珠江三角洲软土显微结构与渗流固结机理研究
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摘要
珠江三角洲地区广泛分布着厚度几米至几十米的全新世海积形成的软土层，主要为淤泥、粉砂质淤泥和黏土，具有含水量高、孔隙比大、压缩性高、强度低、渗透性差、结构性和流变性显著等特点而导致地基沉陷和失稳等重大工程事故。为提高软土地基的工程质量，减少工程施工事故，需要深入研究软土的工程特性，提高软土地基的设计和施工水平。但长期以来，人们主要从宏观层次对软土的工程特性进行研究，难于抓住决定软土性质的本质因素从而对其工程特性作出深刻研究。因此，从土体的微观结构分析入手研究软土工程性质是一种“寻根溯源”的方法，可以从本质上深刻了解软土的工程特性。
本文以珠江三角洲天然土(或重塑土)为研究对象，从统计学角度研究珠江三角洲软土区域特征及工程性质，并结合矿物成分试验、ESEM试验、压汞试验研究软土渗流固结过程中微观结构因素(如颗粒形状、分布、排列和连结方式、微颗粒聚合体的形态、孔隙数量、孔隙形态、尺度及分布、连通性及曲折性等)的变化特征与分形特征，将软土的微观参数与宏观工程性质结合，解释影响软土特性的微观机制。最后，提出了基于微观试验的修正固结模型，通过实测结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性。
本文得到的主要研究成果和结论如下：
(1)通过对珠江三角洲软土成因的地质与水文环境、矿物成分、颗粒特征、微观特征等区域特性分析，发现其特殊的宏观工程特性主要由微细观因素决定。利用“偏度、峰度检验法”研究了珠江三角洲软土物理力学指标的分布规律，为今后该地区开展软土工程提供借鉴。
(2)与全局阈值分割法相比，局部阈值分割法得到的孔隙比结果与实际更接近。将显微结构二值化定量分析的阀值选择与微孔隙特征测试、三相图计算相匹配的方法，解决目前微观试验结果定量分析中的过渡离散性和人为干扰问题，改善现有微观试验的可靠性和准确性。
(3)固结过程中，软土微结构类型逐步发生变化，由蜂窝结构(海绵结构)逐渐向骨架结构、紊流结构、密实结构转化，其连接方式由边-边，边-面连接向面-面连接转化，结构单元体面积明显增加，孔隙减小；重塑土颗粒由于缺乏结构性，揉合在一起，以聚合体为主，呈凝块状结构，相对密实，随着荷载的增加，颗粒单元体以面-面连接方式为主。
(4)结构单元体及孔隙的微观结构定量化参数在固结的不同阶段具有不同的规律。在固结前期，当有效应力较小时，由于淤泥土具有一定的结构强度，微观结构处于稳定调整阶段，孔隙数量较少，孔隙比较大，以大、中孔隙为主，结构单元体和孔隙的大小、形态和定向性等变化幅度均较小；当有效应力增至结构屈服应力时，结构逐渐破坏，团聚体破碎，微观结构处于再造剧烈调整阶段，结构单元体等效直径明显增大，圆形度和平均形状系数显著减小，有变狭长趋势并在垂直于压力方向形成明显的定向排列。此时，孔隙数量明显增加，等效孔径不断变小，形态变得更为复杂，孔隙分布由中、小孔隙向小、微孔隙甚至超微孔隙发展，但定向性变化不明显；当有效应力继续增大时，新的微观结构作适当调整，结构单元体与孔隙的定量化参数变化多趋于平缓。
(5)珠江三角洲天然软土(或重塑土)的结构单元体和孔隙均具有明显的分形结构特征。综合反映孔隙大小、形态、分布、定向性四方面特征的孔隙结构影响因子与荷载之间具有良好的相关性。研究表明，软土的宏观工程性质与微观参数之间存在紧密联系，固结土的压缩性、渗透性均可由天然部分和固结变化部分构成。其中，天然部分与初始结构性特征(主要是孔隙特征)相关，一般同时与多个结构参数相关；而固结变化部分与固结引起的结构性特征(主要是孔隙特征)的变化相关，最终可表达为与固结压力的关系。
(6)建立基于微细观试验(经验公式)的修正固结模型，通过实测结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性。修正固结模型基于土体微细观结构特别是微细孔隙结构特征的物理机制，反映土体固结与荷载的非线性关系。
The holocene marine soft soil with a thickness of several meters to tens of meters iswidely distributed in the Pearl River Delta region, which is mainly including of the silt, siltymud and clay. The soft soil has many unfavorable project properties such as high watercontent, high void ratio, high compressibility, low strength, poor permeability, remarkablestructural and rheological characteristics and so on, therefore the serious engineeringaccidents such as foundation settlement, instability occur frequently. In order to improve softsoil foundation’s engineering quality and reduce construction accidents, it is needed to furtherstudy the engineering properties of soft soil, raise the level of design and construction of softfoundation. But for a long time, people mainly focuses on the study of engineeringcharacteristics of soft soil on macroscopic level, which is difficult to catch the essentialfactors to make deep research on its engineering properties. Therefore, the soil microstructureanalysis on the engineering properties of soft soil is a kind of "tracing" method forunderstanding the engineering properties of soft soil in essence.
With the natural or reconstituted soft soil in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) as the researchobject, this dissertation studies domain features and engineering properties of PRD’s soft soilfrom the statistical point of view, and analyses variation characteristics and fractalcharacteristics of some microstructure factors in seepage consolidation process of soft soil,such as particle shape, particle distribution, arrangement and connection, polymer morphology,pore number, pore shape, scale and distribution, connectivity and twists, etc. by the mineralcomposition test, ESEM test and mercury injection test. Furthermore, the microscopicparameters and macroscopic engineering properties of soft soil have been linked forexplaining the micromechanism that influences the soft soil characteristics. Finally, modifiedconsolidation model based on microscopic test is established, which is confirmed reasonablyand effectively by test results.
The major achievements and conclusions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the cause of regional characteristics on PRD’s soft soil,which contains geological and hydrological environment, mineral composition, particlecharacteristics, microscopic characteristics and so on, it is found that micro-factors are decisive factors to cause special macro engineering characteristics. The laws of physical andmechanical indexes are studied by using "skewness and kurtosis method", in the future, whichwill provide the reference for the soft soil engineering in the region.
(2) Local threshold segmentation method’s result of void ratio is more consistent withthe practice when compared with the global threshold segmentation method. As thecoordination of threshold selection in quantitative analysis of microstructure binarization,micropore characteristics test and three-phase diagram calculation is performed, it will solvethe transitional discreteness and human disturbance problems in microscopic quantitativeanalysis of test results to improve the reliability and accuracy of existing microscopic test.
(3) In the process of consolidation, microstructure types of soft soil will change gradually,from the cellular structure (sponge structure) to the skeleton structure, turbulence structureand compact structure gradually. The connection mode transforms edge to edge, edge tosurface into face to face with structure unit area increasing and porosity decreasing; while dueto the lack of structuredness, particles of remolded soil blend together with relative density inthe form of polymer and clot structure, with the increase of load, the connection of particleswill be mainly transformed into face to face connection.
(4)The microstructure quantitative parameters of structure units or pores has differentrules in different stages of consolidation. In the early stage of consolidation, the effectivestress is small, the microscopic structure is in a stable period of adjustment owing to silt’scertain structural strength, at this time, the small number of pores number, high void ratio anddominated by major and medium pores, the size, shape and orientation of changes of structureunits and pores are relatively smaller; When the effective stress increases to the structure yieldstress, structure is gradually destroyed and aggregate is crushed, microstructure reengineeringviolently, equivalent diameter of structure units increases significantly, the roundness and theaverage shape factor decreases significantly, change trend in narrow and perpendicular to thedirection of pressure form obvious orientation. At the moment, the number of pores increasessignificantly, the equivalent diameter becomes smaller, patterns become more complex, thepore distribution by the small pores, micropores to small, even ultrafine poredevelopment,,but its orientation has no obvious change; While effective stress continue toincrease, the new microstructure adjusts slightly and quantitative parameters of structure units or pores change is not obvious.
(5) The structure unit and pore of natural or remolded soft soil in PRD has obviousfractal structure characteristics. Pore structure influence factor, which can reflectcomprehensive reflection of pore size, shape, distribution and orientation characteristics ofpore structure, has a good correlation with the load. The study shows that there is a closerelationship between macroengineering properties of soft soil and the microscopic parameters.Compressibility and permeability of consolidated soil can be made of natural andconsolidation change parts. Among them, natural part is related to the initial structuralcharacteristics (mainly pore characteristics), generally is also associated with multiplestructure parameters;while consolidation change part is related to changes in structuralcharacteristics (mainly pore characteristics)which is caused by consolidation pressure,eventually, consolidation change part can be expressed as the relationship with theconsolidation pressure.
(6) Revised consolidation model is established on the basis of the micro test (empiricalformula) results, and its rationality and validity is verified by experimental results. Revisedconsolidation model based on soil microstructure, especially on the physical mechanism offine-pore structure characteristics, can reflect the nonlinear relationship between the soilconsolidation and the load.
本文以珠江三角洲天然土(或重塑土)为研究对象，从统计学角度研究珠江三角洲软土区域特征及工程性质，并结合矿物成分试验、ESEM试验、压汞试验研究软土渗流固结过程中微观结构因素(如颗粒形状、分布、排列和连结方式、微颗粒聚合体的形态、孔隙数量、孔隙形态、尺度及分布、连通性及曲折性等)的变化特征与分形特征，将软土的微观参数与宏观工程性质结合，解释影响软土特性的微观机制。最后，提出了基于微观试验的修正固结模型，通过实测结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性。
本文得到的主要研究成果和结论如下：
(1)通过对珠江三角洲软土成因的地质与水文环境、矿物成分、颗粒特征、微观特征等区域特性分析，发现其特殊的宏观工程特性主要由微细观因素决定。利用“偏度、峰度检验法”研究了珠江三角洲软土物理力学指标的分布规律，为今后该地区开展软土工程提供借鉴。
(2)与全局阈值分割法相比，局部阈值分割法得到的孔隙比结果与实际更接近。将显微结构二值化定量分析的阀值选择与微孔隙特征测试、三相图计算相匹配的方法，解决目前微观试验结果定量分析中的过渡离散性和人为干扰问题，改善现有微观试验的可靠性和准确性。
(3)固结过程中，软土微结构类型逐步发生变化，由蜂窝结构(海绵结构)逐渐向骨架结构、紊流结构、密实结构转化，其连接方式由边-边，边-面连接向面-面连接转化，结构单元体面积明显增加，孔隙减小；重塑土颗粒由于缺乏结构性，揉合在一起，以聚合体为主，呈凝块状结构，相对密实，随着荷载的增加，颗粒单元体以面-面连接方式为主。
(4)结构单元体及孔隙的微观结构定量化参数在固结的不同阶段具有不同的规律。在固结前期，当有效应力较小时，由于淤泥土具有一定的结构强度，微观结构处于稳定调整阶段，孔隙数量较少，孔隙比较大，以大、中孔隙为主，结构单元体和孔隙的大小、形态和定向性等变化幅度均较小；当有效应力增至结构屈服应力时，结构逐渐破坏，团聚体破碎，微观结构处于再造剧烈调整阶段，结构单元体等效直径明显增大，圆形度和平均形状系数显著减小，有变狭长趋势并在垂直于压力方向形成明显的定向排列。此时，孔隙数量明显增加，等效孔径不断变小，形态变得更为复杂，孔隙分布由中、小孔隙向小、微孔隙甚至超微孔隙发展，但定向性变化不明显；当有效应力继续增大时，新的微观结构作适当调整，结构单元体与孔隙的定量化参数变化多趋于平缓。
(5)珠江三角洲天然软土(或重塑土)的结构单元体和孔隙均具有明显的分形结构特征。综合反映孔隙大小、形态、分布、定向性四方面特征的孔隙结构影响因子与荷载之间具有良好的相关性。研究表明，软土的宏观工程性质与微观参数之间存在紧密联系，固结土的压缩性、渗透性均可由天然部分和固结变化部分构成。其中，天然部分与初始结构性特征(主要是孔隙特征)相关，一般同时与多个结构参数相关；而固结变化部分与固结引起的结构性特征(主要是孔隙特征)的变化相关，最终可表达为与固结压力的关系。
(6)建立基于微细观试验(经验公式)的修正固结模型，通过实测结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性。修正固结模型基于土体微细观结构特别是微细孔隙结构特征的物理机制，反映土体固结与荷载的非线性关系。
The holocene marine soft soil with a thickness of several meters to tens of meters iswidely distributed in the Pearl River Delta region, which is mainly including of the silt, siltymud and clay. The soft soil has many unfavorable project properties such as high watercontent, high void ratio, high compressibility, low strength, poor permeability, remarkablestructural and rheological characteristics and so on, therefore the serious engineeringaccidents such as foundation settlement, instability occur frequently. In order to improve softsoil foundation’s engineering quality and reduce construction accidents, it is needed to furtherstudy the engineering properties of soft soil, raise the level of design and construction of softfoundation. But for a long time, people mainly focuses on the study of engineeringcharacteristics of soft soil on macroscopic level, which is difficult to catch the essentialfactors to make deep research on its engineering properties. Therefore, the soil microstructureanalysis on the engineering properties of soft soil is a kind of "tracing" method forunderstanding the engineering properties of soft soil in essence.
With the natural or reconstituted soft soil in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) as the researchobject, this dissertation studies domain features and engineering properties of PRD’s soft soilfrom the statistical point of view, and analyses variation characteristics and fractalcharacteristics of some microstructure factors in seepage consolidation process of soft soil,such as particle shape, particle distribution, arrangement and connection, polymer morphology,pore number, pore shape, scale and distribution, connectivity and twists, etc. by the mineralcomposition test, ESEM test and mercury injection test. Furthermore, the microscopicparameters and macroscopic engineering properties of soft soil have been linked forexplaining the micromechanism that influences the soft soil characteristics. Finally, modifiedconsolidation model based on microscopic test is established, which is confirmed reasonablyand effectively by test results.
The major achievements and conclusions of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the cause of regional characteristics on PRD’s soft soil,which contains geological and hydrological environment, mineral composition, particlecharacteristics, microscopic characteristics and so on, it is found that micro-factors are decisive factors to cause special macro engineering characteristics. The laws of physical andmechanical indexes are studied by using "skewness and kurtosis method", in the future, whichwill provide the reference for the soft soil engineering in the region.
(2) Local threshold segmentation method’s result of void ratio is more consistent withthe practice when compared with the global threshold segmentation method. As thecoordination of threshold selection in quantitative analysis of microstructure binarization,micropore characteristics test and three-phase diagram calculation is performed, it will solvethe transitional discreteness and human disturbance problems in microscopic quantitativeanalysis of test results to improve the reliability and accuracy of existing microscopic test.
(3) In the process of consolidation, microstructure types of soft soil will change gradually,from the cellular structure (sponge structure) to the skeleton structure, turbulence structureand compact structure gradually. The connection mode transforms edge to edge, edge tosurface into face to face with structure unit area increasing and porosity decreasing; while dueto the lack of structuredness, particles of remolded soil blend together with relative density inthe form of polymer and clot structure, with the increase of load, the connection of particleswill be mainly transformed into face to face connection.
(4)The microstructure quantitative parameters of structure units or pores has differentrules in different stages of consolidation. In the early stage of consolidation, the effectivestress is small, the microscopic structure is in a stable period of adjustment owing to silt’scertain structural strength, at this time, the small number of pores number, high void ratio anddominated by major and medium pores, the size, shape and orientation of changes of structureunits and pores are relatively smaller; When the effective stress increases to the structure yieldstress, structure is gradually destroyed and aggregate is crushed, microstructure reengineeringviolently, equivalent diameter of structure units increases significantly, the roundness and theaverage shape factor decreases significantly, change trend in narrow and perpendicular to thedirection of pressure form obvious orientation. At the moment, the number of pores increasessignificantly, the equivalent diameter becomes smaller, patterns become more complex, thepore distribution by the small pores, micropores to small, even ultrafine poredevelopment,,but its orientation has no obvious change; While effective stress continue toincrease, the new microstructure adjusts slightly and quantitative parameters of structure units or pores change is not obvious.
(5) The structure unit and pore of natural or remolded soft soil in PRD has obviousfractal structure characteristics. Pore structure influence factor, which can reflectcomprehensive reflection of pore size, shape, distribution and orientation characteristics ofpore structure, has a good correlation with the load. The study shows that there is a closerelationship between macroengineering properties of soft soil and the microscopic parameters.Compressibility and permeability of consolidated soil can be made of natural andconsolidation change parts. Among them, natural part is related to the initial structuralcharacteristics (mainly pore characteristics), generally is also associated with multiplestructure parameters;while consolidation change part is related to changes in structuralcharacteristics (mainly pore characteristics)which is caused by consolidation pressure,eventually, consolidation change part can be expressed as the relationship with theconsolidation pressure.
(6) Revised consolidation model is established on the basis of the micro test (empiricalformula) results, and its rationality and validity is verified by experimental results. Revisedconsolidation model based on soil microstructure, especially on the physical mechanism offine-pore structure characteristics, can reflect the nonlinear relationship between the soilconsolidation and the load.
引文
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