disability sport:multidimensional perspective: [Dissertation]. Alberta:University of Alberta,1998
[34]Dewar, A. Would all the generic women in sport please stand up? Challenges facing feminist sport sociology. Journal of Sport Sociology,1993, Vol.45(7):211
[35]Haugen, K., Wolff, E.A. Paralympic athletes:needs and issues. Journal of Sport Sociology, 2002,Vol.20(3):21
[36]Howard L. Nixon II. The creation of appropriate integration opportunities in sport for disabled and non-disabled people:A guide for research and action. Journal of Sociology of Sport, 1984, Vol.12(4):192
[37]刘建宇.当代美国体育教育中残疾学生评估的法律适用.法制与社会,2006,Vol.10(2)：179
[38]张军献,虞重干.残疾人观的嬗变与残疾人体育的历史回顾.体育科学,2007,Vol.27(3)：17
[39]刘洋.残疾人奥林匹克运动教育价值研究：[博士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2010
[40]王占坤,张冉.残疾人体育溯源及发展展望.河北体育学院学报,2008,Vol.22(2)：11
[41]卢雁,韩松.残疾人与奥林匹克运动-Paralympic games的缘起与发展.北京体育大学学报,2007,Vol.9(6)：1164
[42]Anonymous. Paralympic update. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.19(17):8
[43]Beaver, David P. Inclusion or separation, integration or segregation. Journal of Palaestra, 2004,Vol.17(2):9
[44]Darlene Hunter. Community programs, sport clubs and clinics for adapted sports. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,2004,Vol.13(8):3
[45]Combs, Gregory M. Resource acquisition strategies of nonprofit organizations:a study of disabled sport organizations:[D]. New York:University of New York,2000
[46]Fay, T.G., Hums, M.A.,&Wolff, E.A. Inclusion of sport for athletes with disabilities into non-disabled sport organizations:a comparative analysis of three case studies. Journal of sociology of sport,2000, Vol.6(2):35
[47]Legg, D.F.H., Steadward, R.D. Inclusion of athletes with disability within sport. Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education,2002, Vol.8(2):76
[48]Lindstrom, H. Integration of sports for athletes with disabilities into sport programs for able-bodied athletes. Journal of Palaestra,1992, Vol.8(3):29
[49]张龙.《中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较》.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：35
[50]黄亚茹,中川一彦,李红.日本残疾人体育协会及其职能.山东体育学院学报,2007,Vol.23(5)：14
[51]李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
[52]DePauw KP, Gavron. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005.27
[53]DePauw KP. Research on Sport for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1986, Vol.26(3):292
[54]Sherrill, C. Disability and Sport:Psychosocial Perspective on Inclusion, Integration, and Participation. Journal of Sport Science Review,1999,Vol.5(l):42-64
[55]侯晓辉,万宇,陈耿.我国残障人休闲体育现状与对策.广州体育学院学报,2009,Vol.29(4)：6
[56]容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
[57]Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing Diverse Sports Opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007, Vol.31(6):418
[58]王斌,马红宇.体育组织行为学.武汉：华中师范大学,2010
[59]沃德罗普.复杂.北京：三联书店,1997
[60]Hermann Haken. Advanced Synergetics-Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. Springer:Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1983
[61]许国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
[62]吴彤.自组织方法论研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[63]哈肯.信息与自组织.成都：四川教育出版社,1988
[64]钱学森,创建系统学.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2001
[65]Winnick, J.P. Adapted physical education and sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2010
[66]Mastandrea,L. Sports and the Physically Challenged. Westport:Greenwood Press,2006
[67]Walsh,J. The organization of paralympic sport in the United States. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2012, Vol.83(3):22
[68]Huebner, C. Paralympic Resource Network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
[69]Anonymous, President's council on fitness, sports and nutrition adopts disability fitness Focus.Journal of Palaestra,2011,Vol.25(3):12
[70]John. Access for all:the rise of the Paralympic games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,2007, Vol.127(3):133
[71]王寿云,于景元,戴汝为,汪成为,钱学敏,涂元季.开放的复杂巨系统.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1996
[72]钱学森.论系统工程(增订本).长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1998
[73]钱学森,宋健.工程控制论(增订版).北京：科学出版社,1983
[74]J. M.Thompson, H.B.Stenmit. Nonlineaar Dynamics and Chaos:Geometrical Methods for Engineers and Scientists. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1986
[75]Gavron, S.J. Disability sport (Second edition). Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2005
[76]许国志.系统研究—祝贺钱学森同志85寿辰论文集.杭州：浙江教育出版社,1996
[77]Scruton J. Stoke Mandeville:road to the Paralympic-fifty years of history. Aylesbury: Peterhouse,1998
[78]C.G Langton. Artificial Life. New York:Addison-Wesley,1989
[79]Anonymous,U.S. Paralympic corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra, 2011, Vol.17(4):8
[80]朴昌根.系统科学论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988
[81]Scotch, R.K. From goodwill to civil rights. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1984
[82]Williams.T. Disability sport socialization and identity construction. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,1994, Vol.11 (3):14
[83]Samuel R. Bagenstos. Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movements. Journal of Legal Medicine,2010, Vol.31(10):241
[84]John F Muller. Disability, Ambivalence and the Law. Journal of American Law and Medicine,2011, Vol.37(4):469
[85]Lenore Manderson. Disability, global legislation and human rights. Journal of Society for International Development,2004, Vol.47(2):30
[86]Henry McCarthy. The disability rights movement:experience and perspective of selected leaders in the disability community. Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2003, Vol. 46(20):209
[87]郭春宁.残疾人人权的国际文书综述.中国残疾人,2011,Vol,52(4)：53.
[88]DePauw, K.P. The (in)visibility of disability:cultural contexts and "sporting bodies". Journal of Quest,1997, Vol.49(6):417
[89]United Nations. Standards rules on the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. New York:United Nations,1993
[90]UNESCO. Overcoming obstacles to the Integration of disabled people. Paris:UNESCO, 1995
[91]Barron, L. Disability, politics& the struggle for change. Washington, DC:Gallaudet University Press,2001
[92]Bowe, E. Equal rights for Americans with disabilities. New York:F. Watts,1992
[93]Campbell, J., Oliver, M. Disability politics:Understanding our past, changing our future. New York:Norton,1996
[94]Charlton, J. Nothing about us without us:disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley: university of California Press,1998
[95]Roberts, G.C. Toward a new theory of motivation in sport:the role of perceived ability. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2000
[96]Davidson, Jennifer. Sports and veterans with disabilities. Journal of the Exceptional Parent, 2008, Vol.38(6):80
[97]Beaver, David P. Disability sport...is there something wrong? Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol. 17(1):4
[98]Goodman S. Spirit of Stoke Mandeville:the story of Sir Ludwig Guttmann. London: Collins,1986
[99]Janet E. Lord, Michael Ashley Stein. Social rights and the relational value of the rights to participate in sport, recreation, and play. Journal of Boston University International Law Journal, 2005, Vol.27(8):249
[100]DePauw, K.P. Research on sport for athletes with disabilities. Journal of adapted physical activity quarterly,1986, Vol.13(9):292
[101]Auerbach, Jerome S. Unequal justice:lawyers and social change in modern America. New York:Oxford University Press,1976
[102]World Health Organization. Physical Inactivity:A Global Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Organization,2008.
[103]Cooper R.A., Quatrano L.A., Axelson P.W. Research on physical activity and health among people with disabilities:A consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development,2004,Vol.36(4):142-154
[104]Rauzon Terrie. Anne Barriers to participation in physical activity/exercise for women with physical activities:[D].Salt Lake City:The University of Utah,2002
[105]Washburn, R.A., Weimo, Z., McAuley, E., The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities:Development and evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.25 (6):193-200.
[106]James H. Rimmer, Jennifer L. Rowland. Health promotion for people with disabilities: implications for empowering the person and promoting disability-friendly environment. Journal of American lifestyle medicine,2008, Vol.22(9):409
[107]Emily Sparvero, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green. Elite sport development:United States. New York:University of New York press,2004
[108]Marks, D.'Model of Disability'. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation,1997, Vol.19(6):85-91
[109]Hendriks, A. Disabled persons and their right to equal treatment:allowing differentiation while ending discrimination. Journal of Health and Human Rights,1995, Vol.11(2):73-152
[110]Reinders, U.S. The future of the disabled in liberal society:An ethical analysis. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,2000
[111]胡皓,楼慧心.自组织理论与社会发展研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002.
[112]颜泽贤.耗散机构与系统演化.福州：福建人民出版社,1987
[113]江泽民.加快改革开放和现代化建设步伐,夺取有中国特色社会主义事业的更大胜利(中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上的报告).北京：人民出版社,1992
[114]切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践.北京：华夏出版社,1990
[115]沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散机构论.上海：上海人民出版社,1987
[116]苗东升.系统科学精要.北京：中国人民出版社,1998
[117]贝塔朗菲.一般系统论.北京：清华大学出版社,1987
[118]谭跃进、高世辑、周曼殊.北京：国防科技大学出版社,1996
[119]沈小峰,混沌初开：自组织理论的哲学探索.北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008
[120]Murry R. Encyclopedia of Sport in America. Nelson:Greenwood Press,2009
[121]Charlie Hunbner. Paralympic resource network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
[122]Charlie Huebner. U.S. Paralympics forum. Journal of Palaestra,2012, Vol.20(2):9
[123]Anonymous. U.S.Paralympic Corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra, 2001, Vol.17(4):8
[124]苗东升.开放复杂巨系统理论：科学性、研究现状和存在问题.河北师范大学学报,2001,Vol.12(2)：46
[125]吴彤.百年“自组织”认识史.科技日报,2000,Vol.11(2)：45
[126]徐国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
[127]Howard L. Nixon Ⅱ. Constructing diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007,Vol.31(6):415
[128]李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
[129]李之俊.我国城市残疾人健身体育锻炼与对策.上海体育科研,2003,Vol.24(1)：13
[130]张军献,谈卿.近二十年来我国残疾人体育研究述评.成都体育学院学报,2007,Vol.33(2)：107
[131]戴昕,王蒲,杨铁黎.发展残疾人体育-全民健身运动中不容忽视的社会问题.安徽体育科技,2010,Vol.31(4),53
[132]张燕中.我国残疾人体育的发展.体育文化导刊,2009,Vol.12(4)：21
[133]周建,杨建.我国残疾人实施全民健身计划现状调查.山东体育学院学报,2006,Vol.22(3),21
[134]张龙.中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：36
[135]卢雁,韩松,李伟一.我国残疾人体育管理组织机构之研究.北京体育大学学报,2004,Vol.27(12),1699
[136]苗东升.系统科学的难题与突破.科技导报,2000,Vol.13(7)：48
[137]陈忠.现代系统科学.上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2005
[138]苏文涛.城市社区残疾人体育活动的现状与对策.武汉体育学院学报,2009,Vol.43(9)：78
[139]徐成立.我国残疾人参与全民健身活动的现状调查及对策研究：[硕士论文].武汉：华中师范大学,2006
[140]卢玲.近年来我国特殊体育研究的综述.成都体育学院学报,2005,Vol.31(2)：40
2 容湘江,戴听.残疾人体育教程,北京：人民体育出版社,2010
3 王蒲.国际残奥运动理念与和谐社会发展观下的中国残疾人体育事业发展.北京：北京体育大学出版社,2012
4 Karen DePauw. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005
5 许国志.系统科学大辞典.昆明：云南科技出版社,1993
6 Silvers, A., Wasserman, D. Integration, disability and sport:past and future research directions. Journal of Sociology of sport,2004, Vol.18(1):39
7 Peter R., Giacobbi Jr.& Michael Stancil. Physical Activity and Quality of Life Experiences by Highly Active Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2008,Vol.25(9):189
8 Orelove F., Wood, J. An evaluative review of Special Olympics:Implications for community integration. Journal of Education and Training of Mentally Retarded,1982, Vol.17(17):325
9 Cooper RA, Quatrano LA & Axelson PW. Research on physical and health among people with disabilities:a consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Recreation Development,1999, Vol.26(8):142
10 Wilhite B, Adams-Mushett C, Calloway J. Sport and disabilities across the lifespan:introduction to the special issue. Journal of Recreation,1996, Vol.30 (2):108
11 Johnston, M.V., Miklos, C.S. Activity-related quality of life in rehabilitation and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.82(2):S26
12 Blinde, E.M., McClung, L.R. Enhancing the physical and social self through recreation activity:Accounts of individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1997, Vol.13(9):344
13 Vandlandewijck, Y.C.,Chappel, R.J. Integration and classification issues in competitive sports for athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport Science Review,1996, Vol.5(1):67
14 Wankel LM, Berger BG. The personal and social benefits of sport and physical activity. PA:Venture Publishing, 1991
15 Patrick J. Adherence to a physical fitness program by individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2005, Vol.9(3):112
16 Caldwell L. Leisure and health:why is leisure therapeutic? Journal of Guide Counts,2005, Vol.33(9):26
17 Nixon. H.L Sport and Disability. London:Sage.2000
18 Elizabeth Moberg-Wolff, Sarah Kiesling. Adapted recreational and sports programs for children with disabilities: A decade of experience. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine,2008, Vol.25(9):155
19 Thomas H Sawyer. Inclusion in sport activities:disabilities and the ADA. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2002, Vol.73(5):7
20 Pensgaard, A.M., Sorensen, M. Empowerment through the sport context:a model to guide research for individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2002, Vol.19(7):57
21 Wolff, E.A., Fay, T., Hums, M. A. Raising the bar:Inclusion of people with disabilities in sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2004, Vol.5(1):147
22 Greg Reid. Future directions of inquiry in adapted physical activity. Journal of National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education,2000, Vol.52(2):370
23 Candace Ashton-Shaeffer, Heather J. Gibson, Cari E. Autry & Carolyn S. Hanson. Barriers to disability sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2001, Vol.18(2):97
24 Passo M. Improving access to outdoor recreational activities on public lands. Minneapolis, MN:Wilderness Inquiry,2000
25 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities. Washington, DC:Office of the Surgeon General,2005
26 Van der Ploeg, vander Beek AJ, van der Woude LHV, van Mechelen W. Physical activity for people with a disability:a conceptual model. Journal of Sports Med,2004, Vol.34(10):639
27 Raymore LA. Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Recreation,2002, Vol.34(2):47
28 Scherer MJ, McAnaney D & Sax C. Opportunity is possible; performance is action:measuring participation Journal of Disability Rehabilitation,2007, Vol.28(6):1467
29 M.K. Bult, O.Verschuren, M.J. Jongmans, E. Lindeman & M. Ketelaar. What influences participation in leisure activities of children and youth with physical disabilities? A systematic review. Journal of Research on Developmental Disabilities,2011, Vol.32(9):1521
30 Francis M Kozub. Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners with Disabilities. Journal of Palaestra,2008, Vol. 24(2):19
31 Block, M.E. Why all students with disabilities should be included in regular physical education. Journal of PALAESTRA,1994, Vol.10(3):18
32 Dattilo J, Caldwell L, Lee Y & Kleiber D. Returning to the community with a spinal cord injury:implications for therapeutic recreation specialists. Journal of The Recreation,1998, Vol.32(4):26
33 Dewar, A. Would all the generic women in sport please stand up? Challenges facing feminist sport sociology. Journal of Sport Sociology,1993, Vol.45(7):211
34 Lisa Marie Olenik. Women is elite disability sport:multidimensional perspective:[Dissertation]. Alberta: University of Alberta,1998
35 Haugen, K., Wolff, E.A. Paralympic athletes:needs and issues. Journal of Sport Sociology,2002, Vol.20(3):21
36 Howard L. Nixon II. The creation of appropriate integration opportunities in sport for disabled and non-disabled people:A guide for research and action. Journal of Sociology of Sport,1984, Vol.12(4):192
37 刘建宇.当代美国体育教育中残疾学生评估的法律适用.法制与社会,2006,Vol.10(2)：179
38 张军献,虞重干.残疾人观的嬗变与残疾人体育的历史回顾.体育科学,2007,Vol.27(3)：17
39 刘洋.残疾人奥林匹克运动教育价值研究：[博士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2010
40 王占坤,张冉.残疾人体育溯源及发展展望.河北体育学院学报,2008,Vol.22(2)：11
41 卢雁,韩松.残疾人与奥林匹克运动Paralympic games的缘起与发展.北京体育大学学报,2007,Vol.9(6)：1164
42 Anonymous. Paralympic update. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.19(17):8
43 Beaver, David P. Inclusion or separation, integration or segregation. Journal of Palaestra,2004,Vol.17(2):9
44 Darlene Hunter. Community programs, sport clubs and clinics for adapted sports. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,2004,Vol.13(8):3
45 Combs, Gregory M. Resource acquisition strategies of nonprofit organizations:a study of disabled sport organizations:[D]. New York:University of New York,2000
46 Fay, T.G., Hums, M.A.,&Wolff, E.A. Inclusion of sport for athletes with disabilities into non-disabled sport organizations:a comparative analysis of three case studies. Journal of sociology of sport,2000, Vol.6(2):35
47 Legg, D.F.H., Steadward, R.D. Inclusion of athletes with disability within sport. Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education,2002, Vol.8(2):76
48 Lindstrom, H. Integration of sports for athletes with disabilities into sport programs for able-bodied athletes. Journal of Palaestra,1992, Vol.8(3):29
49 张龙.《中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较》.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：35
50 黄亚茹,中川一彦,李红.日本残疾人体育协会及其职能.山东体育学院学报,2007,Vol.23(5)：14
51 李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
52 沃德罗普.复杂.北京：三联书店,1997
53 Hermann Haken. Advanced Synergetics-Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. Springer: Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1983
54 许国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
55 吴彤.自组织方法论研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
56 哈肯.信息与自组织.成都：四川教育出版社.1988
57 钱学森,创建系统学.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2001
58 DePauw KP, Gavron. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005
59 DePauw KP. Research on Sport for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1986, Vol.26(3):292
60 Sherrill, C. Disability and Sport:Psychosocial Perspective on Inclusion, Integration, and Participation. Journal of Sport Science Review,1999,Vol.5(1):42-64
61 侯晓辉,万宇,陈耿.我国残障人休闲体育现状与对策.广州体育学院学报,2009,Vol.29(4)：6
62 容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
63 Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing Diverse Sports Opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007, Vol.31(6):418
64 王斌,马红宇.体育组织行为学.武汉：华中师范大学,2010
65 Scotch, R.K. From goodwill to civil rights. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1984
66 Williams,T. Disability sport socialization and identity construction. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,1994, Vol.11(3):14
67 Samuel R. Bagenstos. Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movements. Journal of Legal Medicine, 2010, Vol.31(10):241
68 John F Muller. Disability, Ambivalence and the Law. Journal of American Law and Medicine,2011, Vol. 37(4):469
69 Lenore Manderson. Disability, global legislation and human rights. Journal of Society for International Development,2004, Vol.47(2):30
70 Henry McCarthy. The disability rights movement:experience and perspective of selected leaders in the disability community. Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2003, Vol.46(20):209
71 郭春宁.残疾人人权的国际文书综述.中国残疾人,2011,Vol,52(4)：53.
72 DePauw, K.P. The (in)visibility of disability:cultural contexts and "sporting bodies". Journal of Quest,1997, Vol.49(6):417
73 United Nations. Standards rules on the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. New York: United Nations,1993
74 UNESCO. Overcoming obstacles to the Integration of disabled people. Paris:UNESCO,1995
75 Barron, L. Disability, politics& the struggle for change. Washington, DC:Gallaudet University Press,2001
76 Bowe, E. Equal rights for Americans with disabilities. New York:F. Watts,1992
77 Campbell, J., Oliver, M. Disability politics:Understanding our past, changing our future. New York:Norton, 1996
78 Charlton, J. Nothing about us without us:disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley:University of California Press.1998
79 Roberts, G.C. Toward a new theory of motivation in sport:the role of perceived ability. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.2000
80 Davidson, Jennifer. Sports and veterans with disabilities. Journal of the Exceptional Parent,2008, Vol.38(6):80
81 Beaver, David P. Disability sport...is there something wrong? Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.17(1):4
82 Goodman S. Spirit of Stoke Mandeville:the story of Sir Ludwig Guttmann. London:Collins,1986
83 Janet E. Lord, Michael Ashley Stein. Social rights and the relational value of the rights to participate in sport, recreation, and play. Journal of Boston University International Law Journal,2005, Vol.27(8):249
84 DePauw, K.P. Research on sport for athletes with disabilities. Journal of adapted physical activity quarterly, 1986, Vol.13(9):292
85 Auerbach, Jerome S. Unequal justice:lawyers and social change in modern America. New York:Oxford University Press,1976
86 World Health Organization. Physical Inactivity:A Global Public Health Problem. Geneva:World Health Organization,2008.
Cooper R.A., Quatrano L.A., Axelson P.W. Research on physical activity and health among people with disabilities:A consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 2004,Vol.36(4):142-154
88 Rauzon Terrie. Anne Barriers to participation in physical activity/exercise for women with physical activities:[D].Salt Lake City:The University of Utah,2002
89 Washburn, R.A., Weimo, Z., McAuley, E., The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities: Development and evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.25 (6):193-200.
90 James H. Rimmer, Jennifer L. Rowland. Health promotion for people with disabilities:implications for empowering the person and promoting disability-friendly environment. Journal of American lifestyle medicine, 2008, Vol.22(9):409
91 Emily Sparvero, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green. Elite sport development:United States. New York: University of New York press,2004
92 Marks, D.'Model of Disability'. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation,1997, Vol.19(6):85-91
93 Hendriks, A. Disabled persons and their right to equal treatment:allowing differentiation while ending discrimination. Journal of Health and Human Rights,1995, Vol.11(2):73-152
94 Reinders, H.S. The future of the disabled in liberal society:An ethical analysis. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,2000
95 Winnick, J.P. Adapted physical education and sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2010
96 Mastandrea,L. Sports and the Physically Challenged. Westport:Greenwood Press,2006
97 Walsh,J. The organization of paralympic sport in the United States. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2012, Vol.83(3):22
98 Huebner, C. Paralympic Resource Network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
99 Anonymous, President's council on fitness, sports and nutrition adopts disability fitness focus.Journal of Palaestra.,2011, Vol.25(3):12
100 John. Access for all:the rise of the Paralympic games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health.,2007, Vol.127(3):133
101 胡皓,楼慧心.自组织理论与社会发展研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002.
102 颜泽贤.耗散机构与系统演化.福州：福建人民出版社,1987
103 江泽民.加快改革开放和现代化建设步伐,夺取有中国特色社会主义事业的更大胜利(中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上的报告).北京：人民出版社,1992
104 切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践.北京：华夏出版社,1990
105 沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散机构论.上海：上海人民出版社,1987
106 苗东升.系统科学精要.北京：中国人民出版社,1998
107 贝塔朗菲.一般系统论.北京：清华大学出版社,1987
108 谭跃进、高世辑、周曼殊.北京：国防科技大学出版社,1996
109 王寿云,于景元,戴汝为,汪成为,钱学敏,涂元季.开放的复杂巨系统.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1996
10 钱学森.论系统工程(增订本).长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1998
11 钱学森,宋健.工程控制论(增订版)..北京：科学出版社,1983
112 J. M.Thompson, H.B.Stenmit. Nonlineaar Dynamics and Chaos:Geometrical Methods for Engineers and Scientists. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1986
113 Gavron, S.J. Disability sport (Second edition). Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2005
114 许国志.系统研究-祝贺钱学森同志85寿辰论文集.杭州：浙江教育出版社,1996
5 Scruton J. Stoke Mandeville:road to the Paralympic-fifty years of history. Aylesbury:Peterhouse,1998
116 C.G. Langton. Artificial Life. New York:Addison-Wesley,1989
117 Anonymous,U.S. Paralympic corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.17(4):8
8 沈小峰.混沌初开：自组织理论的哲学探索.北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008
3 Murry R. Encyclopedia of Sport in America. Nelson:Greenwood Press,2009
120 Charlie Hunbner. Paralympic resource network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
121 美国奥委会.残疾人社区体育项目http://www.teamusa.paralymic.com
122 Charlie Huebner. U.S. Paralympics forum. Journal of Palaestra,2012, Vol.20(2):9
123 Anonymous. U.S.Paralympic Corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.17(4):8
4 苗东升.开放复杂巨系统理论：科学性、研究现状和存在问题.河北师范大学学报,2001,Vol.12(2)：46
125 吴彤.百年“自组织”认识史.科技日报,2000,Vol.11(2)：45
126 徐国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
127 Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007,Vol.31(6):415
128 李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
129 李之俊.我国城市残疾人健身体育锻炼与对策.上海体育科研,2003,Vol.24(1)：13
130 张军献,谈卿.近二十年来我国残疾人体育研究述评.成都体育学院学报,2007,Vol.33(2)：107
131 戴昕,王蒲,杨铁黎.发展残疾人体育-全民健身运动中不容忽视的社会问题.安徽体育科技,2010,Vol.31(4),53
132 张燕中.我国残疾人体育的发展.体育文化导刊,2009,vol.12(4)：21
133 周建.杨建.我国残疾人实施全民健身计划现状调查.山东体育学院学报,2006,Vol.22(3),21
134 张龙.中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：36
135 卢雁,韩松,李伟一.我国残疾人体育管理组织机构之研究.北京体育大学学报,2004,Vol.27(12),1699
136 陈忠.现代系统科学.上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2005
137 苗东升.系统科学的难题与突破.科技导报,2000,vol.13(7)：48
8 卢玲.近年来我国特殊体育研究的综述.成都体育学院学报,2005,Vol.31(2)：40
9 苏文涛.城市社区残疾人体育活动的现状与对策.武汉体育学院学报,2009,Vol.43(9)：78
0 徐成立.我国残疾人参与全民健身活动的现状调查及对策研究：[硕士论文].武汉：华中师范大学,2006
[1]David Legg, Claudia Emes & David Steward. History Overview of the Paralympics, Special Olympics, and Deaflympics. Journal of Palaestra,2004, Vol.20(1):30
[2]容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
[3]王蒲.国际残奥运动理念与和谐社会发展观下的中国残疾人体育事业发展.北京：北京体育大学出版社,2012.61
[4]Karen DePauw. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005.45
[5]许国志.系统科学大辞典.昆明云南科技出版社,1993.27
[6]Silvers, A., Wasserman, D. Integration, disability and sport:past and future research directions. Journal of Sociology of sport,2004, Vol.18(1):39
[7]Peter R., Giacobbi Jr. & Michael Stancil. Physical Activity and Quality of Life Experiences by Highly Active Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,2008,Vol.25(9):189
[8]Orelove F., Wood, J. An evaluative review of Special Olympics:Implications for community integration. Journal of Education and Training of Mentally Retarded,1982, Vol.17(17):325
[9]Cooper RA, Quatrano LA & Axelson PW. Research on physical and health among people with disabilities:a consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Recreation Development,1999, Vol. 26(8):142
[10]Wilhite B, Adams-Mushett C, Calloway J. Sport and disabilities across the lifespan: introduction to the special issue. Journal of Recreation,1996, Vol.30 (2):108
[11]Johnston, M. V., Miklos, C.S. Activity-related quality of life in rehabilitation and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.82(2):S26
[12]Blinde, E.M., McClung, L.R. Enhancing the physical and social self through recreation activity:Accounts of individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1997, Vol.13(9):344
[13]Vandlandewijck, Y.C.,Chappel, R.J. Integration and classification issues in competitive sports for athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport Science Review,1996, Vol.5(1):67
[14]Wankel LM, Berger BG. The personal and social benefits of sport and physical activity. PA: Venture Publishing,1991.121
[15]Patrick J. Adherence to a physical fitness program by individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2005, Vol.9(3):112
[16]Caldwell L. Leisure and health:why is leisure therapeutic? Journal of Guide Counts,2005, Vol.33(9):26
[17]Nixon, H.L. Sport and Disability. London:Sage,2000.422
[18]Elizabeth Moberg-Wolff, Sarah Kiesling. Adapted recreational and sports programs for children with disabilities:A decade of experience. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2008, Vol.25(9):155
[19]Thomas H Sawyer. Inclusion in sport activities:disabilities and the ADA. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2002, Vol.73(5):7
[20]Pensgaard, A.M., Sorensen, M. Empowerment through the sport context:a model to guide research for individuals with physical disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2002, Vol.19(7):57
[21]Wolff, E.A., Fay, T., Hums, M. A. Raising the bar:Inclusion of people with disabilities in sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2004, Vol.5(1):147
[22]Greg Reid. Future directions of inquiry in adapted physical activity. Journal of National Association for Physical Education in Higher Education,2000, Vol.52(2):370
[23]Candace Ashton-Shaeffer, Heather J. Gibson, Cari E. Autry & Carolyn S. Hanson. Barriers to disability sport. Journal of Sociology of Sport,2001, Vol.18(2):97
[24]Passo M. Improving access to outdoor recreational activities on public lands. Minneapolis, MN:Wilderness Inquiry,2000
[25]U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgon General's Call to Action to Improve the Health and Wellness of Persons with Disabilities. Washington, DC:Office of the Surgeon General,2005
[26]Van der Ploeg, vander Beek AJ, van der Woude LHV, van Mechelen W. Physical activity for people with a disability:a conceptual model. Journal of Sports Med,2004, Vol.34(10):639
[27]Raymore LA. Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Recreation,2002, Vol.34(2):47
[28]Scherer MJ, McAnaney D & Sax C. Opportunity is possible; performance is action: measuring participation. Journal of Disability Rehabilitation,2007, Vol.28(6):1467
[29]M.K. Bult, O.Verschuren, M.J. Jongmans, E. Lindeman & M. Ketelaar. What influences participation in leisure activities of children and youth with physical disabilities? A systematic review. Journal of Research on Developmental Disabilities,2011, Vol.32(9):1521
[30]Francis M Kozub. Goal-Directed Physical Education for Learners with Disabilities. Journal of Palaestra,2008, Vol.24(2):19
[31]Block, M.E. Why all students with disabilities should be included in regular physical education. Journal of PALAESTRA,1994, Vol.10(3):18
[32]Dattilo J, Caldwell L, Lee Y & Kleiber D. Returning to the community with a spinal cord injury:implications for therapeutic recreation specialists. Journal of The Recreation,1998, Vol.32(4):26
[33]Lisa Marie Olenik. Women is elite disability sport:multidimensional perspective: [Dissertation]. Alberta:University of Alberta,1998
[34]Dewar, A. Would all the generic women in sport please stand up? Challenges facing feminist sport sociology. Journal of Sport Sociology,1993, Vol.45(7):211
[35]Haugen, K., Wolff, E.A. Paralympic athletes:needs and issues. Journal of Sport Sociology, 2002,Vol.20(3):21
[36]Howard L. Nixon II. The creation of appropriate integration opportunities in sport for disabled and non-disabled people:A guide for research and action. Journal of Sociology of Sport, 1984, Vol.12(4):192
[37]刘建宇.当代美国体育教育中残疾学生评估的法律适用.法制与社会,2006,Vol.10(2)：179
[38]张军献,虞重干.残疾人观的嬗变与残疾人体育的历史回顾.体育科学,2007,Vol.27(3)：17
[39]刘洋.残疾人奥林匹克运动教育价值研究：[博士论文].苏州：苏州大学,2010
[40]王占坤,张冉.残疾人体育溯源及发展展望.河北体育学院学报,2008,Vol.22(2)：11
[41]卢雁,韩松.残疾人与奥林匹克运动-Paralympic games的缘起与发展.北京体育大学学报,2007,Vol.9(6)：1164
[42]Anonymous. Paralympic update. Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol.19(17):8
[43]Beaver, David P. Inclusion or separation, integration or segregation. Journal of Palaestra, 2004,Vol.17(2):9
[44]Darlene Hunter. Community programs, sport clubs and clinics for adapted sports. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance,2004,Vol.13(8):3
[45]Combs, Gregory M. Resource acquisition strategies of nonprofit organizations:a study of disabled sport organizations:[D]. New York:University of New York,2000
[46]Fay, T.G., Hums, M.A.,&Wolff, E.A. Inclusion of sport for athletes with disabilities into non-disabled sport organizations:a comparative analysis of three case studies. Journal of sociology of sport,2000, Vol.6(2):35
[47]Legg, D.F.H., Steadward, R.D. Inclusion of athletes with disability within sport. Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education,2002, Vol.8(2):76
[48]Lindstrom, H. Integration of sports for athletes with disabilities into sport programs for able-bodied athletes. Journal of Palaestra,1992, Vol.8(3):29
[49]张龙.《中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较》.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：35
[50]黄亚茹,中川一彦,李红.日本残疾人体育协会及其职能.山东体育学院学报,2007,Vol.23(5)：14
[51]李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
[52]DePauw KP, Gavron. Disability Sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2005.27
[53]DePauw KP. Research on Sport for Athletes with Disabilities. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly,1986, Vol.26(3):292
[54]Sherrill, C. Disability and Sport:Psychosocial Perspective on Inclusion, Integration, and Participation. Journal of Sport Science Review,1999,Vol.5(l):42-64
[55]侯晓辉,万宇,陈耿.我国残障人休闲体育现状与对策.广州体育学院学报,2009,Vol.29(4)：6
[56]容湘江,戴昕.残疾人体育教程.北京：人民体育出版社,2010
[57]Howard L. Nixon II. Constructing Diverse Sports Opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007, Vol.31(6):418
[58]王斌,马红宇.体育组织行为学.武汉：华中师范大学,2010
[59]沃德罗普.复杂.北京：三联书店,1997
[60]Hermann Haken. Advanced Synergetics-Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. Springer:Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1983
[61]许国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
[62]吴彤.自组织方法论研究.北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[63]哈肯.信息与自组织.成都：四川教育出版社,1988
[64]钱学森,创建系统学.太原：山西科学技术出版社,2001
[65]Winnick, J.P. Adapted physical education and sport. Champaign:Human Kinetics,2010
[66]Mastandrea,L. Sports and the Physically Challenged. Westport:Greenwood Press,2006
[67]Walsh,J. The organization of paralympic sport in the United States. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,2012, Vol.83(3):22
[68]Huebner, C. Paralympic Resource Network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
[69]Anonymous, President's council on fitness, sports and nutrition adopts disability fitness Focus.Journal of Palaestra,2011,Vol.25(3):12
[70]John. Access for all:the rise of the Paralympic games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,2007, Vol.127(3):133
[71]王寿云,于景元,戴汝为,汪成为,钱学敏,涂元季.开放的复杂巨系统.杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1996
[72]钱学森.论系统工程(增订本).长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,1998
[73]钱学森,宋健.工程控制论(增订版).北京：科学出版社,1983
[74]J. M.Thompson, H.B.Stenmit. Nonlineaar Dynamics and Chaos:Geometrical Methods for Engineers and Scientists. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1986
[75]Gavron, S.J. Disability sport (Second edition). Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2005
[76]许国志.系统研究—祝贺钱学森同志85寿辰论文集.杭州：浙江教育出版社,1996
[77]Scruton J. Stoke Mandeville:road to the Paralympic-fifty years of history. Aylesbury: Peterhouse,1998
[78]C.G Langton. Artificial Life. New York:Addison-Wesley,1989
[79]Anonymous,U.S. Paralympic corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra, 2011, Vol.17(4):8
[80]朴昌根.系统科学论.西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1988
[81]Scotch, R.K. From goodwill to civil rights. Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1984
[82]Williams.T. Disability sport socialization and identity construction. Journal of Adapted Physical Activity,1994, Vol.11 (3):14
[83]Samuel R. Bagenstos. Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movements. Journal of Legal Medicine,2010, Vol.31(10):241
[84]John F Muller. Disability, Ambivalence and the Law. Journal of American Law and Medicine,2011, Vol.37(4):469
[85]Lenore Manderson. Disability, global legislation and human rights. Journal of Society for International Development,2004, Vol.47(2):30
[86]Henry McCarthy. The disability rights movement:experience and perspective of selected leaders in the disability community. Journal of Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,2003, Vol. 46(20):209
[87]郭春宁.残疾人人权的国际文书综述.中国残疾人,2011,Vol,52(4)：53.
[88]DePauw, K.P. The (in)visibility of disability:cultural contexts and "sporting bodies". Journal of Quest,1997, Vol.49(6):417
[89]United Nations. Standards rules on the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. New York:United Nations,1993
[90]UNESCO. Overcoming obstacles to the Integration of disabled people. Paris:UNESCO, 1995
[91]Barron, L. Disability, politics& the struggle for change. Washington, DC:Gallaudet University Press,2001
[92]Bowe, E. Equal rights for Americans with disabilities. New York:F. Watts,1992
[93]Campbell, J., Oliver, M. Disability politics:Understanding our past, changing our future. New York:Norton,1996
[94]Charlton, J. Nothing about us without us:disability oppression and empowerment. Berkeley: university of California Press,1998
[95]Roberts, G.C. Toward a new theory of motivation in sport:the role of perceived ability. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics,2000
[96]Davidson, Jennifer. Sports and veterans with disabilities. Journal of the Exceptional Parent, 2008, Vol.38(6):80
[97]Beaver, David P. Disability sport...is there something wrong? Journal of Palaestra,2001, Vol. 17(1):4
[98]Goodman S. Spirit of Stoke Mandeville:the story of Sir Ludwig Guttmann. London: Collins,1986
[99]Janet E. Lord, Michael Ashley Stein. Social rights and the relational value of the rights to participate in sport, recreation, and play. Journal of Boston University International Law Journal, 2005, Vol.27(8):249
[100]DePauw, K.P. Research on sport for athletes with disabilities. Journal of adapted physical activity quarterly,1986, Vol.13(9):292
[101]Auerbach, Jerome S. Unequal justice:lawyers and social change in modern America. New York:Oxford University Press,1976
[102]World Health Organization. Physical Inactivity:A Global Public Health Problem. Geneva: World Health Organization,2008.
[103]Cooper R.A., Quatrano L.A., Axelson P.W. Research on physical activity and health among people with disabilities:A consensus statement. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development,2004,Vol.36(4):142-154
[104]Rauzon Terrie. Anne Barriers to participation in physical activity/exercise for women with physical activities:[D].Salt Lake City:The University of Utah,2002
[105]Washburn, R.A., Weimo, Z., McAuley, E., The physical activity scale for individuals with physical disabilities:Development and evaluation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,2002, Vol.25 (6):193-200.
[106]James H. Rimmer, Jennifer L. Rowland. Health promotion for people with disabilities: implications for empowering the person and promoting disability-friendly environment. Journal of American lifestyle medicine,2008, Vol.22(9):409
[107]Emily Sparvero, Laurence Chalip, B. Christine Green. Elite sport development:United States. New York:University of New York press,2004
[108]Marks, D.'Model of Disability'. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation,1997, Vol.19(6):85-91
[109]Hendriks, A. Disabled persons and their right to equal treatment:allowing differentiation while ending discrimination. Journal of Health and Human Rights,1995, Vol.11(2):73-152
[110]Reinders, U.S. The future of the disabled in liberal society:An ethical analysis. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,2000
[111]胡皓,楼慧心.自组织理论与社会发展研究.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2002.
[112]颜泽贤.耗散机构与系统演化.福州：福建人民出版社,1987
[113]江泽民.加快改革开放和现代化建设步伐,夺取有中国特色社会主义事业的更大胜利(中国共产党第十四次全国代表大会上的报告).北京：人民出版社,1992
[114]切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践.北京：华夏出版社,1990
[115]沈小峰,胡岗,姜璐.耗散机构论.上海：上海人民出版社,1987
[116]苗东升.系统科学精要.北京：中国人民出版社,1998
[117]贝塔朗菲.一般系统论.北京：清华大学出版社,1987
[118]谭跃进、高世辑、周曼殊.北京：国防科技大学出版社,1996
[119]沈小峰,混沌初开：自组织理论的哲学探索.北京：北京师范大学出版社,2008
[120]Murry R. Encyclopedia of Sport in America. Nelson:Greenwood Press,2009
[121]Charlie Hunbner. Paralympic resource network. Journal of Palaestra,2011, Vol.25(4):12
[122]Charlie Huebner. U.S. Paralympics forum. Journal of Palaestra,2012, Vol.20(2):9
[123]Anonymous. U.S.Paralympic Corporation lays groundwork for success. Journal of Palaestra, 2001, Vol.17(4):8
[124]苗东升.开放复杂巨系统理论：科学性、研究现状和存在问题.河北师范大学学报,2001,Vol.12(2)：46
[125]吴彤.百年“自组织”认识史.科技日报,2000,Vol.11(2)：45
[126]徐国志.系统科学.上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000
[127]Howard L. Nixon Ⅱ. Constructing diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues,2007,Vol.31(6):415
[128]李伟一.21世纪初期中国残疾人体育管理组织结构研究：[硕士论文].北京：北京体育大学,2004
[129]李之俊.我国城市残疾人健身体育锻炼与对策.上海体育科研,2003,Vol.24(1)：13
[130]张军献,谈卿.近二十年来我国残疾人体育研究述评.成都体育学院学报,2007,Vol.33(2)：107
[131]戴昕,王蒲,杨铁黎.发展残疾人体育-全民健身运动中不容忽视的社会问题.安徽体育科技,2010,Vol.31(4),53
[132]张燕中.我国残疾人体育的发展.体育文化导刊,2009,Vol.12(4)：21
[133]周建,杨建.我国残疾人实施全民健身计划现状调查.山东体育学院学报,2006,Vol.22(3),21
[134]张龙.中日残疾人体育组织管理体系比较.体育学刊,2009,Vol.16(4)：36
[135]卢雁,韩松,李伟一.我国残疾人体育管理组织机构之研究.北京体育大学学报,2004,Vol.27(12),1699
[136]苗东升.系统科学的难题与突破.科技导报,2000,Vol.13(7)：48
[137]陈忠.现代系统科学.上海：上海科学技术文献出版社,2005
[138]苏文涛.城市社区残疾人体育活动的现状与对策.武汉体育学院学报,2009,Vol.43(9)：78
[139]徐成立.我国残疾人参与全民健身活动的现状调查及对策研究：[硕士论文].武汉：华中师范大学,2006
[140]卢玲.近年来我国特殊体育研究的综述.成都体育学院学报,2005,Vol.31(2)：40