岩体渗流的理论模型及其渗流参数确定
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摘要
目前,研究较好的岩土体渗流计算模型,以及这些模型相应的参数的优选还较为困难,是制约其发展的重要因素之一。因此,研究简易与方便的计算模型及参数优化方法,对于岩土体渗流研究具有重要的意义。本文基于理论分析,采用拉普拉氏变换,最小二乘法,模拟试验细、微观分析,断裂力学理论等对岩土体渗流进行了较为全面的研究,并用新型混合遗传算法对岩土体渗流模型参数进行了优化分析,得到了一些有益的结论。
(1) 以立方定律为基础,从理论上推导了岩体裂隙渗透系数变化量与卸荷量之间的关系公式,并以试验进行了验证,结果吻合良好。
(2) 对试验前后的试样裂隙的发展进行了细、微观的分析,认为岩体卸荷后,岩体内部的裂纹会合并、发展、汇合,并最终形成大的裂隙,该裂隙与岩体的卸荷方向基本垂直,形成一条主控的单裂隙,亦即岩体渗流的通道,导致了岩体渗透系数的大幅度增加,是影响岩体渗流特性的重要原因之一。
(3) 通过卸荷渗流试验,探讨了渗透系数与卸荷量之间的关系。研究表明,随着岩体的卸荷,岩体的渗透系数与卸荷量近似成一双曲线关系。随着卸荷量的增加,在达到有效卸荷量80%左右的时候,岩石的渗透系数将会产生较大增加,其结果与本文所建立的理论模型计算结果吻合良好。试验还表明,在卸荷量一定的情况下,随着孔隙水压力的加-卸循环变化,其渗透系数逐渐变小。初始有效应力越大,渗透系数下降越大。
(4) 以立方定律为基础,在假设裂隙表面为光滑表面的同时,推导出光滑非平行裂隙中的水头分布公式,并以实例证明了本公式的实用性。
(5) 通过拉氏变换,建立了以误差函数表示的固结方程的解,有效地消除了太沙基固结方程级数计算中的Gibbs 振荡现象。通过对比分析,得到了固结度的平方根法公式原型。采用工程上通用的最小二乘法,得到了固结系数与试验测量数据之间的关系式,为用计算机进行固结初值、终值以及固结系数的计算提供了一个较好的方法。
(6) 针对目前各种参数优化算法易于陷入局域解的缺点,以简单遗传算法为基础,将BFGS 算法嵌入到AGA 算法中,形成了新型混合遗传算法,并对本文提出的卸荷量与渗透系数变化量关系公式中的参数进行了优化研究,取得了较好的结果。
At present, the study on the permeability model and theory, and the choice of parameters have a important effect for the development. Based theoretial studies and laboratory tests, the unloading effects on rock permeability have been depicted. Parameter optimization with a new GA algorithm. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) On the basic of the cubic law, a relation between permeability and the unloading stresses is suggested and is testified by triaxial experiments.
(2) Observation on intact and cracked rock samples has been done by using SEM, microscopic method and CT technique. A single nearly axial fracture has been found in most cases.
(3) The test shows that the relationship between the permeability and the effective normal stress is hingly nonlinear when the unloading normal stress reaches 80% of its initial valve.
(4) By applying the cubic law and to a nonparallel smooth wedge-shape walled fracture, the distribution of pore pressure along the walls is derived and its effects testified by computing the stability of a rock slope.
(5) The error function solutions of the one dimensional consolidation theory can eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon when the time factor is small.The time-square method is shown to be derived from this solution. It has also been shown that by means of the least square method to evalvate the coefficient of consolidation will be more appropriate.
(6) A new GA method is suggested by the integration of the BFGS operators with AGA method and the defects of some parameter optimization method are largely eliminated. It is adopted to the parameter optimization for the permeability and ocnsolidation problem with satistactory result.
(1) 以立方定律为基础,从理论上推导了岩体裂隙渗透系数变化量与卸荷量之间的关系公式,并以试验进行了验证,结果吻合良好。
(2) 对试验前后的试样裂隙的发展进行了细、微观的分析,认为岩体卸荷后,岩体内部的裂纹会合并、发展、汇合,并最终形成大的裂隙,该裂隙与岩体的卸荷方向基本垂直,形成一条主控的单裂隙,亦即岩体渗流的通道,导致了岩体渗透系数的大幅度增加,是影响岩体渗流特性的重要原因之一。
(3) 通过卸荷渗流试验,探讨了渗透系数与卸荷量之间的关系。研究表明,随着岩体的卸荷,岩体的渗透系数与卸荷量近似成一双曲线关系。随着卸荷量的增加,在达到有效卸荷量80%左右的时候,岩石的渗透系数将会产生较大增加,其结果与本文所建立的理论模型计算结果吻合良好。试验还表明,在卸荷量一定的情况下,随着孔隙水压力的加-卸循环变化,其渗透系数逐渐变小。初始有效应力越大,渗透系数下降越大。
(4) 以立方定律为基础,在假设裂隙表面为光滑表面的同时,推导出光滑非平行裂隙中的水头分布公式,并以实例证明了本公式的实用性。
(5) 通过拉氏变换,建立了以误差函数表示的固结方程的解,有效地消除了太沙基固结方程级数计算中的Gibbs 振荡现象。通过对比分析,得到了固结度的平方根法公式原型。采用工程上通用的最小二乘法,得到了固结系数与试验测量数据之间的关系式,为用计算机进行固结初值、终值以及固结系数的计算提供了一个较好的方法。
(6) 针对目前各种参数优化算法易于陷入局域解的缺点,以简单遗传算法为基础,将BFGS 算法嵌入到AGA 算法中,形成了新型混合遗传算法,并对本文提出的卸荷量与渗透系数变化量关系公式中的参数进行了优化研究,取得了较好的结果。
At present, the study on the permeability model and theory, and the choice of parameters have a important effect for the development. Based theoretial studies and laboratory tests, the unloading effects on rock permeability have been depicted. Parameter optimization with a new GA algorithm. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) On the basic of the cubic law, a relation between permeability and the unloading stresses is suggested and is testified by triaxial experiments.
(2) Observation on intact and cracked rock samples has been done by using SEM, microscopic method and CT technique. A single nearly axial fracture has been found in most cases.
(3) The test shows that the relationship between the permeability and the effective normal stress is hingly nonlinear when the unloading normal stress reaches 80% of its initial valve.
(4) By applying the cubic law and to a nonparallel smooth wedge-shape walled fracture, the distribution of pore pressure along the walls is derived and its effects testified by computing the stability of a rock slope.
(5) The error function solutions of the one dimensional consolidation theory can eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon when the time factor is small.The time-square method is shown to be derived from this solution. It has also been shown that by means of the least square method to evalvate the coefficient of consolidation will be more appropriate.
(6) A new GA method is suggested by the integration of the BFGS operators with AGA method and the defects of some parameter optimization method are largely eliminated. It is adopted to the parameter optimization for the permeability and ocnsolidation problem with satistactory result.
引文
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