汉语旧词新义的认知理据
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摘要
近年来新语研究一直是汉语语言学领域比较热门的话题之一。通过许多学者的共同努力,新语研究取得了丰硕的成果。但仔细审视这些关于新语的著作和论文就会发现大多数研究都把同时拥有新词形和新义的新词语作为研究对象。拥有新义但仍保持旧词形的旧词新义现象则很少涉及,或者只是在研究新语的时候偶尔提及旧词新义现象的存在。即使那些专门研究旧词新义的研究也倾向于从传统的社会、历史、词典编纂等方面来探讨旧词新义现象。而缺乏从认知角度深入细致阐释产生旧词新义的内在机制的系统研究。
认知科学的迅速发展为语义研究开拓了更为广阔的空间。认知语义学并不是一个统一的理论框架,它代表着一种研究词或表达形式与概念结构关系的导向。就研究内容而言,认知语义学所关心的话题包括隐喻、转喻以及概念整合等理论,从而为旧词新义研究提供了坚实的理论基础。
本文以隐喻、转喻、概念整合的理论为框架,研究旧词新义现象,旨在帮助人们更好地理解产生旧词新义的内在认知机制。通过对网上搜集到的、近年来的新鲜语料分析,文章总结了跨语域运用词语的类型和旧词新义的基本表现特征;同时文章还揭示了旧词新义与隐喻、转喻、概念整合理论的关系以及旧词新义产生的深层认知机制。
Researchers have always been concerned with the study of new words which has been one of hot topics in the field of Chinese linguistics in recent years. With their efforts, abundant achievements have been made. However, after careful examining those papers and books, it is found that most of researches have focused on the study of new words that is new in forms and meanings. The NMOW, which means new meanings or uses are generated while the original form of old words remains the same, is seldom studied by scholars, or they just incidentally mention it at the end of the new word research. In addition, for those who have specifically considered the NMOW as their studying object, they tend to analyze it from the perspective of society, history, dictionary compiling, etc. The internal cause such as its cognitive factors with detailed and in-depth analysis is occasionally covered.
The rapid development of cognitive science opens up a broader space for semantic study. Cognitive semantics is not a unified theoretical framework, but representing a direction to explore the relationship between words (or forms) and conceptual structures. Metaphors, metonymy and conceptual integration are all subjects that semantic study is concerned with, which provide a solid theoretical basis for the study of the NMOW.
The thesis aims to carry out a study of the NMOW within the framework of the cognitive theory of metaphor, metonymy and conceptual integration, helping people to better understand the cognitive mechanism underneath the generation of the NMOW. Based on fresh data collected from the internet in recent years, the patterns of cross-domain use of words and general features of the NMOW are summarized. After that, the relationship between the NMOW and those theories and how the new meanings are generated under cognitive mechanisms are revealed.
认知科学的迅速发展为语义研究开拓了更为广阔的空间。认知语义学并不是一个统一的理论框架,它代表着一种研究词或表达形式与概念结构关系的导向。就研究内容而言,认知语义学所关心的话题包括隐喻、转喻以及概念整合等理论,从而为旧词新义研究提供了坚实的理论基础。
本文以隐喻、转喻、概念整合的理论为框架,研究旧词新义现象,旨在帮助人们更好地理解产生旧词新义的内在认知机制。通过对网上搜集到的、近年来的新鲜语料分析,文章总结了跨语域运用词语的类型和旧词新义的基本表现特征;同时文章还揭示了旧词新义与隐喻、转喻、概念整合理论的关系以及旧词新义产生的深层认知机制。
Researchers have always been concerned with the study of new words which has been one of hot topics in the field of Chinese linguistics in recent years. With their efforts, abundant achievements have been made. However, after careful examining those papers and books, it is found that most of researches have focused on the study of new words that is new in forms and meanings. The NMOW, which means new meanings or uses are generated while the original form of old words remains the same, is seldom studied by scholars, or they just incidentally mention it at the end of the new word research. In addition, for those who have specifically considered the NMOW as their studying object, they tend to analyze it from the perspective of society, history, dictionary compiling, etc. The internal cause such as its cognitive factors with detailed and in-depth analysis is occasionally covered.
The rapid development of cognitive science opens up a broader space for semantic study. Cognitive semantics is not a unified theoretical framework, but representing a direction to explore the relationship between words (or forms) and conceptual structures. Metaphors, metonymy and conceptual integration are all subjects that semantic study is concerned with, which provide a solid theoretical basis for the study of the NMOW.
The thesis aims to carry out a study of the NMOW within the framework of the cognitive theory of metaphor, metonymy and conceptual integration, helping people to better understand the cognitive mechanism underneath the generation of the NMOW. Based on fresh data collected from the internet in recent years, the patterns of cross-domain use of words and general features of the NMOW are summarized. After that, the relationship between the NMOW and those theories and how the new meanings are generated under cognitive mechanisms are revealed.
引文
Adams, V. 1973. An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation. London: Longman.
Algeo, J. 1991. Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aitchison, J. 2001. Language Change: Progress or Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barcelona, A. 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. New York: Moulton de Gruyter.
Bauer, L. 1983. English Word-Formation. Camberidge: Cambridge University Press.
Black, M. 1962. Models and Metaphors. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bredin, H. 1984. Poetics Today, 5:45-48.
Bolinger, D. 1980. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Longman.
Chitra, F. 2000. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, V. & Green, M. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. 1998. Cognitive Science. Vol.22(2),133-187.
Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Fauconnier, G. 1994. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs,R.W.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Indurkhya,B.1992.Metaphor and Cognition:An Interactionist Approach.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Jackson,H.& Amvela,E.Z.2000.Words,Meaning and Vocabulary:An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology.London:Cassell.
Jakobson,R.1971.Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances.MIT Press,239-259.
Lakoff,G.& Johnson,M.1980.Metaphors We Live By.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.& Turner,M.1989.More than Cool Reason:A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.1993.Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge:Cambridge Univeristy Press.
Langacker,R.W.1993.Cognitive Linguistics,4:1-38.
Leech,G.1981.Semantics:The Study of Meaning.Harmondsworth:Penguin Books.
Levin,S.R.1977.The Semantics of Metaphor.Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press.
Packard,J.L.2001.The Morphology of Chinese:A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language and Research Press.
Panther,K.U.& Radden,G.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Plag,I.2003.Word-Formation in English.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radden,G & Kovecses,Z.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins,17-59.
Richards,I.A.1936.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Saeed.J.1997.Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell.
Sampson,G.1980.Making Sense.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Searle,J.1979.Metaphor and Thought.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Ullmann,S.1962.Semantics:An Introduction to the Science of Meaning.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
崔丽,2005,“小姐”一词的语言学解读,河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)第7卷第1期
曹国军,2004,当代汉语中的旧词新义现象论略,语文学刊第10期
曹炜,2009,现代汉语词义学,广州:暨南大学出版社
蔡勇飞 王之光,2005,汉英文字比较研究,杭州:浙江大学出版社
蔡基刚,2008,英汉词汇对比研究,上海:复旦大学出版社
陈建生,2008,认知词汇学概论,上海:复旦大学出版社
陈胜培,2005,旧词新用例说,学语文第2期
丁健纯,2009,旧词新义说“山寨”,语言学习第4期
高靖,2007,释例分析社会观念对汉语词义发展的影响,内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)第36卷第6期
刘禀诚 邹丽琼,2008,新词语借代构造的认知理据,井冈山学院学报(哲学社会科学)第5期
李娜,2009,小议“山寨”和“不折腾”的英译.旧词新义的隐喻认知及其翻译,疯狂英语(教师版)第3期
黎昌友,2009,网络语言中的旧词新义,广西社会科学第5期
裴玉 冯展极,2004,NEOLOGISM体现的语言与社会的共变关系,大庆高等专科学校学报第1期
束定芳,2000,隐喻学研究,上海外语教育出版社
束定芳,2008,认知语义学,上海外语教育出版社
沈光浩 沈秀丽,2006,新时期旧词新义中的隐喻思维,现代语文第6期
陶能宝,2009,流行语“炮灰”,安微文学第5期
王海燕,2008,旧词新义与语境翻译,现代教育第4期
王文斌,2001,英语词汇语义学,浙江教育出版社
芜崧,2007,当代语言观察,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社
文旭 叶狂,2006,转喻的类型及其认知理据,解放军外国语学院学报第6期
文汇新民联合报业集团新闻中心,2009,中国流行语2009发布榜,上海:文汇出版社
熊可嘉,2007,试论新时期现代汉语中的旧词新义,涪陵师范学院学报第1期
严世清,2000,隐喻论,江苏:苏州大学出版社
游晓玲,2007,隐喻对一词多义、旧词新义及创造新词语的解释,淮南职业技术学院学报第3期
杨彬,2008,心智的门铃:英语新词的认知阐释.济南:山东大学出版社
赵艳芳,2001,认知语言学概论,上海外语教育出版社
周树军,2008,专有名词普通化得语用认知理据探究,江苏科技大学学报(社会科学版)第1期
周大军 何星,2008,“枪”词汇演化的认知理据,北京第二外国语学院学报第10期
周洪洁,2007,现代汉语旧词新义现象及其翻译研究,重庆工学院学报第6期
张海燕,2008,新时期旧词新义现象刍议,汉宇文化第6期
张梅,2006,旧词新义的常见特征分析,语言与翻译第3期
张兰仙,2008,从认知的角度看现代汉语旧词新义中的隐喻,南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)第4期
张风岭,2005,旧词新义中的隐喻思维,现代语文第2期
张小平,2008,当代汉语词汇发展变化研究,济南:齐鲁书社
曾丹,2007,流行语中旧词新义的认知研究,东华大学学报(社会科学版)第1期
宗守云,2007,新词语的立体透视:理论研究与个案分析,桂林:广西师范大学出版社
钟梓强,2005,旧词新义探讨,广西梧州师范高等专科学校学报第1期
Algeo, J. 1991. Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aitchison, J. 2001. Language Change: Progress or Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barcelona, A. 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads. New York: Moulton de Gruyter.
Bauer, L. 1983. English Word-Formation. Camberidge: Cambridge University Press.
Black, M. 1962. Models and Metaphors. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bredin, H. 1984. Poetics Today, 5:45-48.
Bolinger, D. 1980. Language and Social Knowledge. London: Longman.
Chitra, F. 2000. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Croft, W. & Cruse, D. A. 2004. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, V. & Green, M. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. 1998. Cognitive Science. Vol.22(2),133-187.
Fauconnier, G & Turner, M. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Fauconnier, G. 1994. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs,R.W.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Indurkhya,B.1992.Metaphor and Cognition:An Interactionist Approach.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Jackson,H.& Amvela,E.Z.2000.Words,Meaning and Vocabulary:An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology.London:Cassell.
Jakobson,R.1971.Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances.MIT Press,239-259.
Lakoff,G.& Johnson,M.1980.Metaphors We Live By.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.& Turner,M.1989.More than Cool Reason:A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.1993.Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge:Cambridge Univeristy Press.
Langacker,R.W.1993.Cognitive Linguistics,4:1-38.
Leech,G.1981.Semantics:The Study of Meaning.Harmondsworth:Penguin Books.
Levin,S.R.1977.The Semantics of Metaphor.Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press.
Packard,J.L.2001.The Morphology of Chinese:A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach.Beijing:Beijing Foreign Language and Research Press.
Panther,K.U.& Radden,G.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Plag,I.2003.Word-Formation in English.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radden,G & Kovecses,Z.1999.Metonymy in Language and Thought.Philadelphia:John Benjamins,17-59.
Richards,I.A.1936.The Philosophy of Rhetoric.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Saeed.J.1997.Semantics.Oxford:Blackwell.
Sampson,G.1980.Making Sense.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Searle,J.1979.Metaphor and Thought.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Ullmann,S.1962.Semantics:An Introduction to the Science of Meaning.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
崔丽,2005,“小姐”一词的语言学解读,河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)第7卷第1期
曹国军,2004,当代汉语中的旧词新义现象论略,语文学刊第10期
曹炜,2009,现代汉语词义学,广州:暨南大学出版社
蔡勇飞 王之光,2005,汉英文字比较研究,杭州:浙江大学出版社
蔡基刚,2008,英汉词汇对比研究,上海:复旦大学出版社
陈建生,2008,认知词汇学概论,上海:复旦大学出版社
陈胜培,2005,旧词新用例说,学语文第2期
丁健纯,2009,旧词新义说“山寨”,语言学习第4期
高靖,2007,释例分析社会观念对汉语词义发展的影响,内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)第36卷第6期
刘禀诚 邹丽琼,2008,新词语借代构造的认知理据,井冈山学院学报(哲学社会科学)第5期
李娜,2009,小议“山寨”和“不折腾”的英译.旧词新义的隐喻认知及其翻译,疯狂英语(教师版)第3期
黎昌友,2009,网络语言中的旧词新义,广西社会科学第5期
裴玉 冯展极,2004,NEOLOGISM体现的语言与社会的共变关系,大庆高等专科学校学报第1期
束定芳,2000,隐喻学研究,上海外语教育出版社
束定芳,2008,认知语义学,上海外语教育出版社
沈光浩 沈秀丽,2006,新时期旧词新义中的隐喻思维,现代语文第6期
陶能宝,2009,流行语“炮灰”,安微文学第5期
王海燕,2008,旧词新义与语境翻译,现代教育第4期
王文斌,2001,英语词汇语义学,浙江教育出版社
芜崧,2007,当代语言观察,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社
文旭 叶狂,2006,转喻的类型及其认知理据,解放军外国语学院学报第6期
文汇新民联合报业集团新闻中心,2009,中国流行语2009发布榜,上海:文汇出版社
熊可嘉,2007,试论新时期现代汉语中的旧词新义,涪陵师范学院学报第1期
严世清,2000,隐喻论,江苏:苏州大学出版社
游晓玲,2007,隐喻对一词多义、旧词新义及创造新词语的解释,淮南职业技术学院学报第3期
杨彬,2008,心智的门铃:英语新词的认知阐释.济南:山东大学出版社
赵艳芳,2001,认知语言学概论,上海外语教育出版社
周树军,2008,专有名词普通化得语用认知理据探究,江苏科技大学学报(社会科学版)第1期
周大军 何星,2008,“枪”词汇演化的认知理据,北京第二外国语学院学报第10期
周洪洁,2007,现代汉语旧词新义现象及其翻译研究,重庆工学院学报第6期
张海燕,2008,新时期旧词新义现象刍议,汉宇文化第6期
张梅,2006,旧词新义的常见特征分析,语言与翻译第3期
张兰仙,2008,从认知的角度看现代汉语旧词新义中的隐喻,南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)第4期
张风岭,2005,旧词新义中的隐喻思维,现代语文第2期
张小平,2008,当代汉语词汇发展变化研究,济南:齐鲁书社
曾丹,2007,流行语中旧词新义的认知研究,东华大学学报(社会科学版)第1期
宗守云,2007,新词语的立体透视:理论研究与个案分析,桂林:广西师范大学出版社
钟梓强,2005,旧词新义探讨,广西梧州师范高等专科学校学报第1期