基于现场试验的CFG桩复合地基竖向承载性状的研究
|
摘要
近几十年,我国复合地基的应用和发展迅速,出现了许多复合地基处理方法。CFG桩复合地基法以其用材经济、施工快捷、加固效果良好等优点,在工程上得到了广泛的应用,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益,但是其理论严重落后于工程实践。本文在现有CFG桩研究理论的基础上结合四川省南充市川北医学院附属医院住宅楼CFG桩复合地基工程实践,对CFG桩复合地基的承载特性、作用机理进行了系统的分析和研究。
本文回顾了CFG桩复合地基的应用和发展情况,简要介绍了CFG桩复合地基的形成条件及其工作机理,同时在CFG桩复合地基的试验研究、理论分析方面做了一些分析和探讨。
①针对该建筑场地进行了三组天然地基、十三组CFG单桩和六组复合地基载荷试验,对CFG单桩复合地基的承载力进行了分析和研究,为复合地基的设计提供参考依据;根据试验结果,得到了三种CFG单桩的荷载～沉降曲线模式,分别作了分析和探讨;在此基础上,将复合地基承载力试验结果与天然地基、单桩试验结果进行了对比分析,得到了一些结论。
②CFG桩复合地基由桩—桩间土—褥垫层协同工作共同承担上部荷载。由于复合地基工作机理影响因素很多,其研究还有待于进一步深入。通过在褥垫层上下埋设压力盒,分析了桩土受力、桩土应力比随荷载的变化规律,并得到了桩间土承载力折减系数β;根据桩顶及对应褥垫层表面的受力情况,分析了褥垫层设置的作用和意义。掌握和了解了CFG桩复合地基应力分配特性。
③由于CFG桩桩身弹性模量介于水泥土类桩和常规桩基之间,在荷载作用下桩身有一定的压缩量,但数值不大,这使其传递荷载的性状与水泥土类桩和常规桩基有较大的区别。通过在桩身内埋设钢筋应力计,分析了桩身轴力、侧摩阻力、桩端阻力随荷载的变化规律;另外,分析了桩侧阻、端阻荷载分担以及其荷载分担比的变化规律;与此同时,根据桩身轴力曲线以及对应的地层图,总结出了三种荷载传递模式,最终熟悉了荷载传递过程。
④根据CFG桩复合基地的承载力计算模式,对CFG桩复合地基承载力的三种计算方法,即,规范法、应力比、考虑负摩擦力法,进行分析和研究,对设计参数的选取进行了讨论,并根据现场试验资料对各种计算方法进行了实例验证,得出了适合CFG桩复合地基的承载力计算方法。
In the recent several years, composite foundation using and developing rapid in our country, many kinds of composite foundation processing methods appear. The CFG pile composite foundation is used in projects widely because of its economic timber, rapid construction, good reinforcement effect. Meanwhile, it has obtained good economic benefits and social benefits, but the theory analysis still falls behind the engineering practice. The thesis based on CFG pile composite foundation of the housing buildings of Chuanbei Medical College subsidiary hospital in Nanchong city Sichuan province, analyze and study the bearing character and mechanism of action of the CFG pile composite foundation.
The paper reviews the application and development of the CFG pile composite foundation, introduces briefly the formation condition and action mechanism, at the same time, makes some analysis and discuss in field experiment and theory.
①Some load test on site are conducted, including 3 group natural foundation、13 group single piles and 6 group composite foundations .The bearing capacity of CFG pile composite foundation are researched.All the results provide the reference for foundation design. According to the result, this paper obtains three kinds of p～s curve pattern for CFG pile, and has made the analysis and the discussion on each pattern;At besides, contrastive analysis has carried on results between the composite foundation and the natural foundation、the single pile, some meaningful conclusions are obtained.
②The vertical loads on CFG pile composite foundation are beared by co-action among pile capushion, pile and the earth. Because of the multi-influencing factors, the action mechanism of CFG pile foundation is in lack of exploration. The stress between pile and soil and pile-soil stress ratio following with load are observed and analyzed through buried steel strain gauge on the piles and buried soil pressure cell on and under cushion layer, meanwhile the reduction factor of soil bearing capacity between piles is obtained.According to the force on the pile and surface of cushion, which is orresponding to the pile, the roles and significance of the cushion is studied. The character of the stress distribution is knowledged.
③As the elastic modulus of CFG pile is between cement-soil pile and conventional pile, there is a certain amount of compression under the load, but not numerical, which make a different between CFG pile and cement-soil pile and conventional pile on load transfer.The change laws of axial force、lateral friction and end resistance along with the load are observed and analyzed through buried steel strain gauge on the piles. In addition, The analysis has been made on the law of load-sharing for lateral friction and end resistance.At last, theload transfer mechanism of CFG pile composite foundation is very obvious.
④A few of comparison and research are carried on three computational methods, namely: standard method, stress ratio method and negative friction force method, according to the computational model of bearing capacity. Some discuss is done on parameter selection. At last, confirmation is taken on the all kinds of computational methods according to data reached through the load test on site.
本文回顾了CFG桩复合地基的应用和发展情况,简要介绍了CFG桩复合地基的形成条件及其工作机理,同时在CFG桩复合地基的试验研究、理论分析方面做了一些分析和探讨。
①针对该建筑场地进行了三组天然地基、十三组CFG单桩和六组复合地基载荷试验,对CFG单桩复合地基的承载力进行了分析和研究,为复合地基的设计提供参考依据;根据试验结果,得到了三种CFG单桩的荷载～沉降曲线模式,分别作了分析和探讨;在此基础上,将复合地基承载力试验结果与天然地基、单桩试验结果进行了对比分析,得到了一些结论。
②CFG桩复合地基由桩—桩间土—褥垫层协同工作共同承担上部荷载。由于复合地基工作机理影响因素很多,其研究还有待于进一步深入。通过在褥垫层上下埋设压力盒,分析了桩土受力、桩土应力比随荷载的变化规律,并得到了桩间土承载力折减系数β;根据桩顶及对应褥垫层表面的受力情况,分析了褥垫层设置的作用和意义。掌握和了解了CFG桩复合地基应力分配特性。
③由于CFG桩桩身弹性模量介于水泥土类桩和常规桩基之间,在荷载作用下桩身有一定的压缩量,但数值不大,这使其传递荷载的性状与水泥土类桩和常规桩基有较大的区别。通过在桩身内埋设钢筋应力计,分析了桩身轴力、侧摩阻力、桩端阻力随荷载的变化规律;另外,分析了桩侧阻、端阻荷载分担以及其荷载分担比的变化规律;与此同时,根据桩身轴力曲线以及对应的地层图,总结出了三种荷载传递模式,最终熟悉了荷载传递过程。
④根据CFG桩复合基地的承载力计算模式,对CFG桩复合地基承载力的三种计算方法,即,规范法、应力比、考虑负摩擦力法,进行分析和研究,对设计参数的选取进行了讨论,并根据现场试验资料对各种计算方法进行了实例验证,得出了适合CFG桩复合地基的承载力计算方法。
In the recent several years, composite foundation using and developing rapid in our country, many kinds of composite foundation processing methods appear. The CFG pile composite foundation is used in projects widely because of its economic timber, rapid construction, good reinforcement effect. Meanwhile, it has obtained good economic benefits and social benefits, but the theory analysis still falls behind the engineering practice. The thesis based on CFG pile composite foundation of the housing buildings of Chuanbei Medical College subsidiary hospital in Nanchong city Sichuan province, analyze and study the bearing character and mechanism of action of the CFG pile composite foundation.
The paper reviews the application and development of the CFG pile composite foundation, introduces briefly the formation condition and action mechanism, at the same time, makes some analysis and discuss in field experiment and theory.
①Some load test on site are conducted, including 3 group natural foundation、13 group single piles and 6 group composite foundations .The bearing capacity of CFG pile composite foundation are researched.All the results provide the reference for foundation design. According to the result, this paper obtains three kinds of p～s curve pattern for CFG pile, and has made the analysis and the discussion on each pattern;At besides, contrastive analysis has carried on results between the composite foundation and the natural foundation、the single pile, some meaningful conclusions are obtained.
②The vertical loads on CFG pile composite foundation are beared by co-action among pile capushion, pile and the earth. Because of the multi-influencing factors, the action mechanism of CFG pile foundation is in lack of exploration. The stress between pile and soil and pile-soil stress ratio following with load are observed and analyzed through buried steel strain gauge on the piles and buried soil pressure cell on and under cushion layer, meanwhile the reduction factor of soil bearing capacity between piles is obtained.According to the force on the pile and surface of cushion, which is orresponding to the pile, the roles and significance of the cushion is studied. The character of the stress distribution is knowledged.
③As the elastic modulus of CFG pile is between cement-soil pile and conventional pile, there is a certain amount of compression under the load, but not numerical, which make a different between CFG pile and cement-soil pile and conventional pile on load transfer.The change laws of axial force、lateral friction and end resistance along with the load are observed and analyzed through buried steel strain gauge on the piles. In addition, The analysis has been made on the law of load-sharing for lateral friction and end resistance.At last, theload transfer mechanism of CFG pile composite foundation is very obvious.
④A few of comparison and research are carried on three computational methods, namely: standard method, stress ratio method and negative friction force method, according to the computational model of bearing capacity. Some discuss is done on parameter selection. At last, confirmation is taken on the all kinds of computational methods according to data reached through the load test on site.
引文
[1]阎明礼.CFG桩复合地基技术及工程实例[M].
[2]迟跃君,等.垫层破坏模式的探讨及其与桩土应力比的关系[J].工业建筑,2001,31(9):9-11.
[3]董道洋.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比的理论计算方法[J].四川建筑,2003,23(6):30-31.
[4]迟跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基在不同荷载下的桩土分担特性[J].天津大学学报,2003,36(3):359-363.
[5]迟跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基在不同荷载下的桩土分担特性[J].天津大学学报,2003,36(3):359-363.
[6]李海芳,温晓贵,龚晓南.路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基德现场试验研究[J],岩土工程学报,2004,26(3).
[7]方磊,谢永刚.柔性基础下复合地基桩土应力比模型试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版).2005,25(2):30-32.
[8]吴建奇,张帆等.对水泥粉煤灰碎石桩的室内模拟试验研究[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,2(6):624-626.
[9]娄国充,冯涛.GFG桩复合地基的有限元分析[J].路基工程,2000(3):6-9.
[10]何结兵,洪宝宁.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比数值分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,7(1):61-64.
[11]杨虹,高萍.填土路堤下复合地基受力与变形的CAT分析[J].西安科技学院学报,2004,24(2):178-180.
[12]贾志刚,等.CFG桩单桩荷载传递性状研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(10):148-149.
[13]楼晓明,孙晓峰.大面积带垫层刚性桩复合地基的荷载传递分析方法[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(11).
[14]刘杰,张可能.复合地基中垫层作用机理[J].中南工业大学学报.2001,32(6):568-572.
[15]肖矜,张琳.CFG桩复合地基的室外模拟试验研究[J].山西建筑,2006,32(21).
[16]池跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基承载及变形特性试验研究[J].中国矿业大学学报.2002,31(3):237-240.
[17]池跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基应力场分布的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(3):339-343.
[18]陈东佐,梁仁旺.CFG桩复合地基的试验研究[J].建筑结构学报,2002,23(4):71-74.
[19]刘胜群,陈玉平.CFG桩复合地基工程应用实例及非线性有限元分析[J].铁道建筑,2006:52-54.
[20]娄国充,等.CFG桩复合地基的有限元分析[J].路基工程,2000,(3):6-9.
[21]郑士勇,巨玉文.不同桩体刚度对复合地基的影响[J].
[22]段永辉,肖昭然,等.刚性桩、柔性桩复合地基力学性状三维有限元分析[J].岩土工程界, 8(7):27-29.
[23]王瑞芳,雷学文.刚性桩复合地基应力及沉降规律数值分析[J].工业建筑,2004,34(11):49-53.
[24]王瑞芳,雷学文.CFG桩复合地基沉降数值分析[J].建筑科学,2003,19(2):38-45.
[25]刘光磊,宋二祥.刚性桩复合地基水平受力性能有限元分析[J].工业建筑,2004,34(11):41-44.
[26]秦峰.复合地基中褥垫层技术的应用[J].煤炭工程,2002,(4):23-26.
[27]苏志刚,等.铺设垫层对复合地基载荷试验的影响[J].工程勘察,2003(5):41-42.
[28]李宁,韩煊.褥垫层对复合地基承载机理的影响[J].土木工程学报,2001,34(2):68-73.
[29]王凤池,等.复合地基的褥垫层设计[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(3):287-290.
[30]朱奎,徐日庆.有无褥垫层刚—柔性桩复合地基性状对比研究[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(10):1230-1235.
[31]周龙翔,等.复合地基褥垫层的作用及其最小厚度的确定[J].岩士工程学报,2005,27(7):84-843.
[32]张建伟,戴自航.CFG桩复合地基褥垫层效用的有限元分析[J].岩土力学,2005,(26增刊):171-174.
[33]戚科骏,等.群桩复合地基褥垫层效用的数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,(23增刊):4950-4952.
[34]郑刚,等.不同厚度褥垫层刚性桩复合地基工作特性研究[J].岩土力学,2005,27(8):1358-1361
[35]刘杰,张可能.复合地基中垫层作用机理[J].中南工业大学学报,2001.32(6):568-572.
[36]贾建勋,等.载荷试验确定粉喷桩极限承载力方法的对比分析[J].河北建筑科技学院学报,2003,20(4):39-42.
[37]齐宏伟,等.合理确定CFG桩复合地基承载力简析[J].岩土工程界,2003,7(5):72-75.
[38]张东刚.CFG桩复合地基P～S曲线特性的分析[J].地基处理,1991,3(4):10-15.
[39]白杰.半刚性桩复合地基载荷试验中若干问题的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2006,(3).
[40]何结兵,洪宝宁.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比数值分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,7(1):61-64.
[41]柳艳华,等.垫层对复合地基桩土应力比的影响[J].天津城市建设学院学报,2004,10(2):97-101
[42]娄国充,等.CFG桩复合地基工程特性分析[J].中南公路工程.2001,26(1).
[43]马海龙,等.水泥土桩桩土应力分担及曲线形式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(2):4112-4119.
[44]韩杰,叶书麟.复合地基应力特性分析[J].工程勘察,1993,(5):1-5.
[45]于景杰.复合地基中桩体的作用机理探讨[J].潍坊学院学报,2007.7(2):120-122.
[46]杨素春.CFG桩桩士应力比及褥垫层厚度研究[J].工业建筑,2004,34(6):44-47.
[47]叶洪东.粉喷桩复合地基桩间土承载力折减系数的探讨.煤炭工程,2003,(11):62-64.
[48]何世鸣,等.CFG短桩复合地基桩间十承载力折减系数值的研究[J].探矿工程2003(增刊).
[49]于富华.CFG桩复合地基承载力计算方法的比较[J].岩土工程界,2002,5(11)
[50]齐宏伟,王印.CFG桩复合地基承载力计算方法分析[J].华北科技学院学报,2004,1(3):46-49.
[51]范伟霞,等.CFG桩复合地基承载力公式β参数取值分析[J].工业建筑,2006,36(3):71-75.
[52]王玉娥,韩煊.复合地基承载力设计方法的讨论与改进思路[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2000,12(2):33-38.
[53]潘星,何仕英.刚性桩复合地基设计计算探讨[J].地基与基础,2005,19(1):27-29.
[54]张尚东,等.CFG桩复合地基特性分析及承载力计算[J].石家庄铁道学院学,2000,(9).
[55]佟建兴,胡志坚,等.CFG桩复合地基承载力确定[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(7):87-91.
[56]齐宏伟,等.合理确定CFG桩复合地基承载力简析[J].岩土工程界,2003,7(5):72-75.
[57]黄利军,孔高峰.CFG桩的基本原理及技术特点[J].辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报,2006.8(增刊):12-13.
[58]闫明礼,杨军,等.CFG桩复合地基试验研究[R].北京:中国建筑科学研究院研究报告,1992.
[59]杨红梅.夯扩载体CFG桩复合地基工程性状研究与分析[D].成都:西南交通大学.
[60]秦继英.CFG桩复合地基理论及工程应用研究[D].郑州:郑州大学.
[61]孔付卿.刚性桩复合地基承载力及变形机理的研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学.
[62]龚晓南主编.复合地基理论及工程应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[63]《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)[S].
[64]《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB5007-2002)[S].
[65]《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ94-94)[S].
[2]迟跃君,等.垫层破坏模式的探讨及其与桩土应力比的关系[J].工业建筑,2001,31(9):9-11.
[3]董道洋.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比的理论计算方法[J].四川建筑,2003,23(6):30-31.
[4]迟跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基在不同荷载下的桩土分担特性[J].天津大学学报,2003,36(3):359-363.
[5]迟跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基在不同荷载下的桩土分担特性[J].天津大学学报,2003,36(3):359-363.
[6]李海芳,温晓贵,龚晓南.路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基德现场试验研究[J],岩土工程学报,2004,26(3).
[7]方磊,谢永刚.柔性基础下复合地基桩土应力比模型试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版).2005,25(2):30-32.
[8]吴建奇,张帆等.对水泥粉煤灰碎石桩的室内模拟试验研究[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,2(6):624-626.
[9]娄国充,冯涛.GFG桩复合地基的有限元分析[J].路基工程,2000(3):6-9.
[10]何结兵,洪宝宁.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比数值分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,7(1):61-64.
[11]杨虹,高萍.填土路堤下复合地基受力与变形的CAT分析[J].西安科技学院学报,2004,24(2):178-180.
[12]贾志刚,等.CFG桩单桩荷载传递性状研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(10):148-149.
[13]楼晓明,孙晓峰.大面积带垫层刚性桩复合地基的荷载传递分析方法[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(11).
[14]刘杰,张可能.复合地基中垫层作用机理[J].中南工业大学学报.2001,32(6):568-572.
[15]肖矜,张琳.CFG桩复合地基的室外模拟试验研究[J].山西建筑,2006,32(21).
[16]池跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基承载及变形特性试验研究[J].中国矿业大学学报.2002,31(3):237-240.
[17]池跃君,宋二祥,等.刚性桩复合地基应力场分布的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2003,24(3):339-343.
[18]陈东佐,梁仁旺.CFG桩复合地基的试验研究[J].建筑结构学报,2002,23(4):71-74.
[19]刘胜群,陈玉平.CFG桩复合地基工程应用实例及非线性有限元分析[J].铁道建筑,2006:52-54.
[20]娄国充,等.CFG桩复合地基的有限元分析[J].路基工程,2000,(3):6-9.
[21]郑士勇,巨玉文.不同桩体刚度对复合地基的影响[J].
[22]段永辉,肖昭然,等.刚性桩、柔性桩复合地基力学性状三维有限元分析[J].岩土工程界, 8(7):27-29.
[23]王瑞芳,雷学文.刚性桩复合地基应力及沉降规律数值分析[J].工业建筑,2004,34(11):49-53.
[24]王瑞芳,雷学文.CFG桩复合地基沉降数值分析[J].建筑科学,2003,19(2):38-45.
[25]刘光磊,宋二祥.刚性桩复合地基水平受力性能有限元分析[J].工业建筑,2004,34(11):41-44.
[26]秦峰.复合地基中褥垫层技术的应用[J].煤炭工程,2002,(4):23-26.
[27]苏志刚,等.铺设垫层对复合地基载荷试验的影响[J].工程勘察,2003(5):41-42.
[28]李宁,韩煊.褥垫层对复合地基承载机理的影响[J].土木工程学报,2001,34(2):68-73.
[29]王凤池,等.复合地基的褥垫层设计[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(3):287-290.
[30]朱奎,徐日庆.有无褥垫层刚—柔性桩复合地基性状对比研究[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(10):1230-1235.
[31]周龙翔,等.复合地基褥垫层的作用及其最小厚度的确定[J].岩士工程学报,2005,27(7):84-843.
[32]张建伟,戴自航.CFG桩复合地基褥垫层效用的有限元分析[J].岩土力学,2005,(26增刊):171-174.
[33]戚科骏,等.群桩复合地基褥垫层效用的数值分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,(23增刊):4950-4952.
[34]郑刚,等.不同厚度褥垫层刚性桩复合地基工作特性研究[J].岩土力学,2005,27(8):1358-1361
[35]刘杰,张可能.复合地基中垫层作用机理[J].中南工业大学学报,2001.32(6):568-572.
[36]贾建勋,等.载荷试验确定粉喷桩极限承载力方法的对比分析[J].河北建筑科技学院学报,2003,20(4):39-42.
[37]齐宏伟,等.合理确定CFG桩复合地基承载力简析[J].岩土工程界,2003,7(5):72-75.
[38]张东刚.CFG桩复合地基P～S曲线特性的分析[J].地基处理,1991,3(4):10-15.
[39]白杰.半刚性桩复合地基载荷试验中若干问题的探讨[J].西部探矿工程,2006,(3).
[40]何结兵,洪宝宁.CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比数值分析[J].扬州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,7(1):61-64.
[41]柳艳华,等.垫层对复合地基桩土应力比的影响[J].天津城市建设学院学报,2004,10(2):97-101
[42]娄国充,等.CFG桩复合地基工程特性分析[J].中南公路工程.2001,26(1).
[43]马海龙,等.水泥土桩桩土应力分担及曲线形式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(2):4112-4119.
[44]韩杰,叶书麟.复合地基应力特性分析[J].工程勘察,1993,(5):1-5.
[45]于景杰.复合地基中桩体的作用机理探讨[J].潍坊学院学报,2007.7(2):120-122.
[46]杨素春.CFG桩桩士应力比及褥垫层厚度研究[J].工业建筑,2004,34(6):44-47.
[47]叶洪东.粉喷桩复合地基桩间土承载力折减系数的探讨.煤炭工程,2003,(11):62-64.
[48]何世鸣,等.CFG短桩复合地基桩间十承载力折减系数值的研究[J].探矿工程2003(增刊).
[49]于富华.CFG桩复合地基承载力计算方法的比较[J].岩土工程界,2002,5(11)
[50]齐宏伟,王印.CFG桩复合地基承载力计算方法分析[J].华北科技学院学报,2004,1(3):46-49.
[51]范伟霞,等.CFG桩复合地基承载力公式β参数取值分析[J].工业建筑,2006,36(3):71-75.
[52]王玉娥,韩煊.复合地基承载力设计方法的讨论与改进思路[J].宁波高等专科学校学报,2000,12(2):33-38.
[53]潘星,何仕英.刚性桩复合地基设计计算探讨[J].地基与基础,2005,19(1):27-29.
[54]张尚东,等.CFG桩复合地基特性分析及承载力计算[J].石家庄铁道学院学,2000,(9).
[55]佟建兴,胡志坚,等.CFG桩复合地基承载力确定[J].土木工程学报,2005,38(7):87-91.
[56]齐宏伟,等.合理确定CFG桩复合地基承载力简析[J].岩土工程界,2003,7(5):72-75.
[57]黄利军,孔高峰.CFG桩的基本原理及技术特点[J].辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报,2006.8(增刊):12-13.
[58]闫明礼,杨军,等.CFG桩复合地基试验研究[R].北京:中国建筑科学研究院研究报告,1992.
[59]杨红梅.夯扩载体CFG桩复合地基工程性状研究与分析[D].成都:西南交通大学.
[60]秦继英.CFG桩复合地基理论及工程应用研究[D].郑州:郑州大学.
[61]孔付卿.刚性桩复合地基承载力及变形机理的研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学.
[62]龚晓南主编.复合地基理论及工程应用[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[63]《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)[S].
[64]《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB5007-2002)[S].
[65]《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ94-94)[S].