基于生态理论的企业信息系统重构
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摘要
企业信息系统与生态系统相比,在时间、空间与营养结构方面、能量流动方面以及信息传递方面都具有极大的相似性,并且企业信息系统具有生态整体性,生态层次性和生态开放性等生态化特征,这成为应用生态理论对企业信息系统进行重构的前提。
基于生态学理论对企业信息系统的重构可以定义为:以生态学理论为基础,本着追求生态价值最大化目标,对企业信息系统的构成要素、要素之间的结构关系、系统内部与外界环境之间的相互作用以及保证系统有效运行的生态机制进行系统地重新构建,以实现企业信息系统的可持续发展。企业信息系统生态化重构应该遵循过程相关性、系统完整性、循环连续性和目的性原则。
应用生态理论对企业信息系统进行重构体现了信息主体追求生态价值最大化的“生态人”假设思想,注重要素、结构和功能的作用原理,系统内部与外界生态环境之间的物质、能量和信息交换、生态要素之间的非线性相互作用以及信息物种之间的协同进化等思想,根据这些思想建立了企业信息系统生态重构模型,该模型将企业信息系统生态重构划分为生态要素、生态结构、生态环境和生态机制4个部分。与生物系统相似,企业信息系统的生态要素由生物成分与非生物成分构成,企业信息系统各成分之间存在极为错综复杂的依赖和制约关系,这就是企业信息系统的结构,分为信息链式结构和信息层级结构,企业信息系统的结构决定了系统的形式、功能和层级关系。基于生态理论对企业信息系统的生态环境进行重构,则主要强调企业信息系统与信息生态环境的信息和能量交换以及系统与环境的相互适应和协同进化。建立企业信息系统生态环境的熵变模型对其生态环境进行重构,即利用企业信息系统通过与环境之间的耗散作用,引入环境中的负熵流抵消内部形成的熵增,从而形成有序结构并向更高级别进化。企业信息系统各信息主体形成信息生态链结构和层级结构有利于信息主体的协同共生;企业信息系统形成耗散结构在于系统和外界环境之间进行有效的物质、能量和信息交换,以外部负熵来克服系统内部熵增;同时以生态价值最大化为目标定位可以促进企业信息系统可持续发展,而企业信息系统整体能量涨落机制、信息主体个体生长机制和主体之间的竞合机制是保证系统有效运行的客观规律。
选择某制鞋企业信息系统的案例进行了实证分析,印证了上述观点,同时针对该企业信息系统存在信息化观念滞后、信息管理无序、信息人才匮乏、信息孤岛现象普遍存在、信息流通不顺畅以及信息系统封闭等问题,提出建议和对策。
The enterprise information system is a complicated system that includes the entire process of the enterprise production and operating activities management. Person is the leadership of the enterprise information system, by using the computer hardware, the software, the network service equipment as well as other office equipment to carry on the collection, transmission, processing, memory, renewal and the maintenance of the information, and competes with taking the enterprise strategy superior and raising the benefit and the efficiency as the goal in order to supporting the enterprise high-level decision-making, the intermediate deck control, the basic unit operation of the integration man-machine system. The enterprise information system is playing the important role in the enterprise; the enterprise is precisely carries on the effective development to the massive information resource by using the information system. The enterprise informationization manifests in the enterprise daily production operation activity is the widespread application of the enterprise information system. After more than 50 year development processes, the enterprise information system had already made some progresses, the majority of enterprises have established their message center; the partial enterprises have completed the management information system.
But the enterprise information system has many problems in the movement process; we carry on the statistical analysis by questionnaire survey to the Jilin Province small and medium-sized enterprise information system and finally induce and summarize these questions to be as follows: firstly, the phenomenon of taking hardware and despising the software is very serious which manifest these phenomenon of taking hardware equipment and despising application; taking the technological innovation and despising the personnel training; taking the inner organization construction and despising the information resource sharing and so on. The function expansion and independent promotion evolution ability is insufficient, redundant, waste, even the phenomenon of stagnation is also a substantial number. Secondly, the information organization management is out-of-order, it manifests the deficiency of the data global administration mechanism and the ensure strength of organization; the data management is a code system which is more primitive, loose and the non-unification, the data is unable to concentrate, to be not very complete, accurate and prompt; the standardization, the modular degree are low, this support function is not effective to the operating decisions and service operation. Thirdly, the monopolization is among with every information department, information isolated island phenomenon is universal existed. The reason caused this phenomenon is: on one hand, this is because the enterprise interior various departments information is out-of-order, the information management are chaotic in order to leading to the various systems compatibility not to be good and unable to realize the information sharing, the technology development tool lacks the unified standards; on the other hand, This is a convention in every information resource department to be formed for a long time, which carry on the own monopoly by taking the authority and the achievements of information resource in every department. Thus unintentionally establishes the barrier of the information resource sharing. Fourthly, the information transmission is not smooth. The information transmission system always shows some problems that the information flow channels to be blocked in order to causing the phenomena of the information to be crowded, and so on. These questions have delayed the information transmission and neglected the information transmission timeliness and the accuracy, and then caused the enterprise information system operating efficiency to be low. The enterprise various departments could not make a good communication and coordination, and then makes some phenomenon which the information distorted has sometimes occurred. The reason of these questions is lay to the conception of the tradition“the economic person”who assume the thought of profit maximization, and people generally have thought understanding insufficiency to the ecology and sustainable development, but we want to solve this problem fundamentally, we must carry on restructuring to the enterprise information system by needing the application ecology theory, and I’m precisely designate research subject of this article because of above reasons.
Comparing with the enterprise information system and the ecosystem, both of all have had the enormous similarity in the time, spatial and the trophy structure aspect, the energy flow aspect as well as the information transmission aspect, and the enterprise information system has the ecology integrity, ecology characteristics and ecology hierarchical etc, this all become the application ecology theory to carry on restructuring the premise of the enterprise information system. Although reconfiguration, the reorganization as well as the restoration is the method to change the existing appearance of the enterprise information system, but their emphasis point have different forms. Restructuring mainly aims to make the transformation and the construction at the inherent enterprise information system's structure; the reorganization mainly aims to carry on the conformity at the isolated information resource of the enterprise information system; the restoration aims to clean up the operation flow of the enterprise information system. Therefore, it may define the restructuring of the enterprise information system by basing on the ecology theory is: Taking the ecology theory as the foundation and pursuing the ecological value maximization goal, we could carry on constructing systematically between the structural relation of the enterprise information system's integrant part and its’essential factor, the interaction between the system interior and external environment as well as the guarantee system effective movement's ecology mechanism in order to realizing the sustainable development of the enterprise information system. Enterprise information system ecology restructuring should follow these principles of the process relevance, the system integrity, the continuity and the sense of purpose. The application ecology theory carried on restructuring to the enterprise information system which manifest the supposition thought of“the ecology person”of pursuing ecological value maximization by message body, It includes the thought that pay great attention to the mechanism of the essential factor, the structure and the function, the material between the system interior and the outside ecological environment, the energy and the exchange of information, the interaction between ecology essential factor as well as coordination evolution of information species, it has established the enterprise information system ecology restructuring model according to these thought that this model divides enterprise information system ecology restructuring into four parts of the ecology essential factor, the ecological structure, the ecological environment and the ecology mechanism.
As the similar with the living system, the enterprise information system's ecology essential factor constitutes by the biological ingredient and the non-biological ingredient, the biological ingredient is mainly the four essential species of the information producer, the information transmission, the information consumer and the information disintegrator, the non-biological ingredient refers the information ecological environment existing with the enterprise information system, including the information technology, the information policy, the information law and the information culture etc, and the enterprise information system carries on metabolism with its ecological environment. In the enterprise information system, each message body occupies the specific information ecology position, similarly, a specific information ecology position is only suitable in its message body can be adapted. The various ingredients between enterprise information system has the extremely intriguing dependence and the restriction relations, this is the enterprise information system's structure which divided into the information chain structure and the information level structure, the enterprise information system's structure has decided the form, the function and the level relations of the systems. The information ecological environment of the enterprise information system constitute by a series of information ecological factor that divides into the internal ecological factor and the exterior ecological factor, the interior ecological factor include with the organizational structure factor, the information resource factor, the personnel allocated proportion factor and the project implementation factor, exterior ecological factor include with information system factor, information technology factor, information culture factor, information security factor and information strategy factor, and the information ecological factor has the complex characteristic. The message body and the information ecological environment time in the enterprise information system various has exchanged with material, the energy and the information, and realized the metabolism of the enterprise information system. Therefore, we will carry on the restructuring based on the ecology theory to the ecological environment of the enterprise information system, then we should mainly emphasizes the exchanging with the information and the energy of the enterprise information system and the information ecological environment as well as the mutual adaptation and the coordination evolution of the system and the environment. To carry on the restructuring to its ecological environment by establishing the model of the enterprise information system ecological environment, namely using the diffusion function with the enterprise information system and the environment to form the ordered structure and to the higher rank evolution.
Based on the thought of the ecology sustainable development, the goal of the enterprise information system should change pursuing profit maximization by“the economic person”into pursuing the system overall ecological value. And this goal should defines foreword parameter principle the ecological value as the system foreword parameter by using the synergetic, then describe foreword parameter to be made with the information body of the enterprise information system, but the foreword parameter led the system by the disorder the process which evolved to the order. It has analyzed the enterprise information system energy fluctuation mechanism by using the fluctuation order law which is researching to the enterprise information system whole operational mechanism. The information technology innovation is the fluctuation factor to actuate the production of the enterprise information system energy, and it enlarge the energy through the fluctuation enlargement mechanism, finally it has established the enterprise information system message body energy assignment mechanism by using the Shapley value method. The thought of the application evolution theory have established the individual growth model of enterprise information system which was a Logistic growth rule to be growths in 3 kind of machine-made foundation of the message body heredity, the variation and chose and the message body individual's growth must conform limited resources space, Therefore, the message body current should change the value creation strategy pattern that could change the“r”strategy into“k”strategy. On the foundation of the Logistic growth model in the information individual things, it has constructed the model of competition and the colacobisis among the information population by using the“Lotka-Volterra”equation, and analyzed its stability condition and constructed the molds among the information body by using the evolution theory, and then drew up the duplication phase diagram among the information body to point out the situation of competition and cooperation into the each information body, this was the innovation way of information ecosystem competition in the information economy time.
I have carried on the empirical analysis with choosing the case of enterprise information system of shoe factory, and pointed at the existing problems of enterprise information system on the aspects of the informatization idea lag, the information management is out-of-order, the information talented person are deficient, information isolated island phenomenon universal existence, information flow is not smooth as well as information system seal, and carried on analysis and the solution to establish the enterprise information system restructuring theory by using this article. I had proven the advantageous to the information body coordination in the information ecology chain structure and the level structure of the enterprise information system; at the same time, it also has proven the exchange among the material, the energy and the information in the system and the external environment to be formed in the enterprise information system, Simultaneously had also proven that the goal of the ecological value maximization may promote the sustainable development of the enterprise information system. This is the objective law to guarantee the effective movement of system with the overall energy fluctuation mechanism and the information body individual growth mechanism of the enterprise information system.
基于生态学理论对企业信息系统的重构可以定义为:以生态学理论为基础,本着追求生态价值最大化目标,对企业信息系统的构成要素、要素之间的结构关系、系统内部与外界环境之间的相互作用以及保证系统有效运行的生态机制进行系统地重新构建,以实现企业信息系统的可持续发展。企业信息系统生态化重构应该遵循过程相关性、系统完整性、循环连续性和目的性原则。
应用生态理论对企业信息系统进行重构体现了信息主体追求生态价值最大化的“生态人”假设思想,注重要素、结构和功能的作用原理,系统内部与外界生态环境之间的物质、能量和信息交换、生态要素之间的非线性相互作用以及信息物种之间的协同进化等思想,根据这些思想建立了企业信息系统生态重构模型,该模型将企业信息系统生态重构划分为生态要素、生态结构、生态环境和生态机制4个部分。与生物系统相似,企业信息系统的生态要素由生物成分与非生物成分构成,企业信息系统各成分之间存在极为错综复杂的依赖和制约关系,这就是企业信息系统的结构,分为信息链式结构和信息层级结构,企业信息系统的结构决定了系统的形式、功能和层级关系。基于生态理论对企业信息系统的生态环境进行重构,则主要强调企业信息系统与信息生态环境的信息和能量交换以及系统与环境的相互适应和协同进化。建立企业信息系统生态环境的熵变模型对其生态环境进行重构,即利用企业信息系统通过与环境之间的耗散作用,引入环境中的负熵流抵消内部形成的熵增,从而形成有序结构并向更高级别进化。企业信息系统各信息主体形成信息生态链结构和层级结构有利于信息主体的协同共生;企业信息系统形成耗散结构在于系统和外界环境之间进行有效的物质、能量和信息交换,以外部负熵来克服系统内部熵增;同时以生态价值最大化为目标定位可以促进企业信息系统可持续发展,而企业信息系统整体能量涨落机制、信息主体个体生长机制和主体之间的竞合机制是保证系统有效运行的客观规律。
选择某制鞋企业信息系统的案例进行了实证分析,印证了上述观点,同时针对该企业信息系统存在信息化观念滞后、信息管理无序、信息人才匮乏、信息孤岛现象普遍存在、信息流通不顺畅以及信息系统封闭等问题,提出建议和对策。
The enterprise information system is a complicated system that includes the entire process of the enterprise production and operating activities management. Person is the leadership of the enterprise information system, by using the computer hardware, the software, the network service equipment as well as other office equipment to carry on the collection, transmission, processing, memory, renewal and the maintenance of the information, and competes with taking the enterprise strategy superior and raising the benefit and the efficiency as the goal in order to supporting the enterprise high-level decision-making, the intermediate deck control, the basic unit operation of the integration man-machine system. The enterprise information system is playing the important role in the enterprise; the enterprise is precisely carries on the effective development to the massive information resource by using the information system. The enterprise informationization manifests in the enterprise daily production operation activity is the widespread application of the enterprise information system. After more than 50 year development processes, the enterprise information system had already made some progresses, the majority of enterprises have established their message center; the partial enterprises have completed the management information system.
But the enterprise information system has many problems in the movement process; we carry on the statistical analysis by questionnaire survey to the Jilin Province small and medium-sized enterprise information system and finally induce and summarize these questions to be as follows: firstly, the phenomenon of taking hardware and despising the software is very serious which manifest these phenomenon of taking hardware equipment and despising application; taking the technological innovation and despising the personnel training; taking the inner organization construction and despising the information resource sharing and so on. The function expansion and independent promotion evolution ability is insufficient, redundant, waste, even the phenomenon of stagnation is also a substantial number. Secondly, the information organization management is out-of-order, it manifests the deficiency of the data global administration mechanism and the ensure strength of organization; the data management is a code system which is more primitive, loose and the non-unification, the data is unable to concentrate, to be not very complete, accurate and prompt; the standardization, the modular degree are low, this support function is not effective to the operating decisions and service operation. Thirdly, the monopolization is among with every information department, information isolated island phenomenon is universal existed. The reason caused this phenomenon is: on one hand, this is because the enterprise interior various departments information is out-of-order, the information management are chaotic in order to leading to the various systems compatibility not to be good and unable to realize the information sharing, the technology development tool lacks the unified standards; on the other hand, This is a convention in every information resource department to be formed for a long time, which carry on the own monopoly by taking the authority and the achievements of information resource in every department. Thus unintentionally establishes the barrier of the information resource sharing. Fourthly, the information transmission is not smooth. The information transmission system always shows some problems that the information flow channels to be blocked in order to causing the phenomena of the information to be crowded, and so on. These questions have delayed the information transmission and neglected the information transmission timeliness and the accuracy, and then caused the enterprise information system operating efficiency to be low. The enterprise various departments could not make a good communication and coordination, and then makes some phenomenon which the information distorted has sometimes occurred. The reason of these questions is lay to the conception of the tradition“the economic person”who assume the thought of profit maximization, and people generally have thought understanding insufficiency to the ecology and sustainable development, but we want to solve this problem fundamentally, we must carry on restructuring to the enterprise information system by needing the application ecology theory, and I’m precisely designate research subject of this article because of above reasons.
Comparing with the enterprise information system and the ecosystem, both of all have had the enormous similarity in the time, spatial and the trophy structure aspect, the energy flow aspect as well as the information transmission aspect, and the enterprise information system has the ecology integrity, ecology characteristics and ecology hierarchical etc, this all become the application ecology theory to carry on restructuring the premise of the enterprise information system. Although reconfiguration, the reorganization as well as the restoration is the method to change the existing appearance of the enterprise information system, but their emphasis point have different forms. Restructuring mainly aims to make the transformation and the construction at the inherent enterprise information system's structure; the reorganization mainly aims to carry on the conformity at the isolated information resource of the enterprise information system; the restoration aims to clean up the operation flow of the enterprise information system. Therefore, it may define the restructuring of the enterprise information system by basing on the ecology theory is: Taking the ecology theory as the foundation and pursuing the ecological value maximization goal, we could carry on constructing systematically between the structural relation of the enterprise information system's integrant part and its’essential factor, the interaction between the system interior and external environment as well as the guarantee system effective movement's ecology mechanism in order to realizing the sustainable development of the enterprise information system. Enterprise information system ecology restructuring should follow these principles of the process relevance, the system integrity, the continuity and the sense of purpose. The application ecology theory carried on restructuring to the enterprise information system which manifest the supposition thought of“the ecology person”of pursuing ecological value maximization by message body, It includes the thought that pay great attention to the mechanism of the essential factor, the structure and the function, the material between the system interior and the outside ecological environment, the energy and the exchange of information, the interaction between ecology essential factor as well as coordination evolution of information species, it has established the enterprise information system ecology restructuring model according to these thought that this model divides enterprise information system ecology restructuring into four parts of the ecology essential factor, the ecological structure, the ecological environment and the ecology mechanism.
As the similar with the living system, the enterprise information system's ecology essential factor constitutes by the biological ingredient and the non-biological ingredient, the biological ingredient is mainly the four essential species of the information producer, the information transmission, the information consumer and the information disintegrator, the non-biological ingredient refers the information ecological environment existing with the enterprise information system, including the information technology, the information policy, the information law and the information culture etc, and the enterprise information system carries on metabolism with its ecological environment. In the enterprise information system, each message body occupies the specific information ecology position, similarly, a specific information ecology position is only suitable in its message body can be adapted. The various ingredients between enterprise information system has the extremely intriguing dependence and the restriction relations, this is the enterprise information system's structure which divided into the information chain structure and the information level structure, the enterprise information system's structure has decided the form, the function and the level relations of the systems. The information ecological environment of the enterprise information system constitute by a series of information ecological factor that divides into the internal ecological factor and the exterior ecological factor, the interior ecological factor include with the organizational structure factor, the information resource factor, the personnel allocated proportion factor and the project implementation factor, exterior ecological factor include with information system factor, information technology factor, information culture factor, information security factor and information strategy factor, and the information ecological factor has the complex characteristic. The message body and the information ecological environment time in the enterprise information system various has exchanged with material, the energy and the information, and realized the metabolism of the enterprise information system. Therefore, we will carry on the restructuring based on the ecology theory to the ecological environment of the enterprise information system, then we should mainly emphasizes the exchanging with the information and the energy of the enterprise information system and the information ecological environment as well as the mutual adaptation and the coordination evolution of the system and the environment. To carry on the restructuring to its ecological environment by establishing the model of the enterprise information system ecological environment, namely using the diffusion function with the enterprise information system and the environment to form the ordered structure and to the higher rank evolution.
Based on the thought of the ecology sustainable development, the goal of the enterprise information system should change pursuing profit maximization by“the economic person”into pursuing the system overall ecological value. And this goal should defines foreword parameter principle the ecological value as the system foreword parameter by using the synergetic, then describe foreword parameter to be made with the information body of the enterprise information system, but the foreword parameter led the system by the disorder the process which evolved to the order. It has analyzed the enterprise information system energy fluctuation mechanism by using the fluctuation order law which is researching to the enterprise information system whole operational mechanism. The information technology innovation is the fluctuation factor to actuate the production of the enterprise information system energy, and it enlarge the energy through the fluctuation enlargement mechanism, finally it has established the enterprise information system message body energy assignment mechanism by using the Shapley value method. The thought of the application evolution theory have established the individual growth model of enterprise information system which was a Logistic growth rule to be growths in 3 kind of machine-made foundation of the message body heredity, the variation and chose and the message body individual's growth must conform limited resources space, Therefore, the message body current should change the value creation strategy pattern that could change the“r”strategy into“k”strategy. On the foundation of the Logistic growth model in the information individual things, it has constructed the model of competition and the colacobisis among the information population by using the“Lotka-Volterra”equation, and analyzed its stability condition and constructed the molds among the information body by using the evolution theory, and then drew up the duplication phase diagram among the information body to point out the situation of competition and cooperation into the each information body, this was the innovation way of information ecosystem competition in the information economy time.
I have carried on the empirical analysis with choosing the case of enterprise information system of shoe factory, and pointed at the existing problems of enterprise information system on the aspects of the informatization idea lag, the information management is out-of-order, the information talented person are deficient, information isolated island phenomenon universal existence, information flow is not smooth as well as information system seal, and carried on analysis and the solution to establish the enterprise information system restructuring theory by using this article. I had proven the advantageous to the information body coordination in the information ecology chain structure and the level structure of the enterprise information system; at the same time, it also has proven the exchange among the material, the energy and the information in the system and the external environment to be formed in the enterprise information system, Simultaneously had also proven that the goal of the ecological value maximization may promote the sustainable development of the enterprise information system. This is the objective law to guarantee the effective movement of system with the overall energy fluctuation mechanism and the information body individual growth mechanism of the enterprise information system.
引文
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