草甸草原不同退化程度下植被与土壤特征与指示度研究
|
摘要
本研究以呼伦贝尔草甸草原羊草+杂类草群落和贝加尔针茅+羊草群落为研究对象,于2007-2008年通过野外调查和室内分析,对不同退化程度下植物群落组成与结构特征、土壤的理化特征、土壤微生物类群数量定量分析研究,并对植被与土壤因子进行主成分和典型相关分析,对所获得的植被与土壤因子的指标体系模糊综合评价,获得了能表示不同退化程度的差异性系数—指示度。结论如下:
1.随着草地退化程度的增加,群落物种组成逐渐单一,数量逐渐减少,物种重要值变化明显,群落科属组成发生明显变化,多年生植物逐渐减少;群落盖度、群落高度、地上现存量、地表凋落物和地下生物量显著降低;植物α多样性各指数显著降低,植物群落的β多样性指数逐渐增大,群落相似性系数逐渐变小。
2.土壤理化性质和微生物类群数量在0～10cm变化显著。土壤粗粒和容重显著提高,土壤含水量显著降低。土壤有机物和全氮含量轻度退化区显著高于中度和重度退化区。速效养分变化显著,pH值变化不明显;细菌和放线菌的数量显著降低,真菌的数量显著增加。
3.草甸草原羊草+杂类草群落和贝加尔针茅群落不同退化程度下植物与土壤因子之间相关不一致。
4.根据植被与土壤相结合为指标体系的模糊综合评价得出的指示度分别为;羊草+杂类草群落中度退化区为0.7426、重度退化区为0.5611;贝加尔针茅+羊草群落中度退化区为0.7702、重度退化区为0.5980。
The characteristics of community and structure, The physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the amount of microbes of soil in the Leymus chinensis +forb community and Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community under the different degeneration scale were investigated in 2007 and 2008. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed with the principal components, the canonical correlation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which obtain coefficient of different degradation scale known as indication. The results were shown as follows:
1. The composition of community species was gradually unitary, quantity reduced, the important value of species and the composition of Family-Genus varied obviously, and the perennial plants gradually reduced with grassland degeneration. The coverage, height, above-ground biomass, surface litter and the underground biomass of grassland community reduced obviously with grassland degeneration. The indexes ofα-diversity of community decreased obviously, the index ofβ-diversity of community increased gradually, and the similarity coefficient of community in the different degeneration scale was a declining trend with grassland degeneration.
2. The physical and chemical characteristics of soil in the 0～10cm soil layer were obviously changed. The soil coarse particle and bulk density were significantly increased. Soil moisture content was significantly decreased. The soil organic matter content and the soil total nitrogen content were significantly higher in light degradation (LD) than in heavy degradation (HD) and moderate degradation (MD). The available nutrient varied significantly, but the pH had no significant change. The amount of bacterium and ray fungi reduced obviously, and the amount of fungus increased obviously.
3. There were no consistent correlation between vegetation and soil factor under different degeneration scale at Leymus chinensis +forb community and Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community.
4. The indication of MD and HD, according to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of vegetation and soil, at Leymus chinensis +forb community, were 0.7426 and 0.5611, respectively, and at Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community, were 0.7702 and 0.59804, respectively.
1.随着草地退化程度的增加,群落物种组成逐渐单一,数量逐渐减少,物种重要值变化明显,群落科属组成发生明显变化,多年生植物逐渐减少;群落盖度、群落高度、地上现存量、地表凋落物和地下生物量显著降低;植物α多样性各指数显著降低,植物群落的β多样性指数逐渐增大,群落相似性系数逐渐变小。
2.土壤理化性质和微生物类群数量在0～10cm变化显著。土壤粗粒和容重显著提高,土壤含水量显著降低。土壤有机物和全氮含量轻度退化区显著高于中度和重度退化区。速效养分变化显著,pH值变化不明显;细菌和放线菌的数量显著降低,真菌的数量显著增加。
3.草甸草原羊草+杂类草群落和贝加尔针茅群落不同退化程度下植物与土壤因子之间相关不一致。
4.根据植被与土壤相结合为指标体系的模糊综合评价得出的指示度分别为;羊草+杂类草群落中度退化区为0.7426、重度退化区为0.5611;贝加尔针茅+羊草群落中度退化区为0.7702、重度退化区为0.5980。
The characteristics of community and structure, The physical and chemical characteristics of soil, the amount of microbes of soil in the Leymus chinensis +forb community and Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community under the different degeneration scale were investigated in 2007 and 2008. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed with the principal components, the canonical correlation and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which obtain coefficient of different degradation scale known as indication. The results were shown as follows:
1. The composition of community species was gradually unitary, quantity reduced, the important value of species and the composition of Family-Genus varied obviously, and the perennial plants gradually reduced with grassland degeneration. The coverage, height, above-ground biomass, surface litter and the underground biomass of grassland community reduced obviously with grassland degeneration. The indexes ofα-diversity of community decreased obviously, the index ofβ-diversity of community increased gradually, and the similarity coefficient of community in the different degeneration scale was a declining trend with grassland degeneration.
2. The physical and chemical characteristics of soil in the 0～10cm soil layer were obviously changed. The soil coarse particle and bulk density were significantly increased. Soil moisture content was significantly decreased. The soil organic matter content and the soil total nitrogen content were significantly higher in light degradation (LD) than in heavy degradation (HD) and moderate degradation (MD). The available nutrient varied significantly, but the pH had no significant change. The amount of bacterium and ray fungi reduced obviously, and the amount of fungus increased obviously.
3. There were no consistent correlation between vegetation and soil factor under different degeneration scale at Leymus chinensis +forb community and Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community.
4. The indication of MD and HD, according to the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of vegetation and soil, at Leymus chinensis +forb community, were 0.7426 and 0.5611, respectively, and at Stipa baicalensis + Leymus chinensis community, were 0.7702 and 0.59804, respectively.
引文
1章祖同.三化草地的治理对策(1990).草地资源研究(章祖同文集)[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,2004,13～44
2联合国开发计划署,联合国环境规划署,世界银行,世界资源研究所.世界资源报告(2000～2001)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2000,44
3张新时.草地的气候-植被关系及其优化生态-生产范式[J],中国草地的经济效益,北京:中国高等科学技术中心,2000
4陈佐忠,汪诗平,王艳芬.内蒙古典型草原生态系统定位研究最新进展[J].植物学进展,2003,20(4):423～427
5 White R., S. Murray and M. Rohweder. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems Technical Report. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2000
6 China National Committee for the Imp lementation of the U nit-ed N ations Convention to Combat Desertification (CC ICCD).China country paper to combat desertification [M]. Beijing: China Fo restry Publishing House,1997
7肖力宏等.草地退化的原因及退化草地改良的研究[J].科学管理研究,2004,8:27～29
8李博.中国北方草地退化及其防治对策[J].中国农业科学,1997,30 (6):1～9
9刘钟龄,王炜,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干早区资源与环境,2002,1: 84～91
10任海,彭少麟.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,37
11候扶江,南志标,肖金玉等.重牧退化草地的植被、土壤及其耦合特征[J].应用生态学报,2002,8(13) :915～922
12李永宏.放牧影响下羊草草原和大针茅草原植物多样性的变化[J].植物学报,1993,35 (11) :877～884
13李青丰,胡春元,王明玖等.锡林郭勒草原生态环境劣化原因诊断及治理对策[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2003,34(2):166～172
14王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,郝敦元等.羊草+大针茅草原群落退化演替机理的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24 (4): 468～472
15王存志,照那斯图等.灾害与锡林郭勒草地退化、沙漠化[J].灾害学,1996,11(3):42～45
16姚爱兴,李平等.不同放牧制度下对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报,1996,4(2):95～102
17杨利民,王仁忠,李建东等.松嫩平原主要草原群落放牧干扰梯度对植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,1999,1(7):8～15
18张伟华,关世英,李跃进等.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分、养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2000,4(14):61～64
19赵晓霞,孙静萍等.典型草原放牧后植物种的多样性分析[J].中国草地,2000,2:21～23
20中国科学院内蒙古宁夏自然资源综合考察队,1985:内蒙古植被[M],科学出版社,854～856
21中国植被编辑委员会,1980:中国植被[M],科学出版社,1080～1094
22 Zhu Z D, Chen G T S and desertification in China. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 39～47
23 Ellison L. The influence of grazing on plant succession. Botanical Review,1965,26:1～78
24陈佐忠,汪诗平.中国典型草原生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,125～156
25汪诗平.内蒙古典型草原糙隐子草种群补偿性生长机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(4):413～418
26贾树海.牧压梯度上土壤物理性质的变化.草原生态系统研究(第5集)[M].科学出版社,1997: 12～15
27李永宏.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原和克氏针茅草原在放牧影响下的分异和趋同[J].植物生态学和地植物学学报,1988,12(3):189～196
28李永宏,汪诗平.草原植物对家畜放牧的营养繁殖对策初探.草原生态系统研究,第5集[M],科学出版社,1999,23～31
29汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷篙小禾草草原植物多样性的影响及其机理的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(1):89～96
30李永宏.放牧影响下羊草草原和大短花针茅草原植物多样性的变化[J].植物学报,1993,35(11):877～884
31 Mcintyre S., Heard KM, Martin T G. The relative importance of cattle grazing in subtropical grasslands : does it reduce or enhance plant biodiversity Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,40(3):445～457
32 Green D R. Rangeland restoration projects in western New south wales [J].Australian Rangeland Journal,1989,11 (2):110～116
33杨利民,韩梅,李建东.松嫩平原主要草地群落放牧退化演替阶段的划分[J].草地学报,1996,4 ( 4) :281～287
34陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,阎志丹,王艳芬,袁志友.水热条件对锡林河流域典型草原退化群落土壤呼吸的影响[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):202～209
35肖运峰,李世英.羊草草原放牧退化演替及其退化原因分析[J].中国草地,1980 3:20～27
36贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):217～225
37关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997,(3):39～43
38王仁忠,李建东.松嫩平原碱化羊草草地放牧空间演替规律的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(3): 277～281
39 Haynes R j, Williams P H. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy, 1993,49:118～199
40汪诗平,李永宏.不同放牧率和放牧时期绵羊粪便中各化学成分的变化及与所食牧草各成分间的关系[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(2): 49～56
41 Young IM. Biophysical interactions at the root-soil interface : A review. J A gric Sci, 1998,130:1～7
42 Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1997, Research on Grassland Ecosystem,No.5. Beijing : Science Press.62～69 (in Chinese)
43李博等.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原自然资源与环境研究[M].科学出版社,1990: 150
44陈佐忠.我国天然草地生态系统的退化及其调控.中国土地退化防治研究[M].中国科技出版社,1988: 86～89
45李绍良.内蒙古草原土壤退化过程及其评价指标体系的研究.国家自然科学重大基金项目“北方草地优化生态模式研究”学术讨论会论文[M].1995
46 Raupach M. Studies in the variation of soil reaction. II. Seasonal variations at Baroga,N.S.W. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1951,2:73～82
47 Trangmar B B, Yost R S, Wade M K, Uehara G and Sudjadi M. Spatial variation of soil properties and eice yield on recently cleared land.Soil Sci.Soc.of Amer, [J]. 1987,51:668～674
48 Pigott C D and Taylor K. The distribution of some woodland herbs in relation to the supply of N and P in the soil. Journal of Ecology,1964,52:175～185
49 Vinton M A and Burke I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass'steppe. Ecology,1995,76:1116～1133
50 Chen J and Stark J M.Plant species effects and carbon and nitrogen cycling in sagebrush crested wheatgrass soil.Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2000,32:47～57
51张其水,俞新妥.连栽杉木林的根系研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1991,15(4): 374～379
52 Ronald L,Hendrck, Kurt S.The dynamic of fine root length, biomass,and nitrogen content in twonorthern hardwood ecosystem[J].Canada Journal of Forestry Research,1993,(23): 2507～2520
53刘秉正,王幼民,李凯荣,等.人工刺槐林改良土壤的初步研究[J]西北林学院学报,1987,2(1):48～57
54 Sainju U M,Good D E.Vertical root distribution in relation to soil properties inNew Jersy Pine land forest [J].Plant and Soil,1993,(50): 87-97
55李勇,朱显谟,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性的有效性[J].科学通报,1991,(12):2～7
56 Vinton M A and Burke I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass'steppe. Ecology,1995,76:1116～1133
57 Pastor J,Aber J D,McClaugherty C A and Melillo J M. Aboveground production and Nand P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blandhawk Island,WI.Ecology, 1984, 65:256～268
58 Hobbie S E.Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7:336～339
59 Finzi A C,Breemen N and Canham C D.Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: Species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen.Ecological Applications, 1998,8:440～446
60 Janssens F,Peeters A,Bakker J P,Bekker R M,Fillat F and Oomes M J M.Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity.Plant and Soil,1998,202:69～78
61 Passioura J B.Soil structure and plant growth.Aust.J.Soil Res,1991,29: 717～728
62 Vitousek P M,Gosz J R,Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A.A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems.Ecological Monographs,1982,52: 155～177
63 Birk E M and Vitousek P M.Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly pine stands.Ecology,1986,67: 69～79
64 Zak D R and Pregitzer K S.Nitrate assimilation by herbaceous ground flora in late successional forests.Journal of Ecology,1988,76: 537～546
65 Inouye R S,Huntly N J,Tilman D and Tester J R. Pocket gophers (Geomys buesarius)vegetation, and soil nitrogen along a successional sere in east central Minesota.Oecologia (Berlin),1987,72:178～184
66 Zak D R,Host G E and Pregitzer K S.Regional variability in nitrogen mineralization,nitrification and overstory biomass in northern lower Michigan.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1989,19: 1521～1526
67 Shiyomi M.Spatial pattern changes in aboveground plant biomass in a grazing pasture.Ecol.Res,1998,13: 313～322
68 ]Hook P B,Burke I C and Lauenroth W K.Heterogeneity of soil and plant N and C associated with individual plants and openings in North American shortgrass steppe.Plant and Soil,1991,138: 247～256
69 GR IM E J P.Biodiversity and ecosystem function P the debate deepens.Science 1997,277P1:260～261
70 Tilman D.Secondary successions and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecol. Monogr, 1987, 57: 189～214
71陈灵芝,陈伟烈,韩兴国.贺金生中国退化生态系统研究[M]北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995 246
72李德新.放牧对克氏针茅草原影响的初步研究[J].中国草原,1980,4(1):1～8
73刘显芝,魏绍成.对退化草场几个问题的探讨[J].中国草原,1983,(3):63～66
74昭和斯图,祁永.内蒙古短花针茅草原放牧退化序列的研究[J].中国草地,1987,1:29～35
75程积民,万惠娥.中国黄土高原植被建设与水土保持[M ].北京:中国林业出版社,2002
76王晗生,刘国彬,王青宁.流域植被整体防蚀作用及其景观结构剖析[J].水土保持学报,2000, 14 (5):73
77李青丰,胡春元,王明玖.浑善达克地区生态环境劣化原因分析及治理对策[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15 (3) :9～16
78陈世横,张吴,王立群等.中国北方草地植物根系「M].长春:吉林大学出版社,2001,489～496
79李永宏.内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议[J].植物生态学,1994,18(1):68～79
80沼田真,姜恕译.草地调查法手册[M].北京:科学出版社,175～206
81曹勇宏,林长纯,王德利,等.农田-草原景观界面中植被恢复的空间特征[J].东北师大学报自然科学
82 Dysterhuis E J.Condition and management of range land based on quantitative ecology [J].Journal of Range Management 1949,2:104～115
83王德利,吕新龙,罗卫东.不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析[J].草业学报,1996,5 ( 3):28～33
84任继周.草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998
85 A llen E B,CovingtonW,Falk D A.Develop ing the concep tual basis fo r resto ration eco logy.R estoration E cology,1997, 5:275～726
86曲国辉,郭继勋.松嫩平原不同演替阶段植物群落和土壤特性的关系[J].草业学报,2003,1 (12):18～22
87 J ia S H,Cui X M ,L i S L,et al.Changes of so il physical attributes along grazing gradient.In: InnerMongo lia Grassland Eco system Research Station,ed.R esearch on Grassland E cosy stem N o. 5.Beijing: Science P ress,1996,12～16
88 Melinda A W,T rlica M J,F rasier GW,et al. Seasonal grazing affects so il physical p roperties of a montane riparian community.J.R ang eM anag e,2002,55: 49～56
89 L i X Z,Chen Z Z.Influnence of stock ing rates on C,N,P contents in p lant2so il system. A cta A g restia S inica,1998, 6 (2):90～98
90关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997(3):39～43
91安渊,李博,杨持.内蒙古大针茅草原草地生产力及其可持续利用研究.I放牧系统植物地上现存量动态研究[J].草业学报,2001,10(2):22～27。
92刘兆顺.吉林省西部草原区土壤的理化性质及其与草地退化的相关性研究[D].长春:长春科技大学,2000 :31～32
93 Balloni W,Favilli F.1987.Effects of agricultural practices on thephysical,chemical and biological properties of soils:PartI--Effectof some agricultural practices on the biological soil fertility[A].Barth HL,eds.Scientific Basis for Soil Protection in the Euro--pean Community[C].Elsevier ASP:Barking,Essex,161～179
94 Brussaard L.1994.An appraisal of the dutch programme on soil ecology of arable farming systems (1985～1992).A gric.E—cosyst.Envi ron,51:1～6.
95 SmithJL, PaulEA. The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations[A].Bollag JM,eds. Soil Biochemistry[C] . New York:Marcel Dekker, 1990,357～398
96 Bardgett R D,ones A C,Jones D L,et al.Soil microbial community patterns related to the history and intensity of grazing in sub--montane ecosystems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12～13):1653～1664
97 Kennedy AC, Smith KL. Soil microbial diversity and the sustainability of agricultural soils.Plant Soil, 1995,170:75～86
98安渊,徐柱,阎志坚.不同退化梯度草地植物和土壤的差异.中国草地,1999,4:31～36
99 Wardle DA, Barker GM. Competition and herbivory inestab--lishing grassland communities: Implications for plant biomass,species and soil microbial activity. Oikos, 1997,80 (3):470～480
100朱兴运,任继周,沈禹颖.河西走廊山地—绿洲—荒漠草地农业生态系统的运行机制与模式[J].草业科学,1995,(3):1～5
101陈庆诚,赵松岭,杨凤翔.针茅草原放牧演替中种群消长的数学模型[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,1981,(04)
102杨持,叶波.不同草原群系植物种多样性比较研究[J ].内蒙古大学学报,1994,25 (2):209～214
103王刚.草场放牧衰退演替阶段划分的一种方法—生境梯度分析法[J].中国草地学报,1984,(02)
104 Whittaker, Whittaker R H, Woodwell G M. Ordination of Plant communities [M].1978.63～65
105李守虔.亚高山草甸嵩草植被放牧衰退演替阶段的数值分类[J],植物学报,1984,26(3):202～208
106李永宏.内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议[J].植物生态学报,1994,18 (1):68～779
107赵松龄等.针茅草原放牧衰退演替阶段的模糊数学分类[J].植物学报,1982,24(4) 366～373
108李晓军.针茅草原放牧衰退演替阶段的模糊聚类分析[J].生态学报,1989,9(2)51～56
109王仁忠,李建东.采用系统聚类分析法对羊草草地放牧演替阶段的划分[J].生态学报,1991,4
110 Ren J Z, Wan C G. System coupling and desert-oasis agro-ecosystem. Acta Pratacult Sin, 1994,3(3):1～8 (in Chinese)
111 Ren J Z, Zhu X Y. The basic patternand its system discordance of grassland in Hexi Corridor of China.Acta Pratacult Si n, 1995,4 (1):69～79 (in Chinese)
112 Hamilton EW, Giovannini MS, Moses SA, et al. Biomassand mineral element responses of a Serengeti short-grass species tonitrogen supply and defoliation: Compensation requires a critical Oecologia, 1998, 116 (3):407～418
113 Illius AWO, Cornor TG. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecol A ppl, 1999, 9 (3):798～813
115 Mcnaughton SJ, Banyikwa FF, Mcnaughton MM. Promo-tion of the cycling of diet-enhancing nutrients by African grazers.Science, 2001, 278:1798
116吴虎山,宝拄.呼伦贝尔天然草原退化原因及治理对策[J].内蒙古草业,2006,6
117中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M] ,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994,134
118中国呼伦贝尔草地编委会,中国呼伦贝尔草地[M],长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992,110
119毛文永.生态环境影响评价概论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,31
120章祖同.呼伦贝尔草原类型及生产力的初步研究.草地资源研究(章祖同文集)[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,2004,13～44
121李世英,萧运峰.内蒙呼盟莫达木吉地区羊草草原放牧演替阶段的初步划分[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊.1965,3(2):200～217
122李博,孙鸿良,曾泗弟.呼伦贝尔牧区草场植被资源及其利用方向的探讨.内蒙古大学地植物学教研室.植物生态学科研成果汇编(一)[M],1982:414～424
123孙金铸.呼伦贝尔草原的环境整治与发展前途[J].干旱区资源与环境,1987,(1):114
124赵一之.呼伦贝尔草原区的植物资源及其开发利用保护意见[J].干旱区资源与环境,1987,(2):107—114
125潘学清,吕新龙,李章春等.呼伦贝尔主要天然草场生产力和放牧演替规律初步研究[J].中国草地,1987,(3):37～38
126潘学清,冯国钧,魏绍成等.中国呼伦贝尔草地[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992
127杨殿林,张明.影响天然草地初级生产力的主要因素[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1992,(11):14～17
128吕世海.呼伦贝尔沙化草地系统退化特征及围封效应研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005
129浦汉昕.呼伦贝尔盟的沙地植被及草场特性[J].自然资源,1986,(4):76～831
130吕世海,卢欣石,曹帮华.呼伦贝尔草地风蚀沙化地土壤种子库多样性研究[J ].中国草地,2005,27 (3):5～10
131中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994,134
132毛文永.生态环境影响评价概论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,31
133沼田真.草原调查手册[M].北京:科学出版社,1986,208～209
134姜恕,李博,王义凤.草地生态研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1988,15～22
135季天委.重铬酸钾容量法中不同加热方式测定土壤有机质的比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2005,17 (5):311～313
136马履一,翟明普,林平.京西山地土壤理化性质的分布[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21 (1):32～37
137杨江龙,李生秀.土壤供氮能力测试方法与指标[J].土壤通报,2005,36 (6):1～3
138许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986,49～52
139马克平.生物群落多样性的测度生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京.中国科学技术出版社,1994,141～165
140闫瑞瑞.不同放牧制度对短花针茅荒漠草原植被与土壤影响的研究[D]内蒙古农业大学, 2008
141李柏年.模糊数学及其应用,合肥工业大学出版社[M],2007,77
142高安社.羊草草原放牧草地生态系统健康评价[D].内蒙古农业大学,2005
143 Sala O E, Oesterheld M, Leon R J C and Soriano A. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina.Vegetatio, 1996,67:27～32
144王炜,刘钟龄,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古典型草原退化群落恢复演替的研究.11.恢复演替时间进程的分析[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(5):460～471
145张荣祖.横断山区干早河谷[M].北京:科学出版社,1992
146张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995,44～78
147程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱区草地植被的影响[J].草地与牧草,1991,(6):29～31
148王仁忠.放牧和刈割干扰对松嫩草原羊草草地影响的研究[J].生态学报,1998,2:210～214
149李永宏.植物及植物群落对不同放牧率的反应[J].中国草地,1999,(3):11～19
150汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J].植物学报,2001,43(1):89～96
151王德利,吕新龙,罗为东.不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析[J].草业学报,1996,5(2):28～33
152 Ellison L.The influence of grazing on plant succession. Botanical Review,1960,26 : 78
153孙海群,周禾.混播人工草地退化演替过程中某些群落结构特征的研究[J].草业学报,1999,7(1):54～61
154张耀生.高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002 , 13 (3):285～289
155呼天明,王培,姚爱兴,等.多年生黑麦草白三叶人工草地放牧演替及群落稳定性的研究[ J ].草业学报,1995,4 (2):52～157.
156程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱区草地植被的影响[J].草地与牧草,1991,(6):29～31
157王仁忠.放牧和刈割干扰对松嫩草原羊草草地影响的研究.生态学报,1998, 2:210—214
158张耀生.高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002 , 13 (3):285～289.
159刘振国,李福生,乌兰.退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性[J].生态学报,2006,(02):475～482
160刘东霞.呼伦贝尔退化草地植被演替特征研究[J].干旱区环境与资源,2008,(8):103～109
161钱迎请,甄仁德主编.生物多样性进展「M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994
162 Whittaker,R H.Evo1ution and measurement of species diversity[J].Taxon, 1972, 21:213～251
163 Wilson M V,Schmida A.Measuring beta diversity with presence-absence data[J].Journal Ecology,1984,(72):1055～1064
164曹成有,寇振武,蒋德明,等.科尔沁沙地丘间地植被演变的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000, 24(3):262～267
165 A llen E B,CovingtonW ,Falk D A. Develop ing the concep tual basis fo r resto ration ecology[J]. R estoration Ecology,1997,5: 275～726.
166候扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486～495
167戎郁萍.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23 (4): 41～47
168秦钟,周兆德.土壤物理性质变化简析[J].海南大学学报自然科学版,2002,20 (4): 379～385
169关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997,(3):39～43
170 S.T.特鲁吉尔英国1985,土壤与植被系统[M],科学出版社,36～50
171 Vitousek P M, Gosz J R, Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A. A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs, 1982, 52: 155～177
172 Birk E M and Vitousek l M.nine stands- Ecology Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly 1986,67: 69～79
173 Zak D R and Pregitzer K S. Nitrate assimilation by herbaceous ground flora in late successional forests. Journal of Ecology, 1988, 76: 537～546
174李洪远,鞠美庭.生态恢复的原理与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005,120～251
175杜晓军.生态系统退化程度诊断:生态恢复的基础与前提[J].植物生态学报,2003,27 (5) :700～708
176刘钟龄.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16 (1):84～90
177 Costanza R,Norton G B,Haskell B D.Ecosystem Healt h :New goals for environment management [M].Washington ,DC: Island Press,2004,19～21
178王德利,杨利民.草地生态系统与管理利用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,312～316.
179周华坤,赵新全,周立,等.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究[J ] .草业科学
180贾树海,崔学明,李绍良等.牧压梯度上土壤物化性质的变化.中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站编.草原生态系统研究(第5集) [M],北京:科学出版社,1996,12～16
181李绍良,陈有君,关世英,康师安.土壤退化与草地退化关系的研究[J].干早区资源与环境,2002,16(1): 92～95
182王玉辉,何兴元,周光胜.放牧强度对羊草草原的影响[J].草地学报,2002,10(1):46～49
183张伟华,关世英,李跃进.不同软压强度对草原土壤水分,养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干早区资源与环境,2000,14(4):61～64
184杜晓军.生态系统退化程度诊断.生态恢复的基础与前提[J].植物生态学报,2003,27
185杜晓军,高贤明,马克平.生态系统退化程度诊断.生态恢复的基础与前提[J],植物生态学报,2003,27 (5):700～708
186 Sampson, A.W.Plant succession in relation to range management.USDA Dept,Bull,1919
187 Foran, B.D.Range assessment and monitoring inarid lands: The use of classification and ordination in range survey. J.Environ.Mange.1986,22:67～84
188 Hacker, R.B. Use of reciprocol averaging ordination for the study of range condition gradients.J.Range Manage.1983,36:25～30
189 Pieper, R.D.and R.F.Beck., Range condition from an ecological perspective: Modification to recongnize multiple use objectives.J.Range Manage.1990,43:550～552
190 Dysterhuis, E.J.Condition and management of range land based on quantitative ecology,Journal of Range management,1949,2:104～115
191 Pellant, M.P.Shaver, D.Pyke and J.E.Herrick, Interpreting indicators of rangehealth. Version 4.0. Interagency Technical Reference. U.S.Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Mangement, Dever, CO.2000
192白永飞,李凌浩,王其兵.锡林河流域草原群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿水热梯度变化的样带研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):667～673
193王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J] .应用与环境生物学报,2004 ,10 (1) :18～22
194杨小波,张桃林,吴庆书.海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系[J].生态学报,2002,22 (2) :190～196
195张林静,岳明,顾峰雪.新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带主要植物种的生态位分析[J].生态学报,2002,13 (6):658～662
196阮桂海等. SAS统计分析实用大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003
197 Janssens F, Peeters A, Bakker J P, Bekker R M, Fillat F and Oomes M J M. Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant and Soil, 1998, 202:69～78
198 Vitousek P M, Gosz J R, Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A. A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs, 1982, 52:155～177
199 Birk E M and Vitousek 1' M.nine stands- Ecology Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly 1986,67: 69-79
200 Raupach M. Studies in the variation of soil reaction. II. Seasonal variations at Baroga, N.S.W. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1951,2:73～82
201 Trangmar B B, Yost R S, Wade M K, Uehara G and Sudjadi M. Spatial variation of soil properties and eice yield on recently cleared land. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer, J.1987,51:668～674
202胡永宏,贺恩辉.综合评价方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:167～188
203贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):217～222
204 Hoglund,J.H.Grazing Intensity and Soil Nirogen Accumulation.Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 1985, 46:65～69
205 Dormaar, Johan F.Impacts of Rotational Grazing on Mixed Prairie Soil and Vegetation.Jouranl of .Range Manage. 1997,50:647～651
2联合国开发计划署,联合国环境规划署,世界银行,世界资源研究所.世界资源报告(2000～2001)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2000,44
3张新时.草地的气候-植被关系及其优化生态-生产范式[J],中国草地的经济效益,北京:中国高等科学技术中心,2000
4陈佐忠,汪诗平,王艳芬.内蒙古典型草原生态系统定位研究最新进展[J].植物学进展,2003,20(4):423～427
5 White R., S. Murray and M. Rohweder. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems Technical Report. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2000
6 China National Committee for the Imp lementation of the U nit-ed N ations Convention to Combat Desertification (CC ICCD).China country paper to combat desertification [M]. Beijing: China Fo restry Publishing House,1997
7肖力宏等.草地退化的原因及退化草地改良的研究[J].科学管理研究,2004,8:27～29
8李博.中国北方草地退化及其防治对策[J].中国农业科学,1997,30 (6):1～9
9刘钟龄,王炜,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干早区资源与环境,2002,1: 84～91
10任海,彭少麟.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,37
11候扶江,南志标,肖金玉等.重牧退化草地的植被、土壤及其耦合特征[J].应用生态学报,2002,8(13) :915～922
12李永宏.放牧影响下羊草草原和大针茅草原植物多样性的变化[J].植物学报,1993,35 (11) :877～884
13李青丰,胡春元,王明玖等.锡林郭勒草原生态环境劣化原因诊断及治理对策[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2003,34(2):166～172
14王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,郝敦元等.羊草+大针茅草原群落退化演替机理的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24 (4): 468～472
15王存志,照那斯图等.灾害与锡林郭勒草地退化、沙漠化[J].灾害学,1996,11(3):42～45
16姚爱兴,李平等.不同放牧制度下对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报,1996,4(2):95～102
17杨利民,王仁忠,李建东等.松嫩平原主要草原群落放牧干扰梯度对植物多样性的影响[J].草地学报,1999,1(7):8～15
18张伟华,关世英,李跃进等.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分、养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2000,4(14):61～64
19赵晓霞,孙静萍等.典型草原放牧后植物种的多样性分析[J].中国草地,2000,2:21～23
20中国科学院内蒙古宁夏自然资源综合考察队,1985:内蒙古植被[M],科学出版社,854～856
21中国植被编辑委员会,1980:中国植被[M],科学出版社,1080～1094
22 Zhu Z D, Chen G T S and desertification in China. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 39～47
23 Ellison L. The influence of grazing on plant succession. Botanical Review,1965,26:1～78
24陈佐忠,汪诗平.中国典型草原生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,125～156
25汪诗平.内蒙古典型草原糙隐子草种群补偿性生长机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(4):413～418
26贾树海.牧压梯度上土壤物理性质的变化.草原生态系统研究(第5集)[M].科学出版社,1997: 12～15
27李永宏.内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原和克氏针茅草原在放牧影响下的分异和趋同[J].植物生态学和地植物学学报,1988,12(3):189～196
28李永宏,汪诗平.草原植物对家畜放牧的营养繁殖对策初探.草原生态系统研究,第5集[M],科学出版社,1999,23～31
29汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷篙小禾草草原植物多样性的影响及其机理的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(1):89～96
30李永宏.放牧影响下羊草草原和大短花针茅草原植物多样性的变化[J].植物学报,1993,35(11):877～884
31 Mcintyre S., Heard KM, Martin T G. The relative importance of cattle grazing in subtropical grasslands : does it reduce or enhance plant biodiversity Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,40(3):445～457
32 Green D R. Rangeland restoration projects in western New south wales [J].Australian Rangeland Journal,1989,11 (2):110～116
33杨利民,韩梅,李建东.松嫩平原主要草地群落放牧退化演替阶段的划分[J].草地学报,1996,4 ( 4) :281～287
34陈全胜,李凌浩,韩兴国,阎志丹,王艳芬,袁志友.水热条件对锡林河流域典型草原退化群落土壤呼吸的影响[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):202～209
35肖运峰,李世英.羊草草原放牧退化演替及其退化原因分析[J].中国草地,1980 3:20～27
36贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):217～225
37关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997,(3):39～43
38王仁忠,李建东.松嫩平原碱化羊草草地放牧空间演替规律的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(3): 277～281
39 Haynes R j, Williams P H. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy, 1993,49:118～199
40汪诗平,李永宏.不同放牧率和放牧时期绵羊粪便中各化学成分的变化及与所食牧草各成分间的关系[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(2): 49～56
41 Young IM. Biophysical interactions at the root-soil interface : A review. J A gric Sci, 1998,130:1～7
42 Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1997, Research on Grassland Ecosystem,No.5. Beijing : Science Press.62～69 (in Chinese)
43李博等.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原自然资源与环境研究[M].科学出版社,1990: 150
44陈佐忠.我国天然草地生态系统的退化及其调控.中国土地退化防治研究[M].中国科技出版社,1988: 86～89
45李绍良.内蒙古草原土壤退化过程及其评价指标体系的研究.国家自然科学重大基金项目“北方草地优化生态模式研究”学术讨论会论文[M].1995
46 Raupach M. Studies in the variation of soil reaction. II. Seasonal variations at Baroga,N.S.W. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1951,2:73～82
47 Trangmar B B, Yost R S, Wade M K, Uehara G and Sudjadi M. Spatial variation of soil properties and eice yield on recently cleared land.Soil Sci.Soc.of Amer, [J]. 1987,51:668～674
48 Pigott C D and Taylor K. The distribution of some woodland herbs in relation to the supply of N and P in the soil. Journal of Ecology,1964,52:175～185
49 Vinton M A and Burke I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass'steppe. Ecology,1995,76:1116～1133
50 Chen J and Stark J M.Plant species effects and carbon and nitrogen cycling in sagebrush crested wheatgrass soil.Soil Biology& Biochemistry,2000,32:47～57
51张其水,俞新妥.连栽杉木林的根系研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1991,15(4): 374～379
52 Ronald L,Hendrck, Kurt S.The dynamic of fine root length, biomass,and nitrogen content in twonorthern hardwood ecosystem[J].Canada Journal of Forestry Research,1993,(23): 2507～2520
53刘秉正,王幼民,李凯荣,等.人工刺槐林改良土壤的初步研究[J]西北林学院学报,1987,2(1):48～57
54 Sainju U M,Good D E.Vertical root distribution in relation to soil properties inNew Jersy Pine land forest [J].Plant and Soil,1993,(50): 87-97
55李勇,朱显谟,田积莹.黄土高原植物根系提高土壤抗冲性的有效性[J].科学通报,1991,(12):2～7
56 Vinton M A and Burke I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass'steppe. Ecology,1995,76:1116～1133
57 Pastor J,Aber J D,McClaugherty C A and Melillo J M. Aboveground production and Nand P cycling along a nitrogen mineralization gradient on Blandhawk Island,WI.Ecology, 1984, 65:256～268
58 Hobbie S E.Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7:336～339
59 Finzi A C,Breemen N and Canham C D.Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: Species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen.Ecological Applications, 1998,8:440～446
60 Janssens F,Peeters A,Bakker J P,Bekker R M,Fillat F and Oomes M J M.Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity.Plant and Soil,1998,202:69～78
61 Passioura J B.Soil structure and plant growth.Aust.J.Soil Res,1991,29: 717～728
62 Vitousek P M,Gosz J R,Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A.A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems.Ecological Monographs,1982,52: 155～177
63 Birk E M and Vitousek P M.Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly pine stands.Ecology,1986,67: 69～79
64 Zak D R and Pregitzer K S.Nitrate assimilation by herbaceous ground flora in late successional forests.Journal of Ecology,1988,76: 537～546
65 Inouye R S,Huntly N J,Tilman D and Tester J R. Pocket gophers (Geomys buesarius)vegetation, and soil nitrogen along a successional sere in east central Minesota.Oecologia (Berlin),1987,72:178～184
66 Zak D R,Host G E and Pregitzer K S.Regional variability in nitrogen mineralization,nitrification and overstory biomass in northern lower Michigan.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1989,19: 1521～1526
67 Shiyomi M.Spatial pattern changes in aboveground plant biomass in a grazing pasture.Ecol.Res,1998,13: 313～322
68 ]Hook P B,Burke I C and Lauenroth W K.Heterogeneity of soil and plant N and C associated with individual plants and openings in North American shortgrass steppe.Plant and Soil,1991,138: 247～256
69 GR IM E J P.Biodiversity and ecosystem function P the debate deepens.Science 1997,277P1:260～261
70 Tilman D.Secondary successions and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecol. Monogr, 1987, 57: 189～214
71陈灵芝,陈伟烈,韩兴国.贺金生中国退化生态系统研究[M]北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995 246
72李德新.放牧对克氏针茅草原影响的初步研究[J].中国草原,1980,4(1):1～8
73刘显芝,魏绍成.对退化草场几个问题的探讨[J].中国草原,1983,(3):63～66
74昭和斯图,祁永.内蒙古短花针茅草原放牧退化序列的研究[J].中国草地,1987,1:29～35
75程积民,万惠娥.中国黄土高原植被建设与水土保持[M ].北京:中国林业出版社,2002
76王晗生,刘国彬,王青宁.流域植被整体防蚀作用及其景观结构剖析[J].水土保持学报,2000, 14 (5):73
77李青丰,胡春元,王明玖.浑善达克地区生态环境劣化原因分析及治理对策[J].干旱区资源与环境,2001,15 (3) :9～16
78陈世横,张吴,王立群等.中国北方草地植物根系「M].长春:吉林大学出版社,2001,489～496
79李永宏.内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议[J].植物生态学,1994,18(1):68～79
80沼田真,姜恕译.草地调查法手册[M].北京:科学出版社,175～206
81曹勇宏,林长纯,王德利,等.农田-草原景观界面中植被恢复的空间特征[J].东北师大学报自然科学
82 Dysterhuis E J.Condition and management of range land based on quantitative ecology [J].Journal of Range Management 1949,2:104～115
83王德利,吕新龙,罗卫东.不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析[J].草业学报,1996,5 ( 3):28～33
84任继周.草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998
85 A llen E B,CovingtonW,Falk D A.Develop ing the concep tual basis fo r resto ration eco logy.R estoration E cology,1997, 5:275～726
86曲国辉,郭继勋.松嫩平原不同演替阶段植物群落和土壤特性的关系[J].草业学报,2003,1 (12):18～22
87 J ia S H,Cui X M ,L i S L,et al.Changes of so il physical attributes along grazing gradient.In: InnerMongo lia Grassland Eco system Research Station,ed.R esearch on Grassland E cosy stem N o. 5.Beijing: Science P ress,1996,12～16
88 Melinda A W,T rlica M J,F rasier GW,et al. Seasonal grazing affects so il physical p roperties of a montane riparian community.J.R ang eM anag e,2002,55: 49～56
89 L i X Z,Chen Z Z.Influnence of stock ing rates on C,N,P contents in p lant2so il system. A cta A g restia S inica,1998, 6 (2):90～98
90关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997(3):39～43
91安渊,李博,杨持.内蒙古大针茅草原草地生产力及其可持续利用研究.I放牧系统植物地上现存量动态研究[J].草业学报,2001,10(2):22～27。
92刘兆顺.吉林省西部草原区土壤的理化性质及其与草地退化的相关性研究[D].长春:长春科技大学,2000 :31～32
93 Balloni W,Favilli F.1987.Effects of agricultural practices on thephysical,chemical and biological properties of soils:PartI--Effectof some agricultural practices on the biological soil fertility[A].Barth HL,eds.Scientific Basis for Soil Protection in the Euro--pean Community[C].Elsevier ASP:Barking,Essex,161～179
94 Brussaard L.1994.An appraisal of the dutch programme on soil ecology of arable farming systems (1985～1992).A gric.E—cosyst.Envi ron,51:1～6.
95 SmithJL, PaulEA. The significance of soil microbial biomass estimations[A].Bollag JM,eds. Soil Biochemistry[C] . New York:Marcel Dekker, 1990,357～398
96 Bardgett R D,ones A C,Jones D L,et al.Soil microbial community patterns related to the history and intensity of grazing in sub--montane ecosystems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12～13):1653～1664
97 Kennedy AC, Smith KL. Soil microbial diversity and the sustainability of agricultural soils.Plant Soil, 1995,170:75～86
98安渊,徐柱,阎志坚.不同退化梯度草地植物和土壤的差异.中国草地,1999,4:31～36
99 Wardle DA, Barker GM. Competition and herbivory inestab--lishing grassland communities: Implications for plant biomass,species and soil microbial activity. Oikos, 1997,80 (3):470～480
100朱兴运,任继周,沈禹颖.河西走廊山地—绿洲—荒漠草地农业生态系统的运行机制与模式[J].草业科学,1995,(3):1～5
101陈庆诚,赵松岭,杨凤翔.针茅草原放牧演替中种群消长的数学模型[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,1981,(04)
102杨持,叶波.不同草原群系植物种多样性比较研究[J ].内蒙古大学学报,1994,25 (2):209～214
103王刚.草场放牧衰退演替阶段划分的一种方法—生境梯度分析法[J].中国草地学报,1984,(02)
104 Whittaker, Whittaker R H, Woodwell G M. Ordination of Plant communities [M].1978.63～65
105李守虔.亚高山草甸嵩草植被放牧衰退演替阶段的数值分类[J],植物学报,1984,26(3):202～208
106李永宏.内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议[J].植物生态学报,1994,18 (1):68～779
107赵松龄等.针茅草原放牧衰退演替阶段的模糊数学分类[J].植物学报,1982,24(4) 366～373
108李晓军.针茅草原放牧衰退演替阶段的模糊聚类分析[J].生态学报,1989,9(2)51～56
109王仁忠,李建东.采用系统聚类分析法对羊草草地放牧演替阶段的划分[J].生态学报,1991,4
110 Ren J Z, Wan C G. System coupling and desert-oasis agro-ecosystem. Acta Pratacult Sin, 1994,3(3):1～8 (in Chinese)
111 Ren J Z, Zhu X Y. The basic patternand its system discordance of grassland in Hexi Corridor of China.Acta Pratacult Si n, 1995,4 (1):69～79 (in Chinese)
112 Hamilton EW, Giovannini MS, Moses SA, et al. Biomassand mineral element responses of a Serengeti short-grass species tonitrogen supply and defoliation: Compensation requires a critical Oecologia, 1998, 116 (3):407～418
113 Illius AWO, Cornor TG. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecol A ppl, 1999, 9 (3):798～813
115 Mcnaughton SJ, Banyikwa FF, Mcnaughton MM. Promo-tion of the cycling of diet-enhancing nutrients by African grazers.Science, 2001, 278:1798
116吴虎山,宝拄.呼伦贝尔天然草原退化原因及治理对策[J].内蒙古草业,2006,6
117中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M] ,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994,134
118中国呼伦贝尔草地编委会,中国呼伦贝尔草地[M],长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992,110
119毛文永.生态环境影响评价概论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,31
120章祖同.呼伦贝尔草原类型及生产力的初步研究.草地资源研究(章祖同文集)[M],呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,2004,13～44
121李世英,萧运峰.内蒙呼盟莫达木吉地区羊草草原放牧演替阶段的初步划分[J].植物生态学与地植物学丛刊.1965,3(2):200～217
122李博,孙鸿良,曾泗弟.呼伦贝尔牧区草场植被资源及其利用方向的探讨.内蒙古大学地植物学教研室.植物生态学科研成果汇编(一)[M],1982:414～424
123孙金铸.呼伦贝尔草原的环境整治与发展前途[J].干旱区资源与环境,1987,(1):114
124赵一之.呼伦贝尔草原区的植物资源及其开发利用保护意见[J].干旱区资源与环境,1987,(2):107—114
125潘学清,吕新龙,李章春等.呼伦贝尔主要天然草场生产力和放牧演替规律初步研究[J].中国草地,1987,(3):37～38
126潘学清,冯国钧,魏绍成等.中国呼伦贝尔草地[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1992
127杨殿林,张明.影响天然草地初级生产力的主要因素[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1992,(11):14～17
128吕世海.呼伦贝尔沙化草地系统退化特征及围封效应研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005
129浦汉昕.呼伦贝尔盟的沙地植被及草场特性[J].自然资源,1986,(4):76～831
130吕世海,卢欣石,曹帮华.呼伦贝尔草地风蚀沙化地土壤种子库多样性研究[J ].中国草地,2005,27 (3):5～10
131中国21世纪议程—中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994,134
132毛文永.生态环境影响评价概论[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998,31
133沼田真.草原调查手册[M].北京:科学出版社,1986,208～209
134姜恕,李博,王义凤.草地生态研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1988,15～22
135季天委.重铬酸钾容量法中不同加热方式测定土壤有机质的比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2005,17 (5):311～313
136马履一,翟明普,林平.京西山地土壤理化性质的分布[J].北京林业大学学报,1999,21 (1):32～37
137杨江龙,李生秀.土壤供氮能力测试方法与指标[J].土壤通报,2005,36 (6):1～3
138许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社,1986,49～52
139马克平.生物群落多样性的测度生物多样性研究的原理与方法[M].北京.中国科学技术出版社,1994,141～165
140闫瑞瑞.不同放牧制度对短花针茅荒漠草原植被与土壤影响的研究[D]内蒙古农业大学, 2008
141李柏年.模糊数学及其应用,合肥工业大学出版社[M],2007,77
142高安社.羊草草原放牧草地生态系统健康评价[D].内蒙古农业大学,2005
143 Sala O E, Oesterheld M, Leon R J C and Soriano A. Grazing effects upon plant community structure in subhumid grasslands of Argentina.Vegetatio, 1996,67:27～32
144王炜,刘钟龄,郝敦元,梁存柱.内蒙古典型草原退化群落恢复演替的研究.11.恢复演替时间进程的分析[J].植物生态学报,1996,20(5):460～471
145张荣祖.横断山区干早河谷[M].北京:科学出版社,1992
146张金屯.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995,44～78
147程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱区草地植被的影响[J].草地与牧草,1991,(6):29～31
148王仁忠.放牧和刈割干扰对松嫩草原羊草草地影响的研究[J].生态学报,1998,2:210～214
149李永宏.植物及植物群落对不同放牧率的反应[J].中国草地,1999,(3):11～19
150汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J].植物学报,2001,43(1):89～96
151王德利,吕新龙,罗为东.不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析[J].草业学报,1996,5(2):28～33
152 Ellison L.The influence of grazing on plant succession. Botanical Review,1960,26 : 78
153孙海群,周禾.混播人工草地退化演替过程中某些群落结构特征的研究[J].草业学报,1999,7(1):54～61
154张耀生.高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002 , 13 (3):285～289
155呼天明,王培,姚爱兴,等.多年生黑麦草白三叶人工草地放牧演替及群落稳定性的研究[ J ].草业学报,1995,4 (2):52～157.
156程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱区草地植被的影响[J].草地与牧草,1991,(6):29～31
157王仁忠.放牧和刈割干扰对松嫩草原羊草草地影响的研究.生态学报,1998, 2:210—214
158张耀生.高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究[J].应用生态学报,2002 , 13 (3):285～289.
159刘振国,李福生,乌兰.退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性[J].生态学报,2006,(02):475～482
160刘东霞.呼伦贝尔退化草地植被演替特征研究[J].干旱区环境与资源,2008,(8):103～109
161钱迎请,甄仁德主编.生物多样性进展「M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994
162 Whittaker,R H.Evo1ution and measurement of species diversity[J].Taxon, 1972, 21:213～251
163 Wilson M V,Schmida A.Measuring beta diversity with presence-absence data[J].Journal Ecology,1984,(72):1055～1064
164曹成有,寇振武,蒋德明,等.科尔沁沙地丘间地植被演变的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000, 24(3):262～267
165 A llen E B,CovingtonW ,Falk D A. Develop ing the concep tual basis fo r resto ration ecology[J]. R estoration Ecology,1997,5: 275～726.
166候扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486～495
167戎郁萍.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23 (4): 41～47
168秦钟,周兆德.土壤物理性质变化简析[J].海南大学学报自然科学版,2002,20 (4): 379～385
169关世英.草原暗栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草原,1997,(3):39～43
170 S.T.特鲁吉尔英国1985,土壤与植被系统[M],科学出版社,36～50
171 Vitousek P M, Gosz J R, Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A. A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs, 1982, 52: 155～177
172 Birk E M and Vitousek l M.nine stands- Ecology Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly 1986,67: 69～79
173 Zak D R and Pregitzer K S. Nitrate assimilation by herbaceous ground flora in late successional forests. Journal of Ecology, 1988, 76: 537～546
174李洪远,鞠美庭.生态恢复的原理与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2005,120～251
175杜晓军.生态系统退化程度诊断:生态恢复的基础与前提[J].植物生态学报,2003,27 (5) :700～708
176刘钟龄.内蒙古草原退化与恢复演替机理的探讨[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16 (1):84～90
177 Costanza R,Norton G B,Haskell B D.Ecosystem Healt h :New goals for environment management [M].Washington ,DC: Island Press,2004,19～21
178王德利,杨利民.草地生态系统与管理利用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,312～316.
179周华坤,赵新全,周立,等.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究[J ] .草业科学
180贾树海,崔学明,李绍良等.牧压梯度上土壤物化性质的变化.中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站编.草原生态系统研究(第5集) [M],北京:科学出版社,1996,12～16
181李绍良,陈有君,关世英,康师安.土壤退化与草地退化关系的研究[J].干早区资源与环境,2002,16(1): 92～95
182王玉辉,何兴元,周光胜.放牧强度对羊草草原的影响[J].草地学报,2002,10(1):46～49
183张伟华,关世英,李跃进.不同软压强度对草原土壤水分,养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干早区资源与环境,2000,14(4):61～64
184杜晓军.生态系统退化程度诊断.生态恢复的基础与前提[J].植物生态学报,2003,27
185杜晓军,高贤明,马克平.生态系统退化程度诊断.生态恢复的基础与前提[J],植物生态学报,2003,27 (5):700～708
186 Sampson, A.W.Plant succession in relation to range management.USDA Dept,Bull,1919
187 Foran, B.D.Range assessment and monitoring inarid lands: The use of classification and ordination in range survey. J.Environ.Mange.1986,22:67～84
188 Hacker, R.B. Use of reciprocol averaging ordination for the study of range condition gradients.J.Range Manage.1983,36:25～30
189 Pieper, R.D.and R.F.Beck., Range condition from an ecological perspective: Modification to recongnize multiple use objectives.J.Range Manage.1990,43:550～552
190 Dysterhuis, E.J.Condition and management of range land based on quantitative ecology,Journal of Range management,1949,2:104～115
191 Pellant, M.P.Shaver, D.Pyke and J.E.Herrick, Interpreting indicators of rangehealth. Version 4.0. Interagency Technical Reference. U.S.Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Mangement, Dever, CO.2000
192白永飞,李凌浩,王其兵.锡林河流域草原群落植物多样性和初级生产力沿水热梯度变化的样带研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(6):667～673
193王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系[J] .应用与环境生物学报,2004 ,10 (1) :18～22
194杨小波,张桃林,吴庆书.海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系[J].生态学报,2002,22 (2) :190～196
195张林静,岳明,顾峰雪.新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带主要植物种的生态位分析[J].生态学报,2002,13 (6):658～662
196阮桂海等. SAS统计分析实用大全[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003
197 Janssens F, Peeters A, Bakker J P, Bekker R M, Fillat F and Oomes M J M. Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant and Soil, 1998, 202:69～78
198 Vitousek P M, Gosz J R, Grier C C, Melillo J M and Refiners W A. A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs, 1982, 52:155～177
199 Birk E M and Vitousek 1' M.nine stands- Ecology Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use effciency in loblolly 1986,67: 69-79
200 Raupach M. Studies in the variation of soil reaction. II. Seasonal variations at Baroga, N.S.W. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1951,2:73～82
201 Trangmar B B, Yost R S, Wade M K, Uehara G and Sudjadi M. Spatial variation of soil properties and eice yield on recently cleared land. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer, J.1987,51:668～674
202胡永宏,贺恩辉.综合评价方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:167～188
203贾树海,王春枝,孙振涛.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报,1999,7(3):217～222
204 Hoglund,J.H.Grazing Intensity and Soil Nirogen Accumulation.Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 1985, 46:65～69
205 Dormaar, Johan F.Impacts of Rotational Grazing on Mixed Prairie Soil and Vegetation.Jouranl of .Range Manage. 1997,50:647～651