当代儿童文学的文化大革命十年——1966-1976文革儿童文学史研究
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摘要
1966年5月到1976年10月的“文化大革命”是一场由领导者错误发动,被反革命集团利用,给党、国家和各族人民带来严重灾难的内乱。对我们整个中华民族的文化素质和思想、道德水准,也造成了难以估计的消极影响。但是,这场错误和挫折也让人民逐渐变得聪明起来,并开始进入一个繁荣发展的新时期。
儿童文学史一向一笔带过“文革”这段特殊岁月。在对这十年的“文化”浩劫中的儿童文学史料整理的过程中,笔者发现了属于“文学”中的“儿童文学”在这一时期与众“文学”不同的发展状况。在对全部“文革”时期的儿童文学做过研究之后,更发现了它并非完全如同过去儿童文学史中一贯陈述的那般变态至极。“文革”时期的儿童文学有着比任何一个时期都高的地位,即使是有着浓重的政治味道,仍然可以在儿童文学史上留下一幅属于它自己的独特画卷。
After the enlarged meeting of Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in May 1966, China has ushered in the stage of the Great Cul-tural Revolution the ten years of domestic chaos. It is the most chaotic time since the Foundation of the People's Republic of China: the social-ism modernization construction of China has been derailed, the spirit of the Chinese people was chaotic, and lots of people even lost their lives. Under the general policy of the Great Cultural Revolution, the educa-tional cause, publishing, literary and artistic creation have been hit hard. During this stage, there's a historical break in the Chinese artistic creation, the literature and art developed with hard difficulty, so was the children's literature. In summary relative to the literature for adults (only model drama and the novel of Hao Ran) the Children's literature, the children's literature was better than none.
During 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, the general situation of Chi-nese children's literature as follows: the first half of 1966, there's 44 chil-dren's literature monographs, 4 children's periodicals and 1 children's news paper. Although the number is small, in that time it was very pre- cious. Until the second half of 1969, all the public publication including the children's literature had almost ceased publication. Only in Shanghai there's 1 children's periodical and 1 children's news paper. Until the end of the Great Cultural Revolution in 1976, children's literature increased slowly. In 1970 there's 2 new children's journal and 34 new children's monographs; In 1971 there's 3 new children's journal and 19 new chil-dren's monographs. Since 1972, ZhouEnlai hosted the State Council, the development of the children's literature was back to normal, in that year there's 21 children's news papers, 55 children's literature monographs, in 1974 there's 1 new 4 children's periodical, in total 88 children's literature monographs. In 1974 there's 1 new children's periodical, in total 107 children's literature monographs; In 1975 and 1976 the number is 184 and 120. And in the major newspapers and periodical there's some children's literature at times during the Cultural Revolution.
However, the certain number of works of children's literature was not the accomplishment of children's literature in that time. As the chil-dren's literature, it effects on education of children, raise awareness of thinking, entertaining function and aesthetic function. The significance of children's literature is not only teaching children to learn and read but also an excellent way for children to develop imagination and imagina-tion. The children's literature should become the created fertile ground for children learning kindness, beauty and truth. The number of works of children's literature was not little, but under the political background, the children's literature could not positive effect on it should be.
In the Cultural Revolution, the dominant ideological stresses the fact of children is important to the realization of Communism, stresses the culturing socialism successors and the fighting over younger generation. Under this policy, children's literature had an important position. Because the political importance of children's literature, it has caused lots of aca-demic disputes and political criticalness in the area of theory of children's literature creation. During the Cultural Revolution children's literature presented the marked tendency of politics.
At the time of the Cultural Revolution, the creation of children's lit-erature refers to current political situation. Theme of children's literature essentially was political struggle. Both in poem and story, the features of children's literature works references to“Criticize the Historical Revi-sionism of Liu Shao Qi”,“Condemn Lin Biao and Confucius”,“Con-demn legalists and Confucianism”,“Condemn stream of reverse the ver-dict of rightism”and other political movement and incident. The heroes in the children's literature were always workers, peasants and soldiers. The theory of model drama was the guiding theory of children's literature. To build proletariat hero is the primary task of socialistic children's lit-erature during that time. During the Cultural Revolution, the children's literature was full of child insurrectionists, "Little Red Guard" and sub- versive child hero.
The Class struggle theory was guiding theory of children's literature at the during The Great Cultural Revolution, stressed that,“must use the standpoint of Marxism, the viewpoint and the method to describe the life of children, children's literature must link up children's life with the social life, it should correctly reflect the class struggle and policy struggle”,“Teach children with Marxism, Leninism and Maoism”these wrong principle disrupted the enjoyment and literariness of children's literature seriously.
The creation of children's literature during Cultural Revolution as opposed to the "golden age" in 1949-1965 is a blank age. It was small in quantity and poor quality. Although there were lots of literary genre, in-cluding novels, poetry, essays, fables, fairy tales, stories, drama and other genres, but the ratio was not balanced. Because fairy tales, fables, folk tales and scientific literature could not link with class struggle, there were very few works been published. The chant became the tool of political movement, poetry, drama, essays and reportage were very few too, only children's novel were better. Sins 1970's some author began to write novel about revolutionary war hero, hero of production, and there also published the collection of short story. The artistic form of children's lit-erature in journals was always comic story. Although the number of works was very few, but the story were intrusting, and the topic were “just defeated the evil”, or“light against darkness”, these topic inspired the children to pull through, it was better to educate children.
The creation of Children's poetry was not totally interrupted during the Cultural Revolution while the professional writers had been perse-cuted. During the Cultural Revolution in children's literature in mono-graphs, periodicals and newspapers there still lots of works written by amateur writer. Collective, amateur and children also joined the teams of creative poetry. The themes of poetry included the praise of new China leader, children in revolutionary struggle, international subject matters, class struggle and also the happiness life of children.
The Basic character of children's poetry during the Cultural Revolu-tion was little care about child psychology and more slogans. Much po-etry was written by poetic language of adult. With the view of history of children's literature, at the time of Cultural Revolution the children's po-etry was at a low ebb, but not blank. Although basic character of chil-dren's poetry was strongly political utilitarian, there is a number of poet persisted pursuit of art from the reality and created poetry for children. These works were from the reality, focused on small things, but infectiv-ity and taught children formative education of aesthetics. This situation appeared at that time still very weak, but this is a good thing.
Fairy tales and fables are the most popular children's books of lit-erature. But during the Cultural Revolution, because of political factors, the children's literature was focus on the theme of ideological struggle and political struggle. There're almost no artistic dimension and ideo-logical content in the fairy tales and fables. Fairy tales and fables were influenced by extreme leftism, the entertainment and humor of fairy tales always been totally neglected. Some writer stopped writing because of the guiding theory of children's literature relied heavily on political utili-tarian and education. Same was the children's fables.
According to study on children's literature during 1966-1976, the children's literature during the Cultural Revolution has the following fea-tures: First, there're many genre of literature, the main genre was poetry. Second, there're few professional writers but lots of amateur writers. Third, the guiding theory of children's literature was closely related the political event and ideology. The children's literature at this time has the following major questions: First, the children's literature lacked the liter-ariness, childishness and children's interesting. Second, there're to much political language in the children's literature. Children's literature should weaken political and been created based on the childishness and literari-ness, it could develop better.
儿童文学史一向一笔带过“文革”这段特殊岁月。在对这十年的“文化”浩劫中的儿童文学史料整理的过程中,笔者发现了属于“文学”中的“儿童文学”在这一时期与众“文学”不同的发展状况。在对全部“文革”时期的儿童文学做过研究之后,更发现了它并非完全如同过去儿童文学史中一贯陈述的那般变态至极。“文革”时期的儿童文学有着比任何一个时期都高的地位,即使是有着浓重的政治味道,仍然可以在儿童文学史上留下一幅属于它自己的独特画卷。
After the enlarged meeting of Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in May 1966, China has ushered in the stage of the Great Cul-tural Revolution the ten years of domestic chaos. It is the most chaotic time since the Foundation of the People's Republic of China: the social-ism modernization construction of China has been derailed, the spirit of the Chinese people was chaotic, and lots of people even lost their lives. Under the general policy of the Great Cultural Revolution, the educa-tional cause, publishing, literary and artistic creation have been hit hard. During this stage, there's a historical break in the Chinese artistic creation, the literature and art developed with hard difficulty, so was the children's literature. In summary relative to the literature for adults (only model drama and the novel of Hao Ran) the Children's literature, the children's literature was better than none.
During 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, the general situation of Chi-nese children's literature as follows: the first half of 1966, there's 44 chil-dren's literature monographs, 4 children's periodicals and 1 children's news paper. Although the number is small, in that time it was very pre- cious. Until the second half of 1969, all the public publication including the children's literature had almost ceased publication. Only in Shanghai there's 1 children's periodical and 1 children's news paper. Until the end of the Great Cultural Revolution in 1976, children's literature increased slowly. In 1970 there's 2 new children's journal and 34 new children's monographs; In 1971 there's 3 new children's journal and 19 new chil-dren's monographs. Since 1972, ZhouEnlai hosted the State Council, the development of the children's literature was back to normal, in that year there's 21 children's news papers, 55 children's literature monographs, in 1974 there's 1 new 4 children's periodical, in total 88 children's literature monographs. In 1974 there's 1 new children's periodical, in total 107 children's literature monographs; In 1975 and 1976 the number is 184 and 120. And in the major newspapers and periodical there's some children's literature at times during the Cultural Revolution.
However, the certain number of works of children's literature was not the accomplishment of children's literature in that time. As the chil-dren's literature, it effects on education of children, raise awareness of thinking, entertaining function and aesthetic function. The significance of children's literature is not only teaching children to learn and read but also an excellent way for children to develop imagination and imagina-tion. The children's literature should become the created fertile ground for children learning kindness, beauty and truth. The number of works of children's literature was not little, but under the political background, the children's literature could not positive effect on it should be.
In the Cultural Revolution, the dominant ideological stresses the fact of children is important to the realization of Communism, stresses the culturing socialism successors and the fighting over younger generation. Under this policy, children's literature had an important position. Because the political importance of children's literature, it has caused lots of aca-demic disputes and political criticalness in the area of theory of children's literature creation. During the Cultural Revolution children's literature presented the marked tendency of politics.
At the time of the Cultural Revolution, the creation of children's lit-erature refers to current political situation. Theme of children's literature essentially was political struggle. Both in poem and story, the features of children's literature works references to“Criticize the Historical Revi-sionism of Liu Shao Qi”,“Condemn Lin Biao and Confucius”,“Con-demn legalists and Confucianism”,“Condemn stream of reverse the ver-dict of rightism”and other political movement and incident. The heroes in the children's literature were always workers, peasants and soldiers. The theory of model drama was the guiding theory of children's literature. To build proletariat hero is the primary task of socialistic children's lit-erature during that time. During the Cultural Revolution, the children's literature was full of child insurrectionists, "Little Red Guard" and sub- versive child hero.
The Class struggle theory was guiding theory of children's literature at the during The Great Cultural Revolution, stressed that,“must use the standpoint of Marxism, the viewpoint and the method to describe the life of children, children's literature must link up children's life with the social life, it should correctly reflect the class struggle and policy struggle”,“Teach children with Marxism, Leninism and Maoism”these wrong principle disrupted the enjoyment and literariness of children's literature seriously.
The creation of children's literature during Cultural Revolution as opposed to the "golden age" in 1949-1965 is a blank age. It was small in quantity and poor quality. Although there were lots of literary genre, in-cluding novels, poetry, essays, fables, fairy tales, stories, drama and other genres, but the ratio was not balanced. Because fairy tales, fables, folk tales and scientific literature could not link with class struggle, there were very few works been published. The chant became the tool of political movement, poetry, drama, essays and reportage were very few too, only children's novel were better. Sins 1970's some author began to write novel about revolutionary war hero, hero of production, and there also published the collection of short story. The artistic form of children's lit-erature in journals was always comic story. Although the number of works was very few, but the story were intrusting, and the topic were “just defeated the evil”, or“light against darkness”, these topic inspired the children to pull through, it was better to educate children.
The creation of Children's poetry was not totally interrupted during the Cultural Revolution while the professional writers had been perse-cuted. During the Cultural Revolution in children's literature in mono-graphs, periodicals and newspapers there still lots of works written by amateur writer. Collective, amateur and children also joined the teams of creative poetry. The themes of poetry included the praise of new China leader, children in revolutionary struggle, international subject matters, class struggle and also the happiness life of children.
The Basic character of children's poetry during the Cultural Revolu-tion was little care about child psychology and more slogans. Much po-etry was written by poetic language of adult. With the view of history of children's literature, at the time of Cultural Revolution the children's po-etry was at a low ebb, but not blank. Although basic character of chil-dren's poetry was strongly political utilitarian, there is a number of poet persisted pursuit of art from the reality and created poetry for children. These works were from the reality, focused on small things, but infectiv-ity and taught children formative education of aesthetics. This situation appeared at that time still very weak, but this is a good thing.
Fairy tales and fables are the most popular children's books of lit-erature. But during the Cultural Revolution, because of political factors, the children's literature was focus on the theme of ideological struggle and political struggle. There're almost no artistic dimension and ideo-logical content in the fairy tales and fables. Fairy tales and fables were influenced by extreme leftism, the entertainment and humor of fairy tales always been totally neglected. Some writer stopped writing because of the guiding theory of children's literature relied heavily on political utili-tarian and education. Same was the children's fables.
According to study on children's literature during 1966-1976, the children's literature during the Cultural Revolution has the following fea-tures: First, there're many genre of literature, the main genre was poetry. Second, there're few professional writers but lots of amateur writers. Third, the guiding theory of children's literature was closely related the political event and ideology. The children's literature at this time has the following major questions: First, the children's literature lacked the liter-ariness, childishness and children's interesting. Second, there're to much political language in the children's literature. Children's literature should weaken political and been created based on the childishness and literari-ness, it could develop better.
引文
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[1]《打倒修正主义教育路线的总后台》,《人民日报》,1967年7月18日。
[1]《中华人民共和国教育大事记》(1949-1982),教育科学出版社,1984年版,第401-402页。
[1]《教育革命通讯》,1973年第11期。
[1]谢冕、洪子诚主编,《中国当代文学史料选》,《林彪同志委托江青问志召开的部队文艺工作座谈会纪要》,北京大学出版社,1995年版,第632页。
[1]于会泳:《让文艺舞台永远成为宣传毛泽东思想的阵地》,载《文汇报》l968年5月23日。
[1]《光明日报》1973年12月2日。
[2]《人民日报》1973年6月3日。
[3]《人民日报》1973年6月24日。
[1]《人民日报》1973年12月30日。
[2]谢佐、殿烈:《歌颂小英雄表现大主题——谈谈儿童文学创作中的两个问题》,载《红小兵报通讯》1975年第l、2期。
[3]同上。
[1]谢佐、殿烈:《歌颂小英雄表现大主题——谈谈儿童文学创作中的两个问题》,载《红小兵报通讯》1975年第l、2期。
[2]林尽染:《紧紧掌握时代的脉搏——评儿童文学作品<向阳院的故事>和<红雨>》,载《人民日报》1973年12月30日。
[3]路途:《儿童文学与儿童特点》,载《人民日报》1972年12月26日。
[4]《文汇报》评论员:《要重视少年儿童文艺的创作》,载《文汇报》1973年5月8日。
[1]林尽染:《紧紧掌握时代的脉搏——评儿童文学作品<向阳院的故事>和<红雨>》,载《人民口报》1973年12月30日。
[2]姚青新:《精心的再创作,可喜的新收获——试谈彩色影片<闪闪的红星>对同名小说的改编成就》,载《解放日报》1974年10月25日。
[3]《文汇报》评论员:《要重视少年几童文艺的创作》,载《文汇报》1973年5月8日。
[4]同[1]。
[1]浩然:《浩然儿童故事选?后记》,载《浩然儿童故事选》,北京出版社1980年出版,第285页。
[2]浩然:《浩然儿童小说选?后记》,载《浩然儿童小说选》,湖南少年儿童出版社1986年出版,第326页。
[1]转引自沈太慧:《浩然第三个十年的新奉献(下)》,载《当代文学研究资料与信息》1957年第12期。
[1] [俄]别尔嘉耶夫,张雅平译:《历史的意义》,学林出版社2002年版,第17页。
[1] [美]尼尔·波兹曼:《童年的消逝》(1982年初版),吴燕莛译,广西师范大学出版社2004年版,第214 页。
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[1]《人民日报》1973年12月30日。
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[3]同上。
[1]谢佐、殿烈:《歌颂小英雄表现大主题——谈谈儿童文学创作中的两个问题》,载《红小兵报通讯》1975年第l、2期。
[2]林尽染:《紧紧掌握时代的脉搏——评儿童文学作品<向阳院的故事>和<红雨>》,载《人民日报》1973年12月30日。
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[4]《文汇报》评论员:《要重视少年儿童文艺的创作》,载《文汇报》1973年5月8日。
[1]林尽染:《紧紧掌握时代的脉搏——评儿童文学作品<向阳院的故事>和<红雨>》,载《人民口报》1973年12月30日。
[2]姚青新:《精心的再创作,可喜的新收获——试谈彩色影片<闪闪的红星>对同名小说的改编成就》,载《解放日报》1974年10月25日。
[3]《文汇报》评论员:《要重视少年几童文艺的创作》,载《文汇报》1973年5月8日。
[4]同[1]。
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[1]转引自沈太慧:《浩然第三个十年的新奉献(下)》,载《当代文学研究资料与信息》1957年第12期。
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