红松果林丰产无性系筛选与嫁接技术研究
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摘要
本文根据对红松母树(种子园、天然种子林、人工林)的结实调查和7年的嫁接实验,筛选出种子丰产型无性系、基本种子丰产型无性系和初步种子丰产型无性系,共计29个。这些种子丰产型无性系不但产量高,而且亲合力也高(嫁接成活率均在85%以上),便于采用嫁接方法进行扩繁。还进行了用樟子松、赤松作砧木嫁接红松实验,通过异砧嫁接苗生理指标的测定揭示了砧木对接穗影响的生理机制。实验结果表明:异砧嫁接使嫁接苗的生理指标明显提高。其中净光合速率提高133.5%,水分利用率提高110.01%,针叶面积提高39.8%,从而促进了红松嫁接苗的生长和发育。
     特别是通过实验创造性的研究出红松短枝(针叶束)嫁接技术,使红松嫁接技术产生了一次飞跃。红松异砧短枝嫁接采用接穗抹芽、剪砧等促萌技术措施,选用当年生中下部的针叶束为接穗,嫁接成活率可达80%,萌芽率为75%。该项技术具有节省接穗材料、工效高、成本低等优点。采用该项技术可比常规嫁接提高繁殖系数30—40倍。为快速繁育种子丰产型优良无性系创造了新技术,提供了新途径。
     本文还根据实验总结出:砧木和接穗的年龄不同,对嫁接苗的生长量大小和结实的早晚影响很大。同时,采用树高为1.6—1.8m的大砧木进行高枝嫁接可以有效的缩短结实时间。这一点对人工幼林改建成无性系果林尤为重要。在黑龙江省,除春季的4月20日至5月20日外,在秋季的8月15日至8月30日采用现采穗现嫁接的方法也可以取得良好的嫁接效果。
29 clones in the seeds with high yield, basic high yield and initial high yield of Korean Pine are selected according to the seed bearer of the mother trees and progeny test. These clones not only have high yield in seed production, but also show strong combining ability with more than 85% survival rate by grafting. The technology and method which graft the scion of Korean Pine to the rootstock of Pinus sylvesstris. Var. mongolica and Pinus desiflora are provided in order to establish clonal forest in seed production of this species. It also reveals the physiological mechanism how the rootstock from other species effects the scion from Korea pine. The result indicates that grafting between different species makes the grafts with higher physiological activation, in which the net photosynthetic efficiency improves 133.5%, water utilization reaches 110.01% and leaf area increases 39.8%, thus stimulating the growth and development of the grafts.
    A new grafting method what is the grafting with short branches (needle bunch) as scions is developed to improve the deficiency to the normal veneer graft, as well as to meet the needs of grafting technology of conifer species. In grafting with short branches, the needle bunch from the low part of soft branches of the same year are used as scions, and some techniques are used to accelerate the grafts sprouting such as cutting rootstocks etc. By this grafting method, the sprouting and survival rate reach 75% and 80% respectively, as well as propagation coefficient is 30-40 times compared to the normal grafting method.
    It also reports that there is great influence to seedling's growth and seed production because of different age between the rootstock and scion. It is effective to short seed production age by using higher rootstock in 1.6-1.8m. In Heilongjiang province, the best time for grafting is the spring from April 20 to May 20, and the seed production autumn from August 15 to August 30 with grafting immediately after collecting the scions.
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