西方国家对华反倾销透视及启示
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摘要
反倾销是世贸组织允许的世界各国均可采用的维护公平贸易秩序、抵制不正当竞争的重要手段之一。随着世界关税水平不断降低,非关税壁垒逐步减少,反倾销渐渐演化成各国最普遍采用的保护本国产业的一种手段,为越来越多的国家所运用。但贸易政策探究证明,反倾销是以合法名义行贸易保护主义之实,违背了世贸组织追求贸易自由化的初衷。
中国目前是国际上遭受反倾销投诉最多的国家,入世后,这一状况短期内将不会有很大改变。自二十世纪九十年代以来,对华反倾销案件数量快速增加。发达国家是主要发起国,少数发展中大国对华反倾销立案数量也增长迅速。涉案产品范围广泛,重点集中在中国具有比较优势的产品上,给我国对外贸易造成巨大损失。而究其原因,既有外因,如国际贸易自由化导致反倾销手段使用频率的提高:国外歧视性反倾销政策;中国对外贸易额的迅速增长使他国感到威胁等。也有内因,如:出口结构失衡;我国出口秩序不规范:我国企业应诉不积极,自我保护意识不强等。
笔者认为,应对国外反倾销,必须政府、商会(行业协会)、企业共同努力,在认清国外对我国反倾销严峻形势的基础上,根据自身的不同角色制定不同的对策,相互配合、通力协作,进行全方位应对,才能取得较好的成效。
政府层面的对策:
完善反倾销应诉法律规定,建立我国反倾销法律规则体系。加强政府国际协调和交涉力度,努力争取合理待遇。加强外贸出口管理工作,建立反倾销预警机制。建立反倾销基金、反倾销信息网,为企业反倾销应诉提供资金和信息保障。建立、完善行业协会组织。重新审视贸易战略,扩大内需,减少外贸依存度。对原产地规则进行修订与利用。慎重引进外资。实现出口市场多元化和“走出去”战略。加强反倾销应诉的指导。
企业层面的对策:
配合反倾销调查,积极应诉和抗辩。改变国际营销战略,规范财务会计资料管理。加快会计制度改革,尽早与国际会计制度接轨。加强反倾销应诉。转变营销观念,实施多元化国际营销战略。
Anti-dumping is one of the important means that World Trade Organization allows every country to adopt, in order to maintain fair trade order and resist the illegitimate competition. As the tariff level in the world is reducing constantly, the non-tariff trade barriers are being reduced progressively, anti-dumping gradually evolves as a generally used measure for all countries to protect their national industries, more and more countries have been using it. But by analyzing trade policy, it is proved that anti-dumping' s real aim is trade protectionism, though is has a legal name, and it has violated the original intention that World Trade Organization pursues liberalization of trade.China is the most country in the world that complained anti-dumping at present. And this state will not be greatly changed after entering WTO.Since 1990s, anti-dumping cases against China have increased fast. The developed countries are the main sponsor nations, a few big developing countries follows. The products involved in the cases are in extensive range, focus on the products with comparative advantages that China has, thus causes enormous loses to foreign trade. Tracing the reasons, there are external causes as well as internal ones. The external causes are the international liberalization of trade causes the improvement of frequency of utilization of anti-dumping; foreign discriminatory anti-dumping policy; the threat that rapid growth of China' s foreign trade turnover makes for other countries, etc. The internal causes are: the export mix is out-of-balance; China' s export is in disorder; enterprises did not take part in lawsuit positively, the sense of self-protection is not strong, etc.
Dealing with anti-dumping, governments, association of dealers and enterprises must make joint efforts. On the basis of seeing clearly the severe situation, they should make different countermeasure according to one' s own different role, cooperate each other.Countermeasures of government: setting up the regular law system of anti-dumping. Strengthening government' s international coordination and negotiations to get reasonable treatment. Strengthening exporting management and setting up early warning mechanism of anti-dumping. Setting up anti-dumping fund and information network. Setting up and improving the trade association and organization. Examining trade strategy again, expanding domestic demand, reducing the foreign trade depending degree. Revising and utilizing the origin rules. Introducing foreign capital cautiously. Realizing the pluralism of export market and Go-out policy. Strengthening the guidance for lawsuit of anti-dumping cases.Countermeasure of the enterprises : Cooperating with anti-dumping probe, positively take part in lawsuit and contradict . Changing the international marketing strategy, standardizing the financial accounting materials management. Accelerating the reform of the accounting system, integrating with the international accounting system as soon as possible. Changing the marketing idea, implementing the international marketing strategy of the pluralism.Anti-dumping reflects the difficulty and focus of our economics development. By analyzing the trade policy of the anti-dumping and legal rule and combing cases' analysis, proposing countermeasure ,the aim is to improve our country' s ability in anti-dumping, raise enterprise' s competitiveness. This paper relies mainly on the fact analysis together with theory analysis and case analysis, and then draw the conclusion. So its realistic pertinence is relatively strong.
中国目前是国际上遭受反倾销投诉最多的国家,入世后,这一状况短期内将不会有很大改变。自二十世纪九十年代以来,对华反倾销案件数量快速增加。发达国家是主要发起国,少数发展中大国对华反倾销立案数量也增长迅速。涉案产品范围广泛,重点集中在中国具有比较优势的产品上,给我国对外贸易造成巨大损失。而究其原因,既有外因,如国际贸易自由化导致反倾销手段使用频率的提高:国外歧视性反倾销政策;中国对外贸易额的迅速增长使他国感到威胁等。也有内因,如:出口结构失衡;我国出口秩序不规范:我国企业应诉不积极,自我保护意识不强等。
笔者认为,应对国外反倾销,必须政府、商会(行业协会)、企业共同努力,在认清国外对我国反倾销严峻形势的基础上,根据自身的不同角色制定不同的对策,相互配合、通力协作,进行全方位应对,才能取得较好的成效。
政府层面的对策:
完善反倾销应诉法律规定,建立我国反倾销法律规则体系。加强政府国际协调和交涉力度,努力争取合理待遇。加强外贸出口管理工作,建立反倾销预警机制。建立反倾销基金、反倾销信息网,为企业反倾销应诉提供资金和信息保障。建立、完善行业协会组织。重新审视贸易战略,扩大内需,减少外贸依存度。对原产地规则进行修订与利用。慎重引进外资。实现出口市场多元化和“走出去”战略。加强反倾销应诉的指导。
企业层面的对策:
配合反倾销调查,积极应诉和抗辩。改变国际营销战略,规范财务会计资料管理。加快会计制度改革,尽早与国际会计制度接轨。加强反倾销应诉。转变营销观念,实施多元化国际营销战略。
Anti-dumping is one of the important means that World Trade Organization allows every country to adopt, in order to maintain fair trade order and resist the illegitimate competition. As the tariff level in the world is reducing constantly, the non-tariff trade barriers are being reduced progressively, anti-dumping gradually evolves as a generally used measure for all countries to protect their national industries, more and more countries have been using it. But by analyzing trade policy, it is proved that anti-dumping' s real aim is trade protectionism, though is has a legal name, and it has violated the original intention that World Trade Organization pursues liberalization of trade.China is the most country in the world that complained anti-dumping at present. And this state will not be greatly changed after entering WTO.Since 1990s, anti-dumping cases against China have increased fast. The developed countries are the main sponsor nations, a few big developing countries follows. The products involved in the cases are in extensive range, focus on the products with comparative advantages that China has, thus causes enormous loses to foreign trade. Tracing the reasons, there are external causes as well as internal ones. The external causes are the international liberalization of trade causes the improvement of frequency of utilization of anti-dumping; foreign discriminatory anti-dumping policy; the threat that rapid growth of China' s foreign trade turnover makes for other countries, etc. The internal causes are: the export mix is out-of-balance; China' s export is in disorder; enterprises did not take part in lawsuit positively, the sense of self-protection is not strong, etc.
Dealing with anti-dumping, governments, association of dealers and enterprises must make joint efforts. On the basis of seeing clearly the severe situation, they should make different countermeasure according to one' s own different role, cooperate each other.Countermeasures of government: setting up the regular law system of anti-dumping. Strengthening government' s international coordination and negotiations to get reasonable treatment. Strengthening exporting management and setting up early warning mechanism of anti-dumping. Setting up anti-dumping fund and information network. Setting up and improving the trade association and organization. Examining trade strategy again, expanding domestic demand, reducing the foreign trade depending degree. Revising and utilizing the origin rules. Introducing foreign capital cautiously. Realizing the pluralism of export market and Go-out policy. Strengthening the guidance for lawsuit of anti-dumping cases.Countermeasure of the enterprises : Cooperating with anti-dumping probe, positively take part in lawsuit and contradict . Changing the international marketing strategy, standardizing the financial accounting materials management. Accelerating the reform of the accounting system, integrating with the international accounting system as soon as possible. Changing the marketing idea, implementing the international marketing strategy of the pluralism.Anti-dumping reflects the difficulty and focus of our economics development. By analyzing the trade policy of the anti-dumping and legal rule and combing cases' analysis, proposing countermeasure ,the aim is to improve our country' s ability in anti-dumping, raise enterprise' s competitiveness. This paper relies mainly on the fact analysis together with theory analysis and case analysis, and then draw the conclusion. So its realistic pertinence is relatively strong.
引文
[1] 商界网站,2002,14章建赛
[2] 国家经贸委网站
[3] 余世雄主编,外研社实用英汉词典 外语教学与研究出版社 1993
[4] 《乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果:法律文本 中国加入世界贸易组织法律文本》 人民出版社 2002
[5] 李炼[M]反倾销法律与实务 中国发展出版社 1999
[6] 陈茵 中国入世后何以应对反倾销 [J] 外贸经济 国际贸易2002(9)52-55
[7] 王雪华 掌握WTO反倾销规则[N] 人民日报 2001-11-16(7)
[8] 徐立军 试论国外主要国家的反倾销制度[J] 经济师2001 (8)67-68
[9] 张海峰,李文兵 欧美对华反倾销的对应策略研究 [J] 东北大学学报 2001 (2)
[10] 陈家勤 多管齐下应对反倾销 [J] 瞭望新闻周刊 2001 (3) 37-38
[11] 张煜 欧盟与美国反倾销管理体制的差别 [J] 国际贸易问题 1999 (11) 18-21
[12] 陶晶波 扯掉贸易保护的幌子 [J] 商业研究2001 (6) 57-61
[13] 王仁祥,李芊蕾,陈艳林 国际反倾销制度对我国反倾销的启示 [J] 财经理论与实践 2002(1)35-38
[14] 杨仕辉 对华反倾销的国际比较 [J] 管理世界 2000 (4) 40-44
[15] 陈有志等 国际反倾销中公共利益问题及其启示 [J] 国际贸易问题 2002 (11) 62-64
[16] 陈正洪,何诗菲“囚徒困境”下的抉择 [N] 国际经贸消息 2001-08-31(1)
[17] 中国对外贸易年鉴 [Z] 中国对外贸易出版社 2000
[18] 贾伟伟 我国已成为遭受反倾销最多的国家 [N] 中国贸易报 2002-4-25(1)
[19] 中国反倾销反补贴保障措施网上图书馆http://cacs.gov.cn/
[20] 赵锦 国外对华反倾销的扩散效应及其对我国经贸的影响 [J] 财贸经济 2003 (12) 11-15
[21] 周惠卿 启动反倾销调查 保护国内产业 [J] 对外经贸实务 2001 (5) 7-14
[22] 中国五矿化工进出口商会 如何应对国外反倾销 中国对外经济贸易出版社 2000年
[23] 中国钢铁工业协会 积极反倾销 保护钢铁行业合法权益[J] 经济管理 2001(15)57-60
[24] 中国经济贸易年鉴[Z] 中国经济出版社 (2001)
[25] 周世俭,刘建伟 直面反倾销[J] 国际贸易 2001(11)4-7
[26] 俞冬辉 反倾销成为中国出口拦路虎[N] 南方日报2002-8-22(4)
[27] 王琴华 做好反倾销反补贴工作[J] 经济管理 2001(15)7-9
[28] 史树林 我国的反倾销局面与对策[J] 中央财经大学学报 2003(7)36-40
[29] 张玉卿 积极应对反倾销[J] 求实2001(22)41-44
[2] 国家经贸委网站
[3] 余世雄主编,外研社实用英汉词典 外语教学与研究出版社 1993
[4] 《乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果:法律文本 中国加入世界贸易组织法律文本》 人民出版社 2002
[5] 李炼[M]反倾销法律与实务 中国发展出版社 1999
[6] 陈茵 中国入世后何以应对反倾销 [J] 外贸经济 国际贸易2002(9)52-55
[7] 王雪华 掌握WTO反倾销规则[N] 人民日报 2001-11-16(7)
[8] 徐立军 试论国外主要国家的反倾销制度[J] 经济师2001 (8)67-68
[9] 张海峰,李文兵 欧美对华反倾销的对应策略研究 [J] 东北大学学报 2001 (2)
[10] 陈家勤 多管齐下应对反倾销 [J] 瞭望新闻周刊 2001 (3) 37-38
[11] 张煜 欧盟与美国反倾销管理体制的差别 [J] 国际贸易问题 1999 (11) 18-21
[12] 陶晶波 扯掉贸易保护的幌子 [J] 商业研究2001 (6) 57-61
[13] 王仁祥,李芊蕾,陈艳林 国际反倾销制度对我国反倾销的启示 [J] 财经理论与实践 2002(1)35-38
[14] 杨仕辉 对华反倾销的国际比较 [J] 管理世界 2000 (4) 40-44
[15] 陈有志等 国际反倾销中公共利益问题及其启示 [J] 国际贸易问题 2002 (11) 62-64
[16] 陈正洪,何诗菲“囚徒困境”下的抉择 [N] 国际经贸消息 2001-08-31(1)
[17] 中国对外贸易年鉴 [Z] 中国对外贸易出版社 2000
[18] 贾伟伟 我国已成为遭受反倾销最多的国家 [N] 中国贸易报 2002-4-25(1)
[19] 中国反倾销反补贴保障措施网上图书馆http://cacs.gov.cn/
[20] 赵锦 国外对华反倾销的扩散效应及其对我国经贸的影响 [J] 财贸经济 2003 (12) 11-15
[21] 周惠卿 启动反倾销调查 保护国内产业 [J] 对外经贸实务 2001 (5) 7-14
[22] 中国五矿化工进出口商会 如何应对国外反倾销 中国对外经济贸易出版社 2000年
[23] 中国钢铁工业协会 积极反倾销 保护钢铁行业合法权益[J] 经济管理 2001(15)57-60
[24] 中国经济贸易年鉴[Z] 中国经济出版社 (2001)
[25] 周世俭,刘建伟 直面反倾销[J] 国际贸易 2001(11)4-7
[26] 俞冬辉 反倾销成为中国出口拦路虎[N] 南方日报2002-8-22(4)
[27] 王琴华 做好反倾销反补贴工作[J] 经济管理 2001(15)7-9
[28] 史树林 我国的反倾销局面与对策[J] 中央财经大学学报 2003(7)36-40
[29] 张玉卿 积极应对反倾销[J] 求实2001(22)41-44