稀土叶面肥等对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落及葡萄十星叶甲与其天敌关系的影响
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摘要
本文系统地总结了国内外节肢动物群落的研究进展并运用生态学、统计学、分类学等理论和方法对肥东县和萧县不同处理葡萄园的节肢动物群落、害虫与天敌的关系等进行了综合分析。其主要研究结果如下：
1.对两地4种不同处理葡萄园节肢动物群落系统调查结果表明：肥东店埠镇葡萄园钕肥处理区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫2种,捕食性天敌17种；镧肥处理区共发现节肢动物37种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫2种,捕食性天敌18种；醋肥区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌17种；清水对照区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌18种。萧县葡萄园钕肥处理区共发现节肢动物31种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌13种,寄生性天敌1种；镧肥处理区共发现节肢动物37种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫5种,捕食性天敌14种,寄生性天敌1种；醋肥处理区共发现节肢动物34种,其中植食性昆虫19种,中性昆虫3种,捕食性天敌11种,寄生性天敌1种；清水对照区共发现节肢动物29种,其中植食性昆虫14种,中性昆虫3种,捕食性天敌12种,寄生性天敌1种。两地4个处理区的共同主要害虫是葡萄十星叶甲。另外,肥东县葡萄园主要害虫还有大蟋蟀、短额负蝗和葡萄天蛾,而萧县葡萄园主要害虫还有葡萄二星叶甲、黄潜蝇、葡萄瘿蚊、葡萄斑蛾和白星花金龟。两地4种处理葡萄园共同的主要天敌有草间小黑蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、粽管巢蛛、八点球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫,肥东葡萄园还有主要天敌鞍型蟹蛛,萧县葡萄园还有主要天敌中华草蛉和桃蚜茧蜂。肥东葡萄园钕肥区、镧肥区和醋肥区与清水对照区群落之间物种数、个体数、物种丰富度、植食性昆虫和天敌相对丰富度差异均不显著；萧县葡萄园只有镧肥区与对照之间物种数差异显著,其余差异不显著。
2.通过对江淮丘陵和黄河故道4种处理葡萄园节肢动物群落的分析,得出各处理与清水对照的个体数之间相关,表现出时间上与对照的同步性,物种数之间不相关。萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与清水对照之间,物种数差异显著,两地其余处理与清水对照之间,物种数和个体数差异均不显著。主成分分析的结果表明,植食性昆虫的物种数和个体数是群落的主导因素,其次是捕食性天敌的物种数和个体数,群落的时间结构的最优分割表明,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理区分段相同,其余均不相同。萧县4个处理第1和第2段相同,其余不同。
3.为了明确施用稀土镧和钕的叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性的影响,通过系统调查和t检验得出,肥东县和萧县两地镧和钕与清水(CK1)和醋液(CK2)之间,捕食性天敌的物种数和个体数、植食性昆虫物种数和个体数和总群落的多样性指数差异均不显著。总群落物种数与个体数的比值(稳定性值),肥东镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.5592和1.0922,与CK2之间t值为1.2407和1.9178；萧县镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.3533和0.8969,与CK2之间的t值为0.7067和0.4484； t值均小于to.05(2.07),其群落稳定性差异均不显著,表明镧和钕叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性影响不显著。对12次调查的捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的物种数比值(Sn/Sp)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.5111和0.1499,与CK2的t值为0.1146和0.2466,CK1与CK2的t值为0.3476；萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.0976和0.0547,与CK2的t值为0.0975和0.1749,CK1与CK2的t值为0.2337,t值均小于t0.05,他们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的复杂性影响不显著。对12次调查捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的个体数比值(Sa/Sb)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.9427和0.9727,与CK2的t值为0.5023和0.5342,CK1与CK2的t值为0.4957；萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.8820和0.0345,与CK2的t值为0.0741和1.0572,CK1与CK2的t值为0.8571,t值均小于t0.05,它们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀上叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的益害比影响不显著。
4.为阐明稀上叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落、中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团组成的影响,通过系统调查和数学分析得出,稀土元素镧、钕和醋(CK2)对肥东葡萄园节肢动物总群落、植食性昆虫亚群落和捕食性天敌亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度的影响均不显著。稀土叶面肥对萧县总群落的物种数影响显著,镧对总群落物种丰富度影响显著,其余影响不显著。镧和钕元素对两地葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落的物种数和物种丰富度影响极显著,对个体数影响不显著,CK2对中性昆虫亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度影响均不显著；肥东县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为3.4384、2.3911和2.0528,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为1.6397和0.6357；萧县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的物种数t值为2.2909、2.3223和0.3674,镧肥和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为2.7533和2.7744,表明镧肥和钕肥对两地食饵功能团的物种数影响均显著。肥东县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.3047、1.0338和0.2300,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为1.6014和1.1835；萧县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.0431、1.0245和0.7369,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为0.9495和0.9490；两地处理与CK1和CK2之间食饵功能团的个体数t值均小于t0.05,表明稀土叶面肥对两地食饵功能团个体数影响不显著。稀土叶面肥对肥东葡萄园食饵功能团物种丰富度影响很小,萧县镧肥和钕肥与CK2之间物种丰富度的t值为2.1709和2.0226,差异显著。综上所述,稀土叶面肥对葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团的物种数影响显著。
5.为了在运用葡萄丰产栽培措施的同时,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行葡萄十星叶甲的综合防治,对萧县和肥东县两地四种处理葡萄园十星叶甲与其主要天敌进行了系统调查,并用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对两者之间在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析。经综合排序得出,萧县喷水处理区十星叶甲主要天敌是龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区十星叶甲主要天敌是拟环纹狼蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫,喷钕处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫,喷镧处理区主要天敌是龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和草间小黑蛛。肥东县喷水处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区主要天敌是拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫,喷钕处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、拟环纹狼蛛和八斑球腹蛛,喷镧处理区主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛。萧县和肥东县两地之间各处理的十星叶甲主要天敌的种类和位次差别明显。
6.通过分析江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄害虫及其天敌种群的差异及喷施醋肥对葡萄害虫及其天敌种群的影响,为葡萄害虫综合防治提供科学依据,对两地喷水(CK)和喷施醋肥葡萄园系统调查和分析,结果表明,两地对照区之间葡萄二星叶蝉差异极显著(t=2.9891),两地喷施醋肥区之间,葡萄短额负蝗及葡萄二星叶蝉差异显著(t值为2.2789和2.5170),天敌三突花蟹蛛(t=2.1712)差异显著。肥东对照区和喷施醋肥区之间害虫及其天敌种群差异均不显著,萧县对照区与喷施醋肥区之间各种害虫种群差异均不显著。两地醋肥与对照区之间物种数和个体数之间差异均不显著,表明喷施醋肥对葡萄害虫及其天敌种群影响较小
7.为了推广镧肥和钕肥等葡萄增产措施,明确两种稀土肥料对葡萄园害虫和天敌的影响,通过田间试验和系统检验,结果表明：(1)两地葡萄园主要害虫是葡萄十星叶甲、葡萄二星叶蝉、黄潜蝇和大蟋蟀。(2)两地葡萄园主要天敌为拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和蚜茧蜂。(3)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷水处理区之间,葡萄十星叶甲的F值肥东的为0.3656,萧县的为0.9404,萧县葡萄二星叶蝉的F值为0.4596,黄潜蝇的F值肥东的为1.3820,萧县的为0.0167,大蟋蟀的F值肥东的为0.219,萧县的为0.9704,F值均小于F0.05(3,44)(2.80)。表明两种稀土叶面肥和醋液及清水四种处理之间四种主要害虫的差异不显著。即稀上叶面肥对主要害虫种群数量影响不显著。(4)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理区之间,拟环纹狼蛛的肥东F值为0.1332,萧县的F值为0.1649；草间小黑蛛的F值肥东为0.0239。萧县的为0.5654,八点球腹蛛的F值肥东的为0.5654,萧县的为0.1246；粽管巢蛛的F值肥东的为0.6518,萧县的为0.3682,龟纹瓢虫的F值肥东的为0.0235,萧县的为0.3559,蚜茧蜂的F值萧县的为0.0258,F值均小于Fo.05(3,44)(2.80),表明四种处理之间差异不显著,即稀土叶面肥对天敌种群数量影响不显著。(5)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理,两地之间拟环纹狼蛛的t值依次是0.97、1.36、0.65、和0.47,早间小黑蛛的t值依次是0.12、0.90、1.42和0.783,八斑球腹蛛的t值依次是2.03、1.76、0.47和0.25,粽管巢蛛的t值是0.71、0.87、0.47和0.49龟纹瓢虫的t值依次为1.26、1.60、1.47和1.37,蚜茧蜂的t值依次为1.00、1.21、1.05和1.20,两地同一处理之间5种主要天敌的t值均小于t0.05(2.07),差异均不显著。两地之间喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理黄潜蝇的t值为1.76、1.18、1.39和1.49；大蟋蟀的t值为1.43、1.43、0.86和1.62,表明黄潜蝇和大蟋蟀同一处理之间t值均小于t0.05,差异不显著。两地葡萄十星叶甲喷醋处理的t值为4.58,t>t0.01(2.82),差异极显著,其余处理的t值小于t0.05,葡萄二星叶蝉喷钕处理的t值为2.52,喷醋处理的t值为2.51,t值均大于t0.05(2.07)差异显著,喷水处理的t值为2.89,t值大于t0.01(2.82),差异极显著,萧县葡萄园的葡萄十星叶甲和葡萄二星叶甲种群数量均大于肥东葡萄园,差异可能是生态环境不同所致。
The advance in research of arthropod community has been extensively reviewed in the present thesis. The impacts of different treatments on arthropod community and the relationship between pest insects and their natural enemies are in detail investigated in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, respectively, by using the theory and method of ecology, statistics and taxonomy. These main results are as follows:
1. The effects of the four different treatments on arthropod community are investigated in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian areas. The results show that, in the Feidong's grapery, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and17species of predatory enemies in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and18species of predatory enemies. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment one,35species of arthropods are found, which is composed of17species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect, and17species of predatory enemies. In the control area, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect and18species of predatory enemies. Whilst in the Xiaoxian's grapery,31species of arthropods could be seen in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect,13species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment one, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,5species of neutral insects,14species of predatory enemies, and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment area, all34species of arthropods are detected, which is consisted of19species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,11species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the control one, there are29species of arthropods, including14species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,12species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. The further analysis demonstrates that the common main pest is Oides decempunctata in the four treatment areas in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian. In addition, our findings reveal that, besides Oides decempunctata, the main pests have Brachytrupes portentosus, Atraelomorpha sinensis and Ampelophage rubiginosa Bremeret in Feidong area, while there are Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp., cecidomyia sp., Iuiberis tenuis and Potosia brevitarsis in Xiaoxian area. Specially, the common main natural enemies in the four treatments of the two areas are Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Clubiona japonicola, Theridion octomaculatum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica. Moreover, the main natural enemies have also Xysticus ephippiatus in Feidong, and Chrysopa Sinica and Ephedrus persicae in Xiaoxian. The statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in species numbers, individual numbers, species richness, phytophagous insects, and relative abundance of enemy among all treatments in the Feidong's grapery. By contrast, in the Xiaoxian's grapery, only the difference of species numbers could be found to exist between the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area and the control one, and the others have no significant difference.
2. Analyses of arthropod community structures, in the four treated areas in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, demonstrate that a significant correlation in individual number exists between the three treatments and the control (spraying water) one, and the dynamics of individual number in the three ones shows a temporal association with that in the control one, but no correlation in species number is found in the four ones. However, significant differences in the species number exist between the lanthanum and neodymium treatments and the control one in Xiaoxian. There were no significant differences in species number and individual number between the rest treatments and the control one. Furthermore, a principal component analysis indicates that species numbers and individual numbers of phytophagous insects are the principal factors to establish the community, and species numbers and individual numbers of predators are the second main factors. The optimal partition about time structure of the community shows that the stages of spraying lanthanum and spraying neodymium is same in Feidong, but the rest treatments is different. While among the four treatments in Xiaoxian, the effects of the first stage and the second stage are also same, but the others are different.
3. In order to understand the effects of the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and neodymium on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery, in the present work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results of a paired t-testing shows that there are no statistically significant differences in the species and individual numbers of predatory natural enemies and herbivorous insects as well as total community diversity between the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian(all t values＜t0.05=2.07). The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values between CK1and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,0.5592and1.0922in Feidong, whilst0.3533and0.8969in Xiaoxian, and the t values between CK2and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,1.2407and1.9178in Feidong, while0.7067and0.4484in Xiaoxian, showing that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, which indicates that no statistically significant differences exist between total community stability in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results reveal that the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery. Furthermore, the species numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sn) and herbivorous insects (Sp) also is further surveyed. The statistical results indicate that the t values for the value of the Sn/Sp ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.5111and0.1499in Feidong, and0.0976and0.0547in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.1146and0.2466in Feidong, and0.0975and0.1749in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.3476in Feidong, and0.2337in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. The above findings demonstrate that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, indicating that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sn/Sp ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results seem to imply that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the food web complexity of arthropod community in grapery. Finally, the individual numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sa) and herbivorous insects (Sb) also is further analyzed. The statistical analyses show that the t values for the value of the Sa/Sb ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.9427and0.9727in Feidong and0.8820and0.0345in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.5023and0.5342in Feidong and0.0741and1.0572in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.4957in Feidong and0.8571in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. All t values are also lower than t0.05=2.07, suggesting that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sa/Sb ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the average ratio of beneficial insects and pest insects within food webs of arthropod community in grapery.
4. To elucidate the influences of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on arthropod community, neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. Statistically analytical results show that lanthanum, neodymium and vinegar(CK2) treatments have not significant impacts on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of arthropod community, herbivorous insect sub-community and predatory natural enemy sub-community in the grapery of Feidong (all t values＜t0.05=2.07). However, in the grapery of Xiaoxian, the lanthanum and neodymium treatments has very significant influences on species numbers of arthropod community (t values are3.2571and2.6969, respectively), and Lanthanum treatment has also significant effect on species richness (t value=2.3956), while lanthanum, neodymium and CK2treatments have not significant influences on the other indexes. The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values of species numbers of neutral insect sub-community between the three fertilizer treatments (lanthanum, neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,3.1559,4.0102and0.5959; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,2.0390,1.7349and0.4564; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,4.0491,4.0601and1.0310in the Feidong's grapery. Whilst in Xiaoxian's grapery, the t-testing values of species numbers between the three fertilizer treatments and CK1are, respectively,4.6399,4.9084and0; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,1.0340,1.0196and0.8705; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,3.0646,4.0325and0.0784. These above results indicate that, in both Feidong and Xiaoxian, the t values of both species numbers and species richness index between the two fertilizer treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK1are greater than t0.01=2.82, displaying that the lanthanum and neodymium fertilizer has highly significant influences on species numbers and species richness index of neutral insects sub-community in graperies, but they have not significant impacts on individual numbers, and that CK2has also not significant effects on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of neutral insect sub-community. In addition, our findings also show that the t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CKi are, respectively,3.4384,2.3911, and2.0528in Feidong's grapery, and2.2909,2.3223and0.3674in Xiaoxian's grapery. The t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6397and0.6357in Feidong's grapery, and2.7533and2.7744in Xiaoxian's grapery, which indicating that both Lanthanum and Neodymium fertilizer had significant influences on species numbers of prey functional groups in the above two areas. Whilst the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,1.3047,1.0338and0.2300in Feidong's grapery, and1.0431,1.0245and0.7369in Xiaoxian's grapery; and the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6014and1.1835in Feidong's grapery, and0.9495and0.9490in Xiaoxian's grapery, which show that all t values are less than t0.05=2.07, revealing that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have not significant influences on individual numbers of prey function groups in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The further analysis demonstrates that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have little effects on species richness index of prey function groups in Feidong's grapery. However, the t values of species richness index of between the two rare earth foliar fertilizers (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are respectively2.1709and2.0226, showing that the two rare earth foliar fertilizers have significant impacts on species richness index of prey function groups in Xiaoxian's grapery. These above results reveal that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have very significant influences on species numbers of neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery.
5. To conserve and utilize natural enemies for integrating pest management of Oides decempunctata in grapery, systematic investigations of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are respectively carried out in the two graperies of four different treatments in Xiaoxian and Feidong areas. The quantity, temporal and spatial framework of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are studied by using grey systematic analysis and ecological niche analysis. The synthetic ranking results indicate that, in Xiaoxian's grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Propylaea japonica, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Propylaea japonica and Lei axyridis in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Propylaea japonica, Lei axyridis and Erigonidium graminicolum in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Whilst in Feidong's grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum and Lycosa Pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum and Propylaea japonica in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata and Theridion octomaculatum in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Theridion octomaculatum, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Moreover, our results indicate that the species number and the order of precedence of main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata show very obvious differences within different treatment areas between Xiaoxian and Feidong.
6. In order to understand the effects of spraying vinegar fertilizer on pest insects and population quantities of natural enemy, and to further provide also a scientific basis for integrating pest management (IPM) in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are respectively carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results show that there is highly significant difference in population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis between the two control areas of spraying water (CK) from Feidong and Xiaoxian(t=2.9891). Whilst significant differences in population quantities of Atraelomorpha sinensis Bol.(t=2.2789) and Erythroneura apicalis(t=2.5170) as well as Misumenops tricuspidatus Fabr.(t=2.1712) exist also between the two spraying Vinegar area. The further analysis shows that there is no significant difference in population number of pest insect and natural enemy between the control area and the spraying vinegar one in the feidong' grapery. The result from Xiaoxian is similar with the one from Feidong. In addition, there is also no significant difference in species and individual numbers between the spraying vinegar area and the control one in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results seem to reveal that spraying vinegar fertilizer has little effect on pest insects and population quantities of their natural enemy in grapery.
7. To reveal the effects of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery, the field experiments and systematic investigations are done in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that (1) the major pest insects are Oides decempunctata, Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus in the two graperies in both Feidong and Xiaoxian.(2) the mainly natural enemies are Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum, Clubiona japonicola, Propylaea japonica and Ephedrus persicae in the two types of grapery.(3) the F value of Oides decempunctata within spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments is, respectively,0.3656in Feidong, and0.9404in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erythroneura apicalis among the four treatments is0.4596in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Chlorops sp. is, respectively,1.3820in Feidong, and0.0167in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Brachytrupes portentosus is, respectively,0.219in Feidong, and0.9704in Xiaoxian, showing that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), which indicates that no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results imply that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery.(4) the F value of Lycosa pseudoannulata within the above four treatments is, respectively,0.1332in Feidong, and0.1649in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erigonidium graminicolum is, respectively,0.0239in Feidong, and0.5654in Xiaoxian, the F value of Theridion octomaculatum is, respectively,0.5654in Feidong, and0.1246in Xiaoxian, the F value of Clubiona japonicola is, respectively,0.6518in Feidong, and0.3682in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Propylaea japonica is, respectively,0.0235in Feidong, and0.3559in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Ephedrus persicae is0.0258in Xiaoxian, which demonstrate that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), indicating that there is no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results suggest that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on natural enemies in grapery.(5) the t values of Lycosa pseudoannulata in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian, respectively, are0.97,1.36,0.65and0.47. Similarly, the t values of Erigonidium graminicolum are, respectively,0.12,0.90,1.42and0.783, the t values of Theridion octomaculatum are, respectively,2.03,1.76,0.47and0.25, the t values of Clubiona japonicola are, respectively,0.71,0.87,0.47and0.49, and the t values of Propylaea japonica are, respectively,1.26,1.60,1.47and1.37, as well as the t values of Ephedrus persicae are, respectively,1.00,1.21,1.05and1.20. The above results show that all t values are significantly lower than t0.05=2.07, implying that no significant differences in the number of the five preponderant natural enemies exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. Whilst the t values of Chlorops sp. in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two different graperies, respectively, are1.76,1.18,1.39and1.49, and the t values of Brachytrupes portentosus, respectively, are1.43,1.43,0.86and1.62, indicating that the t values of both Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus are less than t0.05=2.07, which suggests that there are no significant differences between them. However, the t value of Oides decempunctata in sparing vinegar treatment between the two different areas is4.58(t0.01=2.82), implying that significant differences exist between the two different areas, but the t values of the others are less than the value of t0.05. Moreover, the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing rubidium treatment area is2.52, and in sparing vinegar one is2.51. The two values of t are more than t0.05=2.07, indicating that significant differences exist between them. Whereas the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing water treatment area is2.89, it is also more than t0.01=2.82, indicating that highly significant exist also between them. The population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis and Oides decempunctata in Xiaoxian's grapery are significant higher than those in Feidong's grapery. The differences may result from the different environment factors.
1.对两地4种不同处理葡萄园节肢动物群落系统调查结果表明：肥东店埠镇葡萄园钕肥处理区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫2种,捕食性天敌17种；镧肥处理区共发现节肢动物37种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫2种,捕食性天敌18种；醋肥区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌17种；清水对照区共发现节肢动物35种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌18种。萧县葡萄园钕肥处理区共发现节肢动物31种,其中植食性昆虫16种,中性昆虫1种,捕食性天敌13种,寄生性天敌1种；镧肥处理区共发现节肢动物37种,其中植食性昆虫17种,中性昆虫5种,捕食性天敌14种,寄生性天敌1种；醋肥处理区共发现节肢动物34种,其中植食性昆虫19种,中性昆虫3种,捕食性天敌11种,寄生性天敌1种；清水对照区共发现节肢动物29种,其中植食性昆虫14种,中性昆虫3种,捕食性天敌12种,寄生性天敌1种。两地4个处理区的共同主要害虫是葡萄十星叶甲。另外,肥东县葡萄园主要害虫还有大蟋蟀、短额负蝗和葡萄天蛾,而萧县葡萄园主要害虫还有葡萄二星叶甲、黄潜蝇、葡萄瘿蚊、葡萄斑蛾和白星花金龟。两地4种处理葡萄园共同的主要天敌有草间小黑蛛、拟环纹狼蛛、粽管巢蛛、八点球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫,肥东葡萄园还有主要天敌鞍型蟹蛛,萧县葡萄园还有主要天敌中华草蛉和桃蚜茧蜂。肥东葡萄园钕肥区、镧肥区和醋肥区与清水对照区群落之间物种数、个体数、物种丰富度、植食性昆虫和天敌相对丰富度差异均不显著；萧县葡萄园只有镧肥区与对照之间物种数差异显著,其余差异不显著。
2.通过对江淮丘陵和黄河故道4种处理葡萄园节肢动物群落的分析,得出各处理与清水对照的个体数之间相关,表现出时间上与对照的同步性,物种数之间不相关。萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与清水对照之间,物种数差异显著,两地其余处理与清水对照之间,物种数和个体数差异均不显著。主成分分析的结果表明,植食性昆虫的物种数和个体数是群落的主导因素,其次是捕食性天敌的物种数和个体数,群落的时间结构的最优分割表明,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理区分段相同,其余均不相同。萧县4个处理第1和第2段相同,其余不同。
3.为了明确施用稀土镧和钕的叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性的影响,通过系统调查和t检验得出,肥东县和萧县两地镧和钕与清水(CK1)和醋液(CK2)之间,捕食性天敌的物种数和个体数、植食性昆虫物种数和个体数和总群落的多样性指数差异均不显著。总群落物种数与个体数的比值(稳定性值),肥东镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.5592和1.0922,与CK2之间t值为1.2407和1.9178；萧县镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.3533和0.8969,与CK2之间的t值为0.7067和0.4484； t值均小于to.05(2.07),其群落稳定性差异均不显著,表明镧和钕叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性影响不显著。对12次调查的捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的物种数比值(Sn/Sp)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.5111和0.1499,与CK2的t值为0.1146和0.2466,CK1与CK2的t值为0.3476；萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.0976和0.0547,与CK2的t值为0.0975和0.1749,CK1与CK2的t值为0.2337,t值均小于t0.05,他们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的复杂性影响不显著。对12次调查捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的个体数比值(Sa/Sb)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.9427和0.9727,与CK2的t值为0.5023和0.5342,CK1与CK2的t值为0.4957；萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.8820和0.0345,与CK2的t值为0.0741和1.0572,CK1与CK2的t值为0.8571,t值均小于t0.05,它们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀上叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的益害比影响不显著。
4.为阐明稀上叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落、中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团组成的影响,通过系统调查和数学分析得出,稀土元素镧、钕和醋(CK2)对肥东葡萄园节肢动物总群落、植食性昆虫亚群落和捕食性天敌亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度的影响均不显著。稀土叶面肥对萧县总群落的物种数影响显著,镧对总群落物种丰富度影响显著,其余影响不显著。镧和钕元素对两地葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落的物种数和物种丰富度影响极显著,对个体数影响不显著,CK2对中性昆虫亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度影响均不显著；肥东县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为3.4384、2.3911和2.0528,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为1.6397和0.6357；萧县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的物种数t值为2.2909、2.3223和0.3674,镧肥和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为2.7533和2.7744,表明镧肥和钕肥对两地食饵功能团的物种数影响均显著。肥东县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.3047、1.0338和0.2300,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为1.6014和1.1835；萧县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.0431、1.0245和0.7369,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为0.9495和0.9490；两地处理与CK1和CK2之间食饵功能团的个体数t值均小于t0.05,表明稀土叶面肥对两地食饵功能团个体数影响不显著。稀土叶面肥对肥东葡萄园食饵功能团物种丰富度影响很小,萧县镧肥和钕肥与CK2之间物种丰富度的t值为2.1709和2.0226,差异显著。综上所述,稀土叶面肥对葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团的物种数影响显著。
5.为了在运用葡萄丰产栽培措施的同时,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行葡萄十星叶甲的综合防治,对萧县和肥东县两地四种处理葡萄园十星叶甲与其主要天敌进行了系统调查,并用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对两者之间在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析。经综合排序得出,萧县喷水处理区十星叶甲主要天敌是龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区十星叶甲主要天敌是拟环纹狼蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫,喷钕处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫,喷镧处理区主要天敌是龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和草间小黑蛛。肥东县喷水处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和拟环纹狼蛛,喷醋处理区主要天敌是拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫,喷钕处理区主要天敌是草间小黑蛛、拟环纹狼蛛和八斑球腹蛛,喷镧处理区主要天敌是八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和拟环纹狼蛛。萧县和肥东县两地之间各处理的十星叶甲主要天敌的种类和位次差别明显。
6.通过分析江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄害虫及其天敌种群的差异及喷施醋肥对葡萄害虫及其天敌种群的影响,为葡萄害虫综合防治提供科学依据,对两地喷水(CK)和喷施醋肥葡萄园系统调查和分析,结果表明,两地对照区之间葡萄二星叶蝉差异极显著(t=2.9891),两地喷施醋肥区之间,葡萄短额负蝗及葡萄二星叶蝉差异显著(t值为2.2789和2.5170),天敌三突花蟹蛛(t=2.1712)差异显著。肥东对照区和喷施醋肥区之间害虫及其天敌种群差异均不显著,萧县对照区与喷施醋肥区之间各种害虫种群差异均不显著。两地醋肥与对照区之间物种数和个体数之间差异均不显著,表明喷施醋肥对葡萄害虫及其天敌种群影响较小
7.为了推广镧肥和钕肥等葡萄增产措施,明确两种稀土肥料对葡萄园害虫和天敌的影响,通过田间试验和系统检验,结果表明：(1)两地葡萄园主要害虫是葡萄十星叶甲、葡萄二星叶蝉、黄潜蝇和大蟋蟀。(2)两地葡萄园主要天敌为拟环纹狼蛛、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和蚜茧蜂。(3)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷水处理区之间,葡萄十星叶甲的F值肥东的为0.3656,萧县的为0.9404,萧县葡萄二星叶蝉的F值为0.4596,黄潜蝇的F值肥东的为1.3820,萧县的为0.0167,大蟋蟀的F值肥东的为0.219,萧县的为0.9704,F值均小于F0.05(3,44)(2.80)。表明两种稀土叶面肥和醋液及清水四种处理之间四种主要害虫的差异不显著。即稀上叶面肥对主要害虫种群数量影响不显著。(4)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理区之间,拟环纹狼蛛的肥东F值为0.1332,萧县的F值为0.1649；草间小黑蛛的F值肥东为0.0239。萧县的为0.5654,八点球腹蛛的F值肥东的为0.5654,萧县的为0.1246；粽管巢蛛的F值肥东的为0.6518,萧县的为0.3682,龟纹瓢虫的F值肥东的为0.0235,萧县的为0.3559,蚜茧蜂的F值萧县的为0.0258,F值均小于Fo.05(3,44)(2.80),表明四种处理之间差异不显著,即稀土叶面肥对天敌种群数量影响不显著。(5)喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理,两地之间拟环纹狼蛛的t值依次是0.97、1.36、0.65、和0.47,早间小黑蛛的t值依次是0.12、0.90、1.42和0.783,八斑球腹蛛的t值依次是2.03、1.76、0.47和0.25,粽管巢蛛的t值是0.71、0.87、0.47和0.49龟纹瓢虫的t值依次为1.26、1.60、1.47和1.37,蚜茧蜂的t值依次为1.00、1.21、1.05和1.20,两地同一处理之间5种主要天敌的t值均小于t0.05(2.07),差异均不显著。两地之间喷钕、喷镧、喷醋和喷清水处理黄潜蝇的t值为1.76、1.18、1.39和1.49；大蟋蟀的t值为1.43、1.43、0.86和1.62,表明黄潜蝇和大蟋蟀同一处理之间t值均小于t0.05,差异不显著。两地葡萄十星叶甲喷醋处理的t值为4.58,t>t0.01(2.82),差异极显著,其余处理的t值小于t0.05,葡萄二星叶蝉喷钕处理的t值为2.52,喷醋处理的t值为2.51,t值均大于t0.05(2.07)差异显著,喷水处理的t值为2.89,t值大于t0.01(2.82),差异极显著,萧县葡萄园的葡萄十星叶甲和葡萄二星叶甲种群数量均大于肥东葡萄园,差异可能是生态环境不同所致。
The advance in research of arthropod community has been extensively reviewed in the present thesis. The impacts of different treatments on arthropod community and the relationship between pest insects and their natural enemies are in detail investigated in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, respectively, by using the theory and method of ecology, statistics and taxonomy. These main results are as follows:
1. The effects of the four different treatments on arthropod community are investigated in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian areas. The results show that, in the Feidong's grapery, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and17species of predatory enemies in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,2species of neutral insects and18species of predatory enemies. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment one,35species of arthropods are found, which is composed of17species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect, and17species of predatory enemies. In the control area, there are35species of arthropods, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect and18species of predatory enemies. Whilst in the Xiaoxian's grapery,31species of arthropods could be seen in the neodymium fertilizer treatment area, including16species of phytophagous insects,1species of neutral insect,13species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the lanthanum fertilizer treatment one, there are37species of arthropods, including17species of phytophagous insects,5species of neutral insects,14species of predatory enemies, and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the vinegar fertilizer treatment area, all34species of arthropods are detected, which is consisted of19species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,11species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. In the control one, there are29species of arthropods, including14species of phytophagous insects,3species of neutral insects,12species of predatory enemies and1species of parasitical natural enemy. The further analysis demonstrates that the common main pest is Oides decempunctata in the four treatment areas in the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian. In addition, our findings reveal that, besides Oides decempunctata, the main pests have Brachytrupes portentosus, Atraelomorpha sinensis and Ampelophage rubiginosa Bremeret in Feidong area, while there are Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp., cecidomyia sp., Iuiberis tenuis and Potosia brevitarsis in Xiaoxian area. Specially, the common main natural enemies in the four treatments of the two areas are Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Clubiona japonicola, Theridion octomaculatum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica. Moreover, the main natural enemies have also Xysticus ephippiatus in Feidong, and Chrysopa Sinica and Ephedrus persicae in Xiaoxian. The statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in species numbers, individual numbers, species richness, phytophagous insects, and relative abundance of enemy among all treatments in the Feidong's grapery. By contrast, in the Xiaoxian's grapery, only the difference of species numbers could be found to exist between the lanthanum fertilizer treatment area and the control one, and the others have no significant difference.
2. Analyses of arthropod community structures, in the four treated areas in the two graperies from Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River, demonstrate that a significant correlation in individual number exists between the three treatments and the control (spraying water) one, and the dynamics of individual number in the three ones shows a temporal association with that in the control one, but no correlation in species number is found in the four ones. However, significant differences in the species number exist between the lanthanum and neodymium treatments and the control one in Xiaoxian. There were no significant differences in species number and individual number between the rest treatments and the control one. Furthermore, a principal component analysis indicates that species numbers and individual numbers of phytophagous insects are the principal factors to establish the community, and species numbers and individual numbers of predators are the second main factors. The optimal partition about time structure of the community shows that the stages of spraying lanthanum and spraying neodymium is same in Feidong, but the rest treatments is different. While among the four treatments in Xiaoxian, the effects of the first stage and the second stage are also same, but the others are different.
3. In order to understand the effects of the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and neodymium on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery, in the present work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results of a paired t-testing shows that there are no statistically significant differences in the species and individual numbers of predatory natural enemies and herbivorous insects as well as total community diversity between the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian(all t values＜t0.05=2.07). The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values between CK1and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,0.5592and1.0922in Feidong, whilst0.3533and0.8969in Xiaoxian, and the t values between CK2and lanthanum as well as neodymium treatments are, respectively,1.2407and1.9178in Feidong, while0.7067and0.4484in Xiaoxian, showing that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, which indicates that no statistically significant differences exist between total community stability in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results reveal that the foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on arthropod community diversity and stability in grapery. Furthermore, the species numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sn) and herbivorous insects (Sp) also is further surveyed. The statistical results indicate that the t values for the value of the Sn/Sp ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.5111and0.1499in Feidong, and0.0976and0.0547in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.1146and0.2466in Feidong, and0.0975and0.1749in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.3476in Feidong, and0.2337in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. The above findings demonstrate that all t values are lower than t0.05=2.07, indicating that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sn/Sp ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results seem to imply that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the food web complexity of arthropod community in grapery. Finally, the individual numbers of predatory natural enemies (Sa) and herbivorous insects (Sb) also is further analyzed. The statistical analyses show that the t values for the value of the Sa/Sb ratio between CK1and the rare earth lanthanum fertilizer as well as the rare earth neodymium fertilizer are, respectively,0.9427and0.9727in Feidong and0.8820and0.0345in Xiaoxian; and respectively0.5023and0.5342in Feidong and0.0741and1.0572in Xiaoxian between CK2and the two fertilizer treatments; as well as0.4957in Feidong and0.8571in Xiaoxian between CK1and CK2. All t values are also lower than t0.05=2.07, suggesting that no statistically significant differences in the value of the Sa/Sb ratio exist within the two control treatments and the two fertilizer treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that foliar fertilizer of spraying rare earth lanthanum and the neodymium have no significant effects on the average ratio of beneficial insects and pest insects within food webs of arthropod community in grapery.
4. To elucidate the influences of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on arthropod community, neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. Statistically analytical results show that lanthanum, neodymium and vinegar(CK2) treatments have not significant impacts on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of arthropod community, herbivorous insect sub-community and predatory natural enemy sub-community in the grapery of Feidong (all t values＜t0.05=2.07). However, in the grapery of Xiaoxian, the lanthanum and neodymium treatments has very significant influences on species numbers of arthropod community (t values are3.2571and2.6969, respectively), and Lanthanum treatment has also significant effect on species richness (t value=2.3956), while lanthanum, neodymium and CK2treatments have not significant influences on the other indexes. The further statistical analysis demonstrates that the t values of species numbers of neutral insect sub-community between the three fertilizer treatments (lanthanum, neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,3.1559,4.0102and0.5959; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,2.0390,1.7349and0.4564; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,4.0491,4.0601and1.0310in the Feidong's grapery. Whilst in Xiaoxian's grapery, the t-testing values of species numbers between the three fertilizer treatments and CK1are, respectively,4.6399,4.9084and0; and the t values of individual numbers are, respectively,1.0340,1.0196and0.8705; as well as the t values of species richness index are, respectively,3.0646,4.0325and0.0784. These above results indicate that, in both Feidong and Xiaoxian, the t values of both species numbers and species richness index between the two fertilizer treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK1are greater than t0.01=2.82, displaying that the lanthanum and neodymium fertilizer has highly significant influences on species numbers and species richness index of neutral insects sub-community in graperies, but they have not significant impacts on individual numbers, and that CK2has also not significant effects on species numbers, individual numbers and species richness index of neutral insect sub-community. In addition, our findings also show that the t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CKi are, respectively,3.4384,2.3911, and2.0528in Feidong's grapery, and2.2909,2.3223and0.3674in Xiaoxian's grapery. The t values of species numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6397and0.6357in Feidong's grapery, and2.7533and2.7744in Xiaoxian's grapery, which indicating that both Lanthanum and Neodymium fertilizer had significant influences on species numbers of prey functional groups in the above two areas. Whilst the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the three treatments (Lanthanum, Neodymium and CK2) and CK1are, respectively,1.3047,1.0338and0.2300in Feidong's grapery, and1.0431,1.0245and0.7369in Xiaoxian's grapery; and the t values of individual numbers of prey function groups between the two treatments (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are, respectively,1.6014and1.1835in Feidong's grapery, and0.9495and0.9490in Xiaoxian's grapery, which show that all t values are less than t0.05=2.07, revealing that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have not significant influences on individual numbers of prey function groups in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The further analysis demonstrates that these rare earth foliar fertilizers have little effects on species richness index of prey function groups in Feidong's grapery. However, the t values of species richness index of between the two rare earth foliar fertilizers (Lanthanum and Neodymium) and CK2are respectively2.1709and2.0226, showing that the two rare earth foliar fertilizers have significant impacts on species richness index of prey function groups in Xiaoxian's grapery. These above results reveal that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have very significant influences on species numbers of neutral insect sub-community and prey functional groups in grapery.
5. To conserve and utilize natural enemies for integrating pest management of Oides decempunctata in grapery, systematic investigations of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are respectively carried out in the two graperies of four different treatments in Xiaoxian and Feidong areas. The quantity, temporal and spatial framework of Oides decempunctata and its natural enemies are studied by using grey systematic analysis and ecological niche analysis. The synthetic ranking results indicate that, in Xiaoxian's grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Propylaea japonica, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Propylaea japonica and Lei axyridis in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lei axyridis and Propylaea japonica in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Propylaea japonica, Lei axyridis and Erigonidium graminicolum in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Whilst in Feidong's grapery, the main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata are Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum and Lycosa Pseudoannulata in the spraying water treatment areas, Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum and Propylaea japonica in the spraying vinegar treatment one, and Erigonidium graminicolum, Lycosa pseudoannulata and Theridion octomaculatum in the spraying Neodymium treatment one, as well as Theridion octomaculatum, Erigonidium graminicolum and Lycosa pseudoannulata in the spraying Lanthanum treatment one. Moreover, our results indicate that the species number and the order of precedence of main natural enemies of Oides decempunctata show very obvious differences within different treatment areas between Xiaoxian and Feidong.
6. In order to understand the effects of spraying vinegar fertilizer on pest insects and population quantities of natural enemy, and to further provide also a scientific basis for integrating pest management (IPM) in grapery, in this work, systematic investigations are respectively carried out in Feidong of Jianghuai hilly region and Xiaoxian of the ancient canal of Yellow River. The results show that there is highly significant difference in population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis between the two control areas of spraying water (CK) from Feidong and Xiaoxian(t=2.9891). Whilst significant differences in population quantities of Atraelomorpha sinensis Bol.(t=2.2789) and Erythroneura apicalis(t=2.5170) as well as Misumenops tricuspidatus Fabr.(t=2.1712) exist also between the two spraying Vinegar area. The further analysis shows that there is no significant difference in population number of pest insect and natural enemy between the control area and the spraying vinegar one in the feidong' grapery. The result from Xiaoxian is similar with the one from Feidong. In addition, there is also no significant difference in species and individual numbers between the spraying vinegar area and the control one in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These above results seem to reveal that spraying vinegar fertilizer has little effect on pest insects and population quantities of their natural enemy in grapery.
7. To reveal the effects of spraying rare earth foliar fertilizer on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery, the field experiments and systematic investigations are done in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. The results indicate that (1) the major pest insects are Oides decempunctata, Erythroneura apicalis, Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus in the two graperies in both Feidong and Xiaoxian.(2) the mainly natural enemies are Lycosa pseudoannulata, Erigonidium graminicolum, Theridion octomaculatum, Clubiona japonicola, Propylaea japonica and Ephedrus persicae in the two types of grapery.(3) the F value of Oides decempunctata within spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments is, respectively,0.3656in Feidong, and0.9404in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erythroneura apicalis among the four treatments is0.4596in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Chlorops sp. is, respectively,1.3820in Feidong, and0.0167in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Brachytrupes portentosus is, respectively,0.219in Feidong, and0.9704in Xiaoxian, showing that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), which indicates that no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results imply that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on pest insects and their natural enemies in grapery.(4) the F value of Lycosa pseudoannulata within the above four treatments is, respectively,0.1332in Feidong, and0.1649in Xiaoxian, the F value of Erigonidium graminicolum is, respectively,0.0239in Feidong, and0.5654in Xiaoxian, the F value of Theridion octomaculatum is, respectively,0.5654in Feidong, and0.1246in Xiaoxian, the F value of Clubiona japonicola is, respectively,0.6518in Feidong, and0.3682in Xiaoxian, and the F value of Propylaea japonica is, respectively,0.0235in Feidong, and0.3559in Xiaoxian, as well as the F value of Ephedrus persicae is0.0258in Xiaoxian, which demonstrate that all F values are lower than F0.05(3,44)(2.80), indicating that there is no statistically significant differences in the number of the four primary pest insects between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. These results suggest that spraying rare earth foliar fertilizers have no significant effects on natural enemies in grapery.(5) the t values of Lycosa pseudoannulata in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two graperies from Feidong and Xiaoxian, respectively, are0.97,1.36,0.65and0.47. Similarly, the t values of Erigonidium graminicolum are, respectively,0.12,0.90,1.42and0.783, the t values of Theridion octomaculatum are, respectively,2.03,1.76,0.47and0.25, the t values of Clubiona japonicola are, respectively,0.71,0.87,0.47and0.49, and the t values of Propylaea japonica are, respectively,1.26,1.60,1.47and1.37, as well as the t values of Ephedrus persicae are, respectively,1.00,1.21,1.05and1.20. The above results show that all t values are significantly lower than t0.05=2.07, implying that no significant differences in the number of the five preponderant natural enemies exist between the four treatments in both Feidong and Xiaoxian. Whilst the t values of Chlorops sp. in spraying lanthanum, spraying neodymium, spraying vinegar and spraying water treatments between the two different graperies, respectively, are1.76,1.18,1.39and1.49, and the t values of Brachytrupes portentosus, respectively, are1.43,1.43,0.86and1.62, indicating that the t values of both Chlorops sp. and Brachytrupes portentosus are less than t0.05=2.07, which suggests that there are no significant differences between them. However, the t value of Oides decempunctata in sparing vinegar treatment between the two different areas is4.58(t0.01=2.82), implying that significant differences exist between the two different areas, but the t values of the others are less than the value of t0.05. Moreover, the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing rubidium treatment area is2.52, and in sparing vinegar one is2.51. The two values of t are more than t0.05=2.07, indicating that significant differences exist between them. Whereas the t value of Erythroneura apicalis in sparing water treatment area is2.89, it is also more than t0.01=2.82, indicating that highly significant exist also between them. The population quantities of Erythroneura apicalis and Oides decempunctata in Xiaoxian's grapery are significant higher than those in Feidong's grapery. The differences may result from the different environment factors.
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