兔病毒性出血症病毒遗传变异及口服疫苗的研究
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摘要
兔病毒性出血症病毒（rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus，RHDV）属于嵌杯病毒科，基因组为单股正链RNA，基因组长7.5kb。自1984年首次在我国报道兔病毒性出血症（rabbit hemorrhagic disease，RHD）后，该病毒迅速在全球蔓延，给家兔及野生兔带来了巨大威胁。由于缺少有效的病毒培养细胞系，直到今天，RHD的控制仍然使用组织灭活疫苗，但是组织灭活疫苗存在较大的生物安全问题、且不符合动物福利的要求，并且对变异株已不能完全保护。
2009年秋天到2010年春天陕西数家养兔场暴发疑似RHD的疾病，由于这些养殖场都曾进行RHDV免疫，因此怀疑出现了RHDV变异毒株，导致了RHD在这些养殖场的流行，为揭示造成该现象出现的原因及寻找新的更加有效的防制RHD的方法，本论文进行了系统而深入的研究，具体内容和结果分为以下五个部分：
1.兔病毒性出血症病毒遗传进化分析
为研究近期内陕西省境内免疫家兔暴发RHD的原因，分析RHDV国内分离株的遗传变异规律及新的变异情况，从临床发病兔场发病兔肝脏、脾脏等病料，分离病毒，扩增RHDV VP60基因，并进行测序，利用DNAstar及MEGA4软件，对获得的VP60序列及GenBank上传序列的同源性进行分析、比较、并构建系统进化树。结果显示：已报道的16株RHDV VP60序列与2006年~2010年间收集的5株RHDV VP60序列同源性在92%~99.3%间，系统进化分析可将21株国内分离株分成4个群，分别命名为CH1~CH4，CH1仅包含1个分离株——WX/China/1984，该分离株是世界上首例兔病毒性出血症的分离病原，但CH1没有在中国广泛流行，CH2~CH4与CH1在进化树上距离较远，各自成群，代表了不同年代间国内RHDV的流行毒株，CH4是由近几年分离的RHDV构成的一个群，该群内的毒株与CH2及CH3群毒株差异较大，反应了RHDV近几年发生了变异。
2.兔病毒性出血症病毒的抗原变异分析
为进一步证实RHDV变异是导致免疫失败的原因，本文选择了与疫苗株NJ/China/1985同属一个群的YL-2006株及不属于同一群的新分离株XA/China/2010毒株对免疫兔进行攻毒试验。共选择24只家兔，其中12只兔30日龄进行免疫，另外12只不进行免疫。在家兔60日龄时分别用YL株和XA/China/2010毒株进行攻毒，每种病毒分别接种免疫家兔和非免疫家兔各6只。结果显示：YL-2006株和XA/China/2010毒株引起非免疫家兔全部死亡，临床症状及病理变化情况相似，以口鼻流血、气管内有粘液，气管及肺脏出血、肝和脾坏死为特征，而免疫组差异较大，免疫组能够完全保护YL-2006株的攻毒，而只为XA/China/2010株提供约50%的免疫保护，说明XA/China/2010抗原表位可能出现了变化，序列比较发现，XA/China/2010与疫苗株存在16个氨基酸的差异，而YL-2006株只有5个氨基酸差异。较多位点的变异可能是导致XA/China/2010攻毒保护效果较差的原因。
3.减毒沙门氏菌载体的口服兔病毒性出血症疫苗研究
为研究减毒沙门氏菌作为载体的兔病毒性出血症病毒重组活载体疫苗的免疫效果，构建了表达RHDV主要保护性抗原VP60的真核表达载体pcDNA3-VP60，然后将其电转化到减毒沙门氏菌SL7207菌株中，重组细菌被命名为SL/pcDNA3-VP60；免疫兔子后，检测兔子小肠上皮细胞内VP60基因转录情况，并用ELISA方法、淋巴细胞转化试验及细胞因子测定检测兔子免疫效果，然后用RHDV毒株XA/China/2010进行攻毒。结果显示：减毒沙门氏菌能够有效转导兔腹腔巨噬细胞，重组菌株SL/pcDNA3-VP60能够有效的在兔子体内诱导VP60特异性免疫反应，并且可以为攻毒提供约67%的免疫保护，我们首次证实了重组减毒沙门氏菌作为兔病毒性出血症病毒口服疫苗的可能。
4.腺病毒基础的兔病毒性出血症口服疫苗的研究
为进一步改善兔病毒性出血症病毒的口服疫苗的免疫效果，选用复制缺陷性人腺病毒5型腺病毒作为口服疫苗载体，构建了表达VP60的重组腺病毒rAd-VP60，用Westernblot方法检测了目的抗原的表达，然后通过注射、口服和饵料投服的方法免疫了18只兔子，三种免疫方法都成功诱导了RHDV特异的细胞免疫和体液免疫，免疫组的兔子能够完全抵抗RHDV的攻击。腺病毒表达系统成功为兔子提供了免疫保护，尤其饵料免疫方案可以为野兔免疫提供有效的免疫方法。
5.兔病毒性出血症ELISA检测方法的建立
为评价兔病毒性出血症疫苗免疫效果，建立了检测兔病毒性出血症病毒抗体间接ELISA方法。对RHDV VP60的主要抗原区域进行表达，经SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达产物大小及抗原性进行分析，将表达正确、抗原性良好的VP60抗原经纯化后作为ELISA检测抗原，经逐步优化反应条件，建立了兔病毒性出血症病毒ELISA检测方法。VP60抗原基因在大肠杆菌中表达产物大小约为42.34ku，具有良好的反应原性，当以浓度为2.3μg/mL，37℃2h后4℃过夜包被，1%BSA37℃2h封闭，待检血清37℃孵育1h，酶标抗体1:10000稀释，37℃作用1h，底物37℃显色5min的反应条件进行反应时检测效果最好。临界值为0.356；建立的ELISA方法特异性、重复性、敏感性较好；临床检测180份样品，与血凝抑制试验的符合率为74.1%，与商品化试剂盒检测结果符合率为94.8%，该方法可用于临床样品的检测。
综上所述，本研究系统分析了RHDV自出现以来在我国的流行情况，揭示RHDV新的变异株的出现，证实了传统疫苗对变异株只能诱导部分的保护效率；构建了以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的口服疫苗，并成功诱导了抗原特异性免疫反应，攻毒保护效率达66.7%；进一步选用腺病毒为载体，构建了腺病毒基础的疫苗，构建的重组腺病毒能够表达靶蛋白，通过注射和口服都能够诱导RHDV特异性的免疫反应，并且可以对免疫兔实现100%的免疫保护。该研究为揭示RHDV流行规律及推进RHDV新一代疫苗研究奠定了基础。
RHD virus (RHDV) is a single positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to theCaliciviridae family with a genome about7.5kb. Since the first report of RHDV in China, thevirus has become a big threaten to both the domestic rabbits and wild rabbits all over of theword. Because the lack of passage cells line for the virus culture, until now, tissue-sourcevaccine is still used to control the disease. However, this vaccine should be avoided in nextgeneration vaccine for bio-security problems and animal welfare.
From fall of2009till spring of2010, several rabbit keeping farms suffered RHD kinds ofdisease in Shaaxi province. Since these farms have performed a good immunize program forRHDV, some RHDV varieties may involve. To reveal the reason of the stituation and findnew more efficient ways to control RHDV, in current study, a sequence analysis of RHDVbased on VP60were conduced and live recombinant oral vaccines were construced. Thiswork contains5different parts and the details are presented in following paragraphs.
1. Phylogenetic analysis of RHDV in China
The study was to investigate rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in China. VP60sequences of five RHDVs collected by our team, as well as those of16other publishedChinese RHDV strains, were analyzed. Polygenic analysis using MEGA4software showedthat20of the21Chinese strains could be clustered in an RHDVa subgroup, andWX/China/1984was different from them. The Chinese RHDV strains were further classifiedinto4subgroups, CH1to CH4. Subgroup CH1, represented by the WX/China/1984strain,was not prevalent in China after the first RHDV epidemic strain had been reported. The CH2,CH3, and CH4subgroups far different from the CH1subgroup, formed three separate clustersand were distributed according to the time the strains were collected. Recently collectedstrains formed a new subgroup (CH4), represented by new RHDV varieties. The present workis the first comprehensive analysis of Chinese RHDV and reveals a new RHDV variation thatshould be carefully monitored.
2. New RHDV variations
RHDV subgroup4(CH4) represent a new variation of RHDV. To analyze the antigen variation of the isolates in this subgroup,3RHDV strains and24rabbits were selected toperform an experiment. YL-2006, XA/China/2010and the vaccine strain NJ/China/1985wereselected. Twelve out of24of the rabbits were immunized by inactived vaccine(NJ/China/1985derived) at30day-old. The other12rabbits were not immunized. At60day-old, these rabbits were challenged using YL-2006and XA/China/2010strain. EachRHDV strain challenged6immunized rabbits and6unimmunized rabbits. The resultsrevealed that all the unimmunized rabbits were dead in36h post challenge. And both virusstrains shared some clinical signs and gross lesions on unimmunized rabbits. But theimmunization provided different level of protection to YL-2006and XA/China/2010. Therabbit challenged with YL-2006were fully protected, but only about50percent of rabbitchallenged with XA/China/2010were protected. This different level of protection may relatedwith amino variation of the challenge strain, as XA/China/2010has16different aminos withvaccine strain and YL-2006has only5amino different in VP60.
3. S. typhimurium based DNA Vaccine for RHDV control
The study investigated the utilities of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as abactofection vehicle for the oral delivery of a DNA vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagicdisease virus (RHDV). The DNA vaccine plasmid pcDNA3-VP60, encoding viral capsidprotein VP60, was transformed into an attenuated S. typhimurium strain SL7207. Theresulting recombinant bacteria, named SL/pcDNA3-VP60, were used to immunize rabbitsorally. Successful delivery of the DNA vaccine plasmid was shown by the detected VP60transcription in intestines through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In addition,RHDV-specific humoral and cell immune response induced by SL/pcDNA3-VP60weredetected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, T lymphocyte proliferation assay,and cytokine secretion. Experiments with XA/China/2010strains at42dayspost-immunization demonstrated significant protection in immunized rabbits with a relativesurvival rate of66.7%(4/6). The current study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability ofattenuated Salmonella as a live vector to deliver a DNA vaccine orally against RHDV.
4. Adenovirus-based oral vaccine design
To futher improve the immune affect of the vaccine, adenovirus was chosen as a vaccinevector and the recombinant adenovirus expressing the RHDV capsid protein (VP60) wasconstructed. The expression of the recombinant protein was identified by western blotanalysis using RHDV-positive rabbit sera. Eighteen rabbits were immunized by injection,direct oral instillation, or using bait. They were challenged with RHDV isolate three weeksafter boost immunization. In all cases, the rabbits immunized with the recombinantadenovirus developed RHDV-specific antibodies and cell immune response. The rabbits injected with the recombinant adenovirus were completely protected against RHDV challenge.The adenovirus expression system may provide a strategy for the immunization of rabbits,particularly for the control of RHDV in wild rabbits.
5. ELISA for RHDV antibodies detection
An indirect ELISA method for detecting of antibody against RHDV was established.E.coli expressed VP60was analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The identifiedrecombinant protein was used for coating after purification. All the conditions for the ELISAmethod were optimized with standard protocol. The results showed that target fusion proteinwas about42.34ku with a good reactogenicity confirmed by Western blot; the best ELISAreaction condition were found out as: coating with2.9μg/mL of antigen at4℃overnightafter37℃2h; blocking with1%BSA at37℃2h, serum sample reacting (1:100) at37℃for1h, second antibody reacting with HRP labeled goat anti-rabbit (1:10000) at37℃for1hand the threshold of positive and negative sera was0.356. The ELISA method show goodrepeatability, sensitivity and specificity. The coincidence rate was74.1%when comparedwith HI or94.8%when compared with commercial ELIAS kt in detecting180clinical sera.The method can be used for large quantities clinical samples detection.
In summary, we first comprehensivly ananlyzed the Chinese RHDVs and group theminto four different Chinese subgroups. And based on the rabbit challenge and sequencealignment, a new group of antigenic variation of RHDV was identified. To find out new moreefficient method to replace the tissue-souce RHDV vaccine and control the prevalence ofRHDV, S. typhimurium based DNA Vaccine and adenovirus based live vector vaccine forRHDV were construct and test for RHDV special immune response. We found S.typhimurium based DNA vaccine could induce RHDV special immune response and providepartical protection to RHDV challenge, while adenovirus based vaccine could provide moreeffect protection which may be the useful candidate for RHDV vaccine develop.
2009年秋天到2010年春天陕西数家养兔场暴发疑似RHD的疾病，由于这些养殖场都曾进行RHDV免疫，因此怀疑出现了RHDV变异毒株，导致了RHD在这些养殖场的流行，为揭示造成该现象出现的原因及寻找新的更加有效的防制RHD的方法，本论文进行了系统而深入的研究，具体内容和结果分为以下五个部分：
1.兔病毒性出血症病毒遗传进化分析
为研究近期内陕西省境内免疫家兔暴发RHD的原因，分析RHDV国内分离株的遗传变异规律及新的变异情况，从临床发病兔场发病兔肝脏、脾脏等病料，分离病毒，扩增RHDV VP60基因，并进行测序，利用DNAstar及MEGA4软件，对获得的VP60序列及GenBank上传序列的同源性进行分析、比较、并构建系统进化树。结果显示：已报道的16株RHDV VP60序列与2006年~2010年间收集的5株RHDV VP60序列同源性在92%~99.3%间，系统进化分析可将21株国内分离株分成4个群，分别命名为CH1~CH4，CH1仅包含1个分离株——WX/China/1984，该分离株是世界上首例兔病毒性出血症的分离病原，但CH1没有在中国广泛流行，CH2~CH4与CH1在进化树上距离较远，各自成群，代表了不同年代间国内RHDV的流行毒株，CH4是由近几年分离的RHDV构成的一个群，该群内的毒株与CH2及CH3群毒株差异较大，反应了RHDV近几年发生了变异。
2.兔病毒性出血症病毒的抗原变异分析
为进一步证实RHDV变异是导致免疫失败的原因，本文选择了与疫苗株NJ/China/1985同属一个群的YL-2006株及不属于同一群的新分离株XA/China/2010毒株对免疫兔进行攻毒试验。共选择24只家兔，其中12只兔30日龄进行免疫，另外12只不进行免疫。在家兔60日龄时分别用YL株和XA/China/2010毒株进行攻毒，每种病毒分别接种免疫家兔和非免疫家兔各6只。结果显示：YL-2006株和XA/China/2010毒株引起非免疫家兔全部死亡，临床症状及病理变化情况相似，以口鼻流血、气管内有粘液，气管及肺脏出血、肝和脾坏死为特征，而免疫组差异较大，免疫组能够完全保护YL-2006株的攻毒，而只为XA/China/2010株提供约50%的免疫保护，说明XA/China/2010抗原表位可能出现了变化，序列比较发现，XA/China/2010与疫苗株存在16个氨基酸的差异，而YL-2006株只有5个氨基酸差异。较多位点的变异可能是导致XA/China/2010攻毒保护效果较差的原因。
3.减毒沙门氏菌载体的口服兔病毒性出血症疫苗研究
为研究减毒沙门氏菌作为载体的兔病毒性出血症病毒重组活载体疫苗的免疫效果，构建了表达RHDV主要保护性抗原VP60的真核表达载体pcDNA3-VP60，然后将其电转化到减毒沙门氏菌SL7207菌株中，重组细菌被命名为SL/pcDNA3-VP60；免疫兔子后，检测兔子小肠上皮细胞内VP60基因转录情况，并用ELISA方法、淋巴细胞转化试验及细胞因子测定检测兔子免疫效果，然后用RHDV毒株XA/China/2010进行攻毒。结果显示：减毒沙门氏菌能够有效转导兔腹腔巨噬细胞，重组菌株SL/pcDNA3-VP60能够有效的在兔子体内诱导VP60特异性免疫反应，并且可以为攻毒提供约67%的免疫保护，我们首次证实了重组减毒沙门氏菌作为兔病毒性出血症病毒口服疫苗的可能。
4.腺病毒基础的兔病毒性出血症口服疫苗的研究
为进一步改善兔病毒性出血症病毒的口服疫苗的免疫效果，选用复制缺陷性人腺病毒5型腺病毒作为口服疫苗载体，构建了表达VP60的重组腺病毒rAd-VP60，用Westernblot方法检测了目的抗原的表达，然后通过注射、口服和饵料投服的方法免疫了18只兔子，三种免疫方法都成功诱导了RHDV特异的细胞免疫和体液免疫，免疫组的兔子能够完全抵抗RHDV的攻击。腺病毒表达系统成功为兔子提供了免疫保护，尤其饵料免疫方案可以为野兔免疫提供有效的免疫方法。
5.兔病毒性出血症ELISA检测方法的建立
为评价兔病毒性出血症疫苗免疫效果，建立了检测兔病毒性出血症病毒抗体间接ELISA方法。对RHDV VP60的主要抗原区域进行表达，经SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达产物大小及抗原性进行分析，将表达正确、抗原性良好的VP60抗原经纯化后作为ELISA检测抗原，经逐步优化反应条件，建立了兔病毒性出血症病毒ELISA检测方法。VP60抗原基因在大肠杆菌中表达产物大小约为42.34ku，具有良好的反应原性，当以浓度为2.3μg/mL，37℃2h后4℃过夜包被，1%BSA37℃2h封闭，待检血清37℃孵育1h，酶标抗体1:10000稀释，37℃作用1h，底物37℃显色5min的反应条件进行反应时检测效果最好。临界值为0.356；建立的ELISA方法特异性、重复性、敏感性较好；临床检测180份样品，与血凝抑制试验的符合率为74.1%，与商品化试剂盒检测结果符合率为94.8%，该方法可用于临床样品的检测。
综上所述，本研究系统分析了RHDV自出现以来在我国的流行情况，揭示RHDV新的变异株的出现，证实了传统疫苗对变异株只能诱导部分的保护效率；构建了以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的口服疫苗，并成功诱导了抗原特异性免疫反应，攻毒保护效率达66.7%；进一步选用腺病毒为载体，构建了腺病毒基础的疫苗，构建的重组腺病毒能够表达靶蛋白，通过注射和口服都能够诱导RHDV特异性的免疫反应，并且可以对免疫兔实现100%的免疫保护。该研究为揭示RHDV流行规律及推进RHDV新一代疫苗研究奠定了基础。
RHD virus (RHDV) is a single positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to theCaliciviridae family with a genome about7.5kb. Since the first report of RHDV in China, thevirus has become a big threaten to both the domestic rabbits and wild rabbits all over of theword. Because the lack of passage cells line for the virus culture, until now, tissue-sourcevaccine is still used to control the disease. However, this vaccine should be avoided in nextgeneration vaccine for bio-security problems and animal welfare.
From fall of2009till spring of2010, several rabbit keeping farms suffered RHD kinds ofdisease in Shaaxi province. Since these farms have performed a good immunize program forRHDV, some RHDV varieties may involve. To reveal the reason of the stituation and findnew more efficient ways to control RHDV, in current study, a sequence analysis of RHDVbased on VP60were conduced and live recombinant oral vaccines were construced. Thiswork contains5different parts and the details are presented in following paragraphs.
1. Phylogenetic analysis of RHDV in China
The study was to investigate rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) in China. VP60sequences of five RHDVs collected by our team, as well as those of16other publishedChinese RHDV strains, were analyzed. Polygenic analysis using MEGA4software showedthat20of the21Chinese strains could be clustered in an RHDVa subgroup, andWX/China/1984was different from them. The Chinese RHDV strains were further classifiedinto4subgroups, CH1to CH4. Subgroup CH1, represented by the WX/China/1984strain,was not prevalent in China after the first RHDV epidemic strain had been reported. The CH2,CH3, and CH4subgroups far different from the CH1subgroup, formed three separate clustersand were distributed according to the time the strains were collected. Recently collectedstrains formed a new subgroup (CH4), represented by new RHDV varieties. The present workis the first comprehensive analysis of Chinese RHDV and reveals a new RHDV variation thatshould be carefully monitored.
2. New RHDV variations
RHDV subgroup4(CH4) represent a new variation of RHDV. To analyze the antigen variation of the isolates in this subgroup,3RHDV strains and24rabbits were selected toperform an experiment. YL-2006, XA/China/2010and the vaccine strain NJ/China/1985wereselected. Twelve out of24of the rabbits were immunized by inactived vaccine(NJ/China/1985derived) at30day-old. The other12rabbits were not immunized. At60day-old, these rabbits were challenged using YL-2006and XA/China/2010strain. EachRHDV strain challenged6immunized rabbits and6unimmunized rabbits. The resultsrevealed that all the unimmunized rabbits were dead in36h post challenge. And both virusstrains shared some clinical signs and gross lesions on unimmunized rabbits. But theimmunization provided different level of protection to YL-2006and XA/China/2010. Therabbit challenged with YL-2006were fully protected, but only about50percent of rabbitchallenged with XA/China/2010were protected. This different level of protection may relatedwith amino variation of the challenge strain, as XA/China/2010has16different aminos withvaccine strain and YL-2006has only5amino different in VP60.
3. S. typhimurium based DNA Vaccine for RHDV control
The study investigated the utilities of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as abactofection vehicle for the oral delivery of a DNA vaccine against rabbit hemorrhagicdisease virus (RHDV). The DNA vaccine plasmid pcDNA3-VP60, encoding viral capsidprotein VP60, was transformed into an attenuated S. typhimurium strain SL7207. Theresulting recombinant bacteria, named SL/pcDNA3-VP60, were used to immunize rabbitsorally. Successful delivery of the DNA vaccine plasmid was shown by the detected VP60transcription in intestines through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In addition,RHDV-specific humoral and cell immune response induced by SL/pcDNA3-VP60weredetected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, T lymphocyte proliferation assay,and cytokine secretion. Experiments with XA/China/2010strains at42dayspost-immunization demonstrated significant protection in immunized rabbits with a relativesurvival rate of66.7%(4/6). The current study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability ofattenuated Salmonella as a live vector to deliver a DNA vaccine orally against RHDV.
4. Adenovirus-based oral vaccine design
To futher improve the immune affect of the vaccine, adenovirus was chosen as a vaccinevector and the recombinant adenovirus expressing the RHDV capsid protein (VP60) wasconstructed. The expression of the recombinant protein was identified by western blotanalysis using RHDV-positive rabbit sera. Eighteen rabbits were immunized by injection,direct oral instillation, or using bait. They were challenged with RHDV isolate three weeksafter boost immunization. In all cases, the rabbits immunized with the recombinantadenovirus developed RHDV-specific antibodies and cell immune response. The rabbits injected with the recombinant adenovirus were completely protected against RHDV challenge.The adenovirus expression system may provide a strategy for the immunization of rabbits,particularly for the control of RHDV in wild rabbits.
5. ELISA for RHDV antibodies detection
An indirect ELISA method for detecting of antibody against RHDV was established.E.coli expressed VP60was analyzed using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The identifiedrecombinant protein was used for coating after purification. All the conditions for the ELISAmethod were optimized with standard protocol. The results showed that target fusion proteinwas about42.34ku with a good reactogenicity confirmed by Western blot; the best ELISAreaction condition were found out as: coating with2.9μg/mL of antigen at4℃overnightafter37℃2h; blocking with1%BSA at37℃2h, serum sample reacting (1:100) at37℃for1h, second antibody reacting with HRP labeled goat anti-rabbit (1:10000) at37℃for1hand the threshold of positive and negative sera was0.356. The ELISA method show goodrepeatability, sensitivity and specificity. The coincidence rate was74.1%when comparedwith HI or94.8%when compared with commercial ELIAS kt in detecting180clinical sera.The method can be used for large quantities clinical samples detection.
In summary, we first comprehensivly ananlyzed the Chinese RHDVs and group theminto four different Chinese subgroups. And based on the rabbit challenge and sequencealignment, a new group of antigenic variation of RHDV was identified. To find out new moreefficient method to replace the tissue-souce RHDV vaccine and control the prevalence ofRHDV, S. typhimurium based DNA Vaccine and adenovirus based live vector vaccine forRHDV were construct and test for RHDV special immune response. We found S.typhimurium based DNA vaccine could induce RHDV special immune response and providepartical protection to RHDV challenge, while adenovirus based vaccine could provide moreeffect protection which may be the useful candidate for RHDV vaccine develop.
引文
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