基于广义正交序列的DS-CDMA系统及其性能分析
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摘要
在码分多址(CDMA)系统中，扩频序列自相关和互相关特性的好坏在很大程度上决定了系统自干扰(SI)、多址接入干扰(MAI)和邻区干扰(ACI)的大小，从而直接影响着系统性能优劣和容量大小。本文研究了零相关区(ZCZ)或广义正交(GO)序列在直接序列码分多址(DS-CDMA)系统中的应用并给出了系统性能分析结果，包括Hadamard Walsh(WH)序列集、广义正交序列集与松散同步(LS)序列集相关特性分析，采用广义正交序列的单小区与多小区同步CDMA(S-CDMA)系统模型与性能分析，以及广义正交序列在准同步CDMA(QS-CDMA)系统中的应用等问题。
本文首先给出了系统性能分析中常用的扩频序列集相关性定义，包括在特定位移处的互相关特性、周期(互)相关均方特性、非周期(互)相关均方特性等；通过对WH序列集、GO序列集和LS序列集构造方法的分析，得到了其相关特性的分析结果。基于这些结果，探讨了如何从WH序列集和广义正交区Z=1的GO序列集中，分别按照周期互相关均方特性最优和非周期相关均方特性最优的准则选择性能较好的序列子集；同时讨论了将广义正交序列截短来获得准正交(QO)序列集和广义准正交序列集(GQO)的方法，并给出了这一类序列相关特性的数值计算结果。
然后，本文探讨了广义正交序列在单小区S-CDMA系统中的应用。在加性白高斯噪声(AWGN)信道条件下，以序列集周期相关均方特性理论界为基础，对序列个数大于系统扩频因子的S-CDMA系统干扰组成进行了分析，并基于截短WH序列提出了两种高容量低干扰S-CDMA系统模型，给出了分析和仿真结果。此外，本文还对多径传输条件下采用GO序列扩频的单小区S-CDMA系统性能进行了理论分析，给出了瑞利、莱斯衰落信道条件下SIR表达式以及误码性能数值计算和仿真结果。
接着，本文提出了一种两级扩频方案并探讨了广义正交序列在多小区CDMA蜂窝系统下行链路中的应用。论文分别给出了基于LS序列和两级扩频多小区S-CDMA系统模型。数值计算及仿真结果表明，由于本小区多径干扰受到抑制，系统性能显著提高。
最后，本文研究了广义正交序列在AWGN信道条件下QS-CDMA系统中的应用。作者将GO序列用于高阶调制QS-CDMA系统，获得了采用MPSK调
第Vll页
西南交通大学博士研究生学位论文
制和M一QAM调制时系统最大允许时延限制条件以及s仅表达式。同时，将截
短的GO序列、LS序列用于QS一CDMA系统以适当提高系统容量。本文还提出
了三种基于两级扩频方案QS一CDMA系统模型。理论分析与仿真结果均表明，
与现有系统相比，文中提出的QS一CDMA系统能够提供更好的误码性能和更高
的系统容量。
In Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) systems, the auto- and cross-correlation properties of the spreading sequences employed play an important role on the level of the self-interference (SI), multiple access interference (MAI) and adjacent cell interference (ACI), and therefore directly influence the performance and capacity of the systems. In this thesis, the zero correlation zone (ZCZ) or generalized orthogonal (GO) sequences are applied to direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) systems, and the corresponding system performance are analysed. Topics on the correlation property analysis of Hadamard Walsh (WH) sequences, GO sequences, and Loosely Synchronous (LS) sequences are performed, and the system model and performance evaluation of single-cell and multi-cell synchronous CDMA(S-CDMA) systems employing GO sequences, and the applications of GO sequences in quasi-synchronous CDMA (QS-CDMA) systems are elaborated.
First of all, the correlation definitions of spreading sequences, which are used widely in the system performance evaluation, are provided, including the cross-conrrelation property at a specific shift, the periodic (cross-) correlation mean square property and the aperiodic (cross-) mean square correlation property. Then based on the analysis of the constructions of WH, GO and LS sequences, the corresponding correlation properties are derived and methods of selecting subsets with good periodic mean-square cross-correlation property or aperiodic mean-square correlation property from the WH set and GO sequence set whose GO zone Z=l are investigated. Furthermore, the methods of truncating the GO sequences to obtain the quasi-orthogonal (QO) set whose family size M is larger than the length L and the quasi-generalized-orthogonal (QGO) set whose size M is larger than LI2Z are discussed, together with the numerical results of the correlation properties.
Thereafter, the applications of GO sequences in single-cell S-CDMA systems are discussed in this thesis. In additive white Gaussion noise (AWGN) channel, interference components in S-CDMA systems accommodating more users than the spreading factor is analyzed based on the theoretical bound of the periodic correlation mean square property. Then two interference-suppressed S-CDMA
system models of augmented capacity are proposed, along with the analysis and simulation results. Moreover, the performance of the single-cell S-CDMA system employing GO sequences under the multi-path propagation channel is analyzed, resulting analytical SIR expressions, the numerical and simulation error results, for Rayleigh and Rice fading channels respectively.
Next, a two-level spreading-despreading scheme is proposed, and the GO sequences are applied to the forward link of a multi-cell CDMA system in this thesis. Two multi-cell S-CDMA system models based on LS sequences and two-level spreading scheme respectively are presented here, as well as the numerical and simulation results which reveal that, due to the restricted intra-cell interference, the system performance is improved distinctly.
In the end, the applications of GO sequences to the QS-CDMA systems in AWGN channel are considered in this thesis. The GO sequences are applied to the high-order modulation QS-CDMA systems, and for the MPSK and M-QAM modulation scheme, the maximum allowable timing delays, the SIR expressions and the bit-error-rate (BER) results are derived. Meanwhile, truncated GO sequences are applied to QS-CDMA system so as to augment the system capacity effectively. Then three QS-CDMA system models based on two-level spreading scheme are proposed and both the theoretical analysis and the computer simulation show that the improved error performance and augmented capacity can be achieved in the QS-CDMA systems proposed.
本文首先给出了系统性能分析中常用的扩频序列集相关性定义，包括在特定位移处的互相关特性、周期(互)相关均方特性、非周期(互)相关均方特性等；通过对WH序列集、GO序列集和LS序列集构造方法的分析，得到了其相关特性的分析结果。基于这些结果，探讨了如何从WH序列集和广义正交区Z=1的GO序列集中，分别按照周期互相关均方特性最优和非周期相关均方特性最优的准则选择性能较好的序列子集；同时讨论了将广义正交序列截短来获得准正交(QO)序列集和广义准正交序列集(GQO)的方法，并给出了这一类序列相关特性的数值计算结果。
然后，本文探讨了广义正交序列在单小区S-CDMA系统中的应用。在加性白高斯噪声(AWGN)信道条件下，以序列集周期相关均方特性理论界为基础，对序列个数大于系统扩频因子的S-CDMA系统干扰组成进行了分析，并基于截短WH序列提出了两种高容量低干扰S-CDMA系统模型，给出了分析和仿真结果。此外，本文还对多径传输条件下采用GO序列扩频的单小区S-CDMA系统性能进行了理论分析，给出了瑞利、莱斯衰落信道条件下SIR表达式以及误码性能数值计算和仿真结果。
接着，本文提出了一种两级扩频方案并探讨了广义正交序列在多小区CDMA蜂窝系统下行链路中的应用。论文分别给出了基于LS序列和两级扩频多小区S-CDMA系统模型。数值计算及仿真结果表明，由于本小区多径干扰受到抑制，系统性能显著提高。
最后，本文研究了广义正交序列在AWGN信道条件下QS-CDMA系统中的应用。作者将GO序列用于高阶调制QS-CDMA系统，获得了采用MPSK调
第Vll页
西南交通大学博士研究生学位论文
制和M一QAM调制时系统最大允许时延限制条件以及s仅表达式。同时，将截
短的GO序列、LS序列用于QS一CDMA系统以适当提高系统容量。本文还提出
了三种基于两级扩频方案QS一CDMA系统模型。理论分析与仿真结果均表明，
与现有系统相比，文中提出的QS一CDMA系统能够提供更好的误码性能和更高
的系统容量。
In Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) systems, the auto- and cross-correlation properties of the spreading sequences employed play an important role on the level of the self-interference (SI), multiple access interference (MAI) and adjacent cell interference (ACI), and therefore directly influence the performance and capacity of the systems. In this thesis, the zero correlation zone (ZCZ) or generalized orthogonal (GO) sequences are applied to direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) systems, and the corresponding system performance are analysed. Topics on the correlation property analysis of Hadamard Walsh (WH) sequences, GO sequences, and Loosely Synchronous (LS) sequences are performed, and the system model and performance evaluation of single-cell and multi-cell synchronous CDMA(S-CDMA) systems employing GO sequences, and the applications of GO sequences in quasi-synchronous CDMA (QS-CDMA) systems are elaborated.
First of all, the correlation definitions of spreading sequences, which are used widely in the system performance evaluation, are provided, including the cross-conrrelation property at a specific shift, the periodic (cross-) correlation mean square property and the aperiodic (cross-) mean square correlation property. Then based on the analysis of the constructions of WH, GO and LS sequences, the corresponding correlation properties are derived and methods of selecting subsets with good periodic mean-square cross-correlation property or aperiodic mean-square correlation property from the WH set and GO sequence set whose GO zone Z=l are investigated. Furthermore, the methods of truncating the GO sequences to obtain the quasi-orthogonal (QO) set whose family size M is larger than the length L and the quasi-generalized-orthogonal (QGO) set whose size M is larger than LI2Z are discussed, together with the numerical results of the correlation properties.
Thereafter, the applications of GO sequences in single-cell S-CDMA systems are discussed in this thesis. In additive white Gaussion noise (AWGN) channel, interference components in S-CDMA systems accommodating more users than the spreading factor is analyzed based on the theoretical bound of the periodic correlation mean square property. Then two interference-suppressed S-CDMA
system models of augmented capacity are proposed, along with the analysis and simulation results. Moreover, the performance of the single-cell S-CDMA system employing GO sequences under the multi-path propagation channel is analyzed, resulting analytical SIR expressions, the numerical and simulation error results, for Rayleigh and Rice fading channels respectively.
Next, a two-level spreading-despreading scheme is proposed, and the GO sequences are applied to the forward link of a multi-cell CDMA system in this thesis. Two multi-cell S-CDMA system models based on LS sequences and two-level spreading scheme respectively are presented here, as well as the numerical and simulation results which reveal that, due to the restricted intra-cell interference, the system performance is improved distinctly.
In the end, the applications of GO sequences to the QS-CDMA systems in AWGN channel are considered in this thesis. The GO sequences are applied to the high-order modulation QS-CDMA systems, and for the MPSK and M-QAM modulation scheme, the maximum allowable timing delays, the SIR expressions and the bit-error-rate (BER) results are derived. Meanwhile, truncated GO sequences are applied to QS-CDMA system so as to augment the system capacity effectively. Then three QS-CDMA system models based on two-level spreading scheme are proposed and both the theoretical analysis and the computer simulation show that the improved error performance and augmented capacity can be achieved in the QS-CDMA systems proposed.
引文
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