氧气区域生态补偿及其模型构建研究
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摘要
生态补偿作为一种使外部环境成本内部化的有效的环境经济管理手段,是近年来研究的热点问题。随着社会的发展和工业化进程的加深,人类在获得社会发展对人类物质文化需求满足的同时,也极大的危害了人类的生存环境。而生态补偿机制是经济不断发展与资源环境有限之间矛盾运动的必然产物。构建生态补偿机制,还原生态价值,有利于缩小区际间的差距,同时也符合时代和谐发展的主旋律。现目前以森林、湿地、矿产资源、流域等为对象的生态补偿理论已经比较成熟,而以被人们误以为“用之不尽,耗之不竭”的氧气为研究对象的研究却很少。但人类可能面临着氧气枯竭的威胁,并没有引起人们的高度重视。本文以氧气为研究对象,提出氧气区域生态补偿这一新课题,在此领域力图建立相应的生态补偿机制,控制氧气的消耗量,保护氧气的释放源泉,在保护生态的同时保护人类的生存权和发展权,并以此为基础为转移支付理论提供新的理论依据和方法指导。
首先,本文总结了国内外关于生态补偿的开展和实施情况,借助价值理论、外部性理论、区域发展理论、转移支付理论及社会和谐发展理论,系统分析了氧气区域生态补偿的理论依据。简述了地球氧气环境问题现状及“氧气枯竭”的危害,认为对氧气区域生态补偿进行研究和制定相关政策是迫在眉睫的事情。
其次,文章系统分析了氧气消耗的主要途径和陆地氧气补充的主要途径,其中氧气消耗的主要途径是：传统燃料燃烧消耗、新型燃料燃烧消耗(氢能源)、人类呼吸排泄物氧气及人类生活垃圾氧化、工业中排放的废气废水氧化消耗。氧气消耗补充的主要途径是：森林、草地、湿地、城市绿化的植被光合作用释放。利用数据和资料分析了氧气浓度下降的主要原因：传统矿物燃料的大量燃烧、森林面积的大幅减少、人口的迅猛增加、氢能源的开发使用。在此基础上利用氧气消耗总量和氧气补充总量的差额建立了氧气区域生态补偿的模型：氧气释放总量M＝(?),氧气消耗总量N＝(?),氧气补偿费:K＝a~*V~*(M-N)。之后又分析了氧气区域生态补偿的主体、补偿标准及补偿金的使用等问题。
再次,通过建立的氧气区域生态补偿模型,以省为区域单位,在收集得到的各种数据基础上进行了分析。分析结果显示：一般而论,在经济发达的省区,其大气氧气浓度在日益降低,经济欠发达地区的大气氧气浓度相对而言,保持着稳定或相对增长,这为财政转移支付理论提供新的理论依据和方法指导。但是我们也注意到,在经济发展相对滞后的少部分地区,大气氧气浓度也在降低,其原因有待进一步的分析,因此,国家补偿应是氧气区域生态补偿的主要形式。
最后,文章系统分析了氧气区域生态补偿金支付到位的保障机制,主要有：建立和完善氧气区域生态补偿的法律法规体系。尽快完善相关法律法规,解决氧气区域生态补偿的法律缺位问题;从法律上明确氧气区域生态补偿责任和各生态主体的义务,为氧气区域生态补偿机制的规范化运作提供法律依据;政府要进一步发挥主导性作用,制定相关政策,严格监督氧气区域生态补偿,采用综合生态管理的方法指导氧气区域生态保护与建设活动;建立健全氧气区域生态补偿机制的激励政策,鼓励社会、民间资本投入氧气生态的保护与治理领域,完善财政转移支付制度;建立协调保障机制,政府作为氧气区域生态补偿的最大补偿主体,应该综合考虑国家宏观调控目标和各地区实际情况,协调各地区氧气生态保护和经济的平衡发展;建立市场竞争机制,利用市场手段和经济激励政策来提高氧气区域生态补偿效益。
The Ecol-compensation is regarded as a kind of effective environmental economics and management measure, which has been the hot issue in recent years. With the development of society and the deepening of the process of Industrialization, the human material culture needs have been satisfied fully, however, the human living environment also suffers from the great harm. Constructing the Eco- compensation mechanism and restoring the Ecological value is good to narrow the gap of interdistrict , and is in line with the main melody of our times that is Harmonious and Development. And now, the theories of Eco-compensation which aim at forest, wetland, mineral resources and drainage basin are matured, but the research on oxygen is rare, because oxygen is always counted as the inexhaustible power. However, human has pay a little attention on the potential threaten of oxygen depletion. The thesis is based upon the research of oxygen, and puts forward a new Study about the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation , and tries to construct the Eco-Compensation mechanism, which could control the consume of the oxygen and protect the source of oxygen released to guarantee the living rights and developing rights of human being. What's more, this thesis hopes to supply a new rationale and measure to the theory of fiscal transfers.
At the first place, the thesis has summarized how the Ecological Compensation is carried out and implements in China and other countries, and analyses the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation systematically by means of the theory of value, the theory of externality, the theory of regional development, the theory of transfers, and the theory of the Harmonious Development of Society. Then the thesis simply describes the problems of the oxygen environment on the earth and the harm of oxygen depletion, and comes to the conclusion that it is extremely urgent to research the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation and formulate the related policies.
Secondly, the thesis analyses the main means to consume oxygen and to compensate the terrestrial oxygen. The main means to consume oxygen include: burning the traditional fuel, burning the new fuel(hydrogen), human respiration, oxygenation of domestic waste and oxygenation of the industrial exhausted fuel and water. The main means to compensate the terrestrial oxygen is releasing oxygen by the photosynthesis of the forest, glassland, wetland and the urban vegetation cover. The thesis also analyses the leading reasons to descend the concentration of oxygen by data and materials, which include: burning the traditional fuel heavily, decreasing forest greatly, promoting population dramatically and the exploitation and usage of the hydrogen. The writer builds a model in view of the difference of gross oxygen consumed and gross oxygencompensated:M＝(?)(gross oxygen released),N＝(?)(gross oxygenconsumed), K＝a~*V~*(M-N)( gross oxygen compensated).After that,the thesis analyses the subjects of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation , the standard of compensation and the use of the compensation.
What's more, the thesis analyses the data which collected in the unit of province. And the result displays that generally speaking, the concentration of oxygen reduces day by day in the developed provinces, but in the underdevelopment provinces, the concentration of oxygen comparatively maintains stability or increases. Such result supplies the new rationale and measure guide to the theory of fiscal transfers. However, we find that, the concentration of oxygen in a spot of economically disadvantaged provinces still drops. Therefore, National compensation is the main model of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation .
The last but not the least, the thesis analyses the safeguard mechanisms to insure the compensation to be paid correctly and in time. The main points include: constructing and complementing the regulations and laws about the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation; clearing and definiting the responsibilities and obligation in law, which helps the mechanisms operate normatively; the government should make related policies to supervise the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation, and adopt the comprehensive ecological management measure to guide the protection and construction; constructing and perfecting the incentive policy to encourage the social and non-governmental capital to be leaded into such field; perfecting the system of fiscal transfers; constructing the coordination safeguard mechanism to make sure the governments have considered the national macroeconomic aims and the local physical truth ,and coordinate the protection of the oxygen ecology and the balanced development of economy; building the competitive mechanisms to enhance the efficiency of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation by the market measure and economic stimulation.
首先,本文总结了国内外关于生态补偿的开展和实施情况,借助价值理论、外部性理论、区域发展理论、转移支付理论及社会和谐发展理论,系统分析了氧气区域生态补偿的理论依据。简述了地球氧气环境问题现状及“氧气枯竭”的危害,认为对氧气区域生态补偿进行研究和制定相关政策是迫在眉睫的事情。
其次,文章系统分析了氧气消耗的主要途径和陆地氧气补充的主要途径,其中氧气消耗的主要途径是：传统燃料燃烧消耗、新型燃料燃烧消耗(氢能源)、人类呼吸排泄物氧气及人类生活垃圾氧化、工业中排放的废气废水氧化消耗。氧气消耗补充的主要途径是：森林、草地、湿地、城市绿化的植被光合作用释放。利用数据和资料分析了氧气浓度下降的主要原因：传统矿物燃料的大量燃烧、森林面积的大幅减少、人口的迅猛增加、氢能源的开发使用。在此基础上利用氧气消耗总量和氧气补充总量的差额建立了氧气区域生态补偿的模型：氧气释放总量M＝(?),氧气消耗总量N＝(?),氧气补偿费:K＝a~*V~*(M-N)。之后又分析了氧气区域生态补偿的主体、补偿标准及补偿金的使用等问题。
再次,通过建立的氧气区域生态补偿模型,以省为区域单位,在收集得到的各种数据基础上进行了分析。分析结果显示：一般而论,在经济发达的省区,其大气氧气浓度在日益降低,经济欠发达地区的大气氧气浓度相对而言,保持着稳定或相对增长,这为财政转移支付理论提供新的理论依据和方法指导。但是我们也注意到,在经济发展相对滞后的少部分地区,大气氧气浓度也在降低,其原因有待进一步的分析,因此,国家补偿应是氧气区域生态补偿的主要形式。
最后,文章系统分析了氧气区域生态补偿金支付到位的保障机制,主要有：建立和完善氧气区域生态补偿的法律法规体系。尽快完善相关法律法规,解决氧气区域生态补偿的法律缺位问题;从法律上明确氧气区域生态补偿责任和各生态主体的义务,为氧气区域生态补偿机制的规范化运作提供法律依据;政府要进一步发挥主导性作用,制定相关政策,严格监督氧气区域生态补偿,采用综合生态管理的方法指导氧气区域生态保护与建设活动;建立健全氧气区域生态补偿机制的激励政策,鼓励社会、民间资本投入氧气生态的保护与治理领域,完善财政转移支付制度;建立协调保障机制,政府作为氧气区域生态补偿的最大补偿主体,应该综合考虑国家宏观调控目标和各地区实际情况,协调各地区氧气生态保护和经济的平衡发展;建立市场竞争机制,利用市场手段和经济激励政策来提高氧气区域生态补偿效益。
The Ecol-compensation is regarded as a kind of effective environmental economics and management measure, which has been the hot issue in recent years. With the development of society and the deepening of the process of Industrialization, the human material culture needs have been satisfied fully, however, the human living environment also suffers from the great harm. Constructing the Eco- compensation mechanism and restoring the Ecological value is good to narrow the gap of interdistrict , and is in line with the main melody of our times that is Harmonious and Development. And now, the theories of Eco-compensation which aim at forest, wetland, mineral resources and drainage basin are matured, but the research on oxygen is rare, because oxygen is always counted as the inexhaustible power. However, human has pay a little attention on the potential threaten of oxygen depletion. The thesis is based upon the research of oxygen, and puts forward a new Study about the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation , and tries to construct the Eco-Compensation mechanism, which could control the consume of the oxygen and protect the source of oxygen released to guarantee the living rights and developing rights of human being. What's more, this thesis hopes to supply a new rationale and measure to the theory of fiscal transfers.
At the first place, the thesis has summarized how the Ecological Compensation is carried out and implements in China and other countries, and analyses the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation systematically by means of the theory of value, the theory of externality, the theory of regional development, the theory of transfers, and the theory of the Harmonious Development of Society. Then the thesis simply describes the problems of the oxygen environment on the earth and the harm of oxygen depletion, and comes to the conclusion that it is extremely urgent to research the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation and formulate the related policies.
Secondly, the thesis analyses the main means to consume oxygen and to compensate the terrestrial oxygen. The main means to consume oxygen include: burning the traditional fuel, burning the new fuel(hydrogen), human respiration, oxygenation of domestic waste and oxygenation of the industrial exhausted fuel and water. The main means to compensate the terrestrial oxygen is releasing oxygen by the photosynthesis of the forest, glassland, wetland and the urban vegetation cover. The thesis also analyses the leading reasons to descend the concentration of oxygen by data and materials, which include: burning the traditional fuel heavily, decreasing forest greatly, promoting population dramatically and the exploitation and usage of the hydrogen. The writer builds a model in view of the difference of gross oxygen consumed and gross oxygencompensated:M＝(?)(gross oxygen released),N＝(?)(gross oxygenconsumed), K＝a~*V~*(M-N)( gross oxygen compensated).After that,the thesis analyses the subjects of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation , the standard of compensation and the use of the compensation.
What's more, the thesis analyses the data which collected in the unit of province. And the result displays that generally speaking, the concentration of oxygen reduces day by day in the developed provinces, but in the underdevelopment provinces, the concentration of oxygen comparatively maintains stability or increases. Such result supplies the new rationale and measure guide to the theory of fiscal transfers. However, we find that, the concentration of oxygen in a spot of economically disadvantaged provinces still drops. Therefore, National compensation is the main model of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation .
The last but not the least, the thesis analyses the safeguard mechanisms to insure the compensation to be paid correctly and in time. The main points include: constructing and complementing the regulations and laws about the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation; clearing and definiting the responsibilities and obligation in law, which helps the mechanisms operate normatively; the government should make related policies to supervise the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation, and adopt the comprehensive ecological management measure to guide the protection and construction; constructing and perfecting the incentive policy to encourage the social and non-governmental capital to be leaded into such field; perfecting the system of fiscal transfers; constructing the coordination safeguard mechanism to make sure the governments have considered the national macroeconomic aims and the local physical truth ,and coordinate the protection of the oxygen ecology and the balanced development of economy; building the competitive mechanisms to enhance the efficiency of the Oxygenous Regional Eco-compensation by the market measure and economic stimulation.
引文
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