饵料、温度和盐度对刺参苗种生长与存活的影响研究
摘要
刺参是我国重要的经济养殖种类,既具有重要的营养价值,又具有重要的经济价值。环境因子是影响刺参生长与存活的重要因素,探索环境因子对稚参的影响模式,对促进养殖业的健康迅速发展有重要意义。本文分别研究了不同环境因子对中国刺参和日本红刺参的杂交稚参以及中国刺参的稚参的生长和存活的影响。主要结果如下:
1.不同饵料搭配对刺参浮游幼虫生长与变态成活的影响
研究4种单胞藻与海洋红酵母(Rhodomonas sp.)搭配以及单胞藻混合投喂对刺参浮游幼虫体长生长及变态存活率的影响。采用三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)和等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)与海洋红酵母分别以1:0、0.8:0.2、0.6:0.4、0.4:0.6、0.2:0.8和0:1的比例搭配投喂刺参浮游幼虫,观测浮游幼虫每天的体长变化以及变态成活率。结果表明,单胞藻与海洋红酵母以适当比例混合投喂能提高刺参幼虫的体长日增长率,单独投喂海洋红酵母的刺参变态成活率也显著高于单独投喂单胞藻组。采用两种单胞藻以0.5:0.5的比例混合投喂浮游幼虫,结果表明牟氏角毛藻与小新月菱形藻混合投喂组刺参浮游幼虫的变态成活率高于牟氏角毛藻与等鞭金藻的混合组。
2.温度和盐度对稚参温度耐受性的影响
试验研究青刺参在不同温度(23, 25和27°C)、盐度(25, 30和35‰)条件下暂养一定时间后的温度耐受性。试验分为两部分:逐渐升高温度和迅速升高温度。结果显示,暂养于不同条件下的稚参的GLT_(50) (LT_(50) of gradual change of temperature)和ALT_(50) (LT_(50) of abrupt change of temperature)与温度正相关,与盐度负相关。当温度以1°C h-1的速率升高时,暂养于23°C-35‰条件下的稚参的GLT_(50)为33.9°C,而暂养于27°C-25‰条件下的稚参的GLT_(50)为35.9°C。当稚参被突然转移到一系列高温海水中72h后,暂养于23°C-35‰条件下的稚参的ALT_(50)为28.3°C,而暂养于27°C-25‰条件下的稚参的ALT_(50)为30.1°C。
3.温度和盐度对杂交稚参的温度耐受性影响
实验研究青刺参与红刺参杂交的稚参在不同温度、盐度组合条件下暂养一定时间后的温度耐受性。设定三个温度梯度(22, 25和28°C)和三个盐度梯度(28, 33和38‰),由此组成9个不同的温度、盐度组合。杂交稚参在这9个预设的实验条件下暂养3周后,分别进行两个单独的小实验:逐渐升高温度和迅速升高温度,并计算出最高临界温度(CTMax)、最高存活温度(STMax)、半数致死温度(LT_(50))。当温度以每小时升高1°C的速率变化时,暂养在温度为28°C盐度为28‰条件下的稚参能耐受最高为34.9°C的水温,而暂养在温度为22°C盐度为38‰条件下的稚参只能耐受最高为32.9°C的温度。当温度迅速上升至一系列高温时,稚参的ALT_(50)的范围为29.3°C-31.3°C。实验结果表明稚参的温度耐受性与暂养温度正相关,与暂养盐度负相关。Two-way ANOVA双因子方差分析显示温度和盐度对两种实验方法下的稚参的LT_(50)有显著影响(P<0.05)。
4.温度和盐度对杂交稚参的盐度耐受性影响
实验采用青刺参和红刺参杂交稚参作为实验材料,研究暂养于不同温度(24,26和28°C)和不同盐度(27,32和37‰)条件下的杂交稚参的盐度耐受性。实验采用逐渐改变盐度以(2‰h~(-1)的速度)和迅速改变盐度两种方法。结果表明,杂交稚参的50% CSMax(critical salinity maximum,最高临界盐度),50% CSMin(critical salinity minimum,最低临界盐度),USTL(upper salinity tolerance limit,耐受盐度上限)和LSTL(lower salinity tolerance limit,耐受盐度下限),与盐度正相关,与温度负相关。当盐度以2‰h~(-1)的速度升高或降低时,暂养于27‰-28℃条件下的稚参存活率为100%时的盐度范围为15.0-33.0‰,而暂养于37‰-24℃条件下的稚参存活率为100%时的盐度范围为23.0-46.0‰。当稚参被迅速转移入一系列高盐盐度或低盐度海水中72h后,稚参的半数致死盐度范围相比于盐度渐变较窄。Two-way ANOVA分析表明盐度和温度对50% CSMax、50% CSMin、USTL和LSTL具有显著性影响(P<0.05)。
The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Selenka is an importantly commercial species in China because of its nutrition value and market value.Environmental factors can effect the growth and survival of the juveniles, so to explore the pattern of effect is important to the development of sea cucumber culture. The main results are following:
1. Effects of marine yeast (Rhodomonas sp.) and four different microalgal diets on larval growth and survival at metamorphosis in the sea cucumber A. japonicus
The effects of the mixtures of marine yeast Rhodomonas sp. and four types of microalgae and the mixtures of two different microalgae on the growth and survival rate at metamorphosis in A.japonicus were examined. The growth and survival at metamorphosis were observed in the A.japonicus larvae fed on a combined diet of Rhodomonas sp. and four types of microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima, Chaetoceros muelleri, and Isochrysis galbana) in the ratios of 1:0, 0.8:0.2, 0.6:0.4, 0.4:0.6, 0.2:0.8 and 0:1. The results indicate that when the microalgae were mixed with Rhodomonas sp. in appropriate ratio, the growth rate in body length of the larvae increased markedly. The survival at metamorphosis of the larvae fed on Rhodomonas sp. was obviously higher than those only fed on the microalgae. When two types of microalgae were mixed in the ratio of 1:1, the survival rate at metamorphosis of the larvae fed on the mixture of C. muelleri and N. closterium is clearly higher compared with those fed on the mixture of C. muelleri and I. galbana.
2. Effect of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the sea cucumber A.japonicus
Sea cucumber (A.japonicus) juveniles were examined for temperature tolerances at nine different environmental regimes (23, 25 and 27°C at 25, 30 and 35‰) by increasing temperature at a rate of 1°C h~(-1). They were also tested for the LT_(50) (median lethal temperature) when transferred directly into a series of higher temperature (27-33°C). The GLT_(50) (LT_(50) of gradual change of temperature) and ALT_(50) (LT_(50) of abrupt change of temperature) were increased directly with the acclimated temperature, but were inversely related to salinity. The GLT_(50) of the juveniles that maintained at 27°C and 25‰was 35.9°C, and those maintained at 23°C and 35‰was 33.9°C°C. The ALT_(50) of the juveniles that maintained at 27°C and 25‰was 30.1°C, and those maintained at 23°C and 35‰was 28.3°C°C.
3. Effect of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the juveniles that crossed by two color types of A.japonicus
The effects of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the juveniles which were crossed by two color types of A.japonicus (Red and Green) were examined.The juveniles were acclimated in different environmental conditions (22, 25 and 28°C combined with 28, 33 and 38‰) for 3 weeks, then examined for temperature tolerance by two experiences: increased temperature at a rate of 1°C h~(-1)and transferred directly into a series of higher temperature. The CTMax (critical thermal maximum), STMax (survival thermal maximum), LT_(50) (median lethal temperature) were positively correlated to the acclimated temperature, but negatively correlated to the acclimated salinity. When temperature increasing at a rate of 1°C h~(-1), the STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 28°C-28‰exhibited 34.9°C, higher than acclimated in the conditions of 22°C-38‰. When the juveniles were transferred directly into a series of higher temperature, the range of LT_(50) is between 29.3°C and 31.3°C. Two-way ANOVA showed that temperature and salinity had a significant effect on the LT_(50) (P<0.05).
4. Effect of salinity and temperature on salinity tolerance of the juveniles that crossed by two color types of A.japonicus
The effects of temperature and salinity on salinity tolerance of the juveniles which were crossed by two color types of A.japonicus (Red and Green) were examined. The juveniles acclimated in different environmental conditions (24, 26 and 28°C combined with 27, 32 and 37‰) for 3 weeks, then examined for salinity tolerance by two experiences: increased or decreased salinity at a rate of 2‰h~(-1) and transferred directly into a series of higher or lower salinity. The CSMax (critical salinity maximum), SSMax (survival salinity maximum), USTL (upper salinity tolerance limit) and LSTL (lower salinity tolerance limit) were positively correlated to the acclimated salinity, but negatively correlated to temperature. When salinity increasing or decreasing at a rate of 2‰h~(-1), the SSMin-STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 27‰-28℃were 15.0-33.0‰, but the SSMin-STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 37‰-24℃were 23.0-46.0‰. When the juveniles were transferred directly into a series of higher or lower salinity, the range of LS50 is narrower than the LS50 when salinity increasing or decreasing at a rate of 2‰h~(-1). Two-way ANOVA showed that temperature and salinity had a significant effect on 50% CSMax、50% CSMin、USTL and LSTL (P<0.05).
1.不同饵料搭配对刺参浮游幼虫生长与变态成活的影响
研究4种单胞藻与海洋红酵母(Rhodomonas sp.)搭配以及单胞藻混合投喂对刺参浮游幼虫体长生长及变态存活率的影响。采用三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)和等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)与海洋红酵母分别以1:0、0.8:0.2、0.6:0.4、0.4:0.6、0.2:0.8和0:1的比例搭配投喂刺参浮游幼虫,观测浮游幼虫每天的体长变化以及变态成活率。结果表明,单胞藻与海洋红酵母以适当比例混合投喂能提高刺参幼虫的体长日增长率,单独投喂海洋红酵母的刺参变态成活率也显著高于单独投喂单胞藻组。采用两种单胞藻以0.5:0.5的比例混合投喂浮游幼虫,结果表明牟氏角毛藻与小新月菱形藻混合投喂组刺参浮游幼虫的变态成活率高于牟氏角毛藻与等鞭金藻的混合组。
2.温度和盐度对稚参温度耐受性的影响
试验研究青刺参在不同温度(23, 25和27°C)、盐度(25, 30和35‰)条件下暂养一定时间后的温度耐受性。试验分为两部分:逐渐升高温度和迅速升高温度。结果显示,暂养于不同条件下的稚参的GLT_(50) (LT_(50) of gradual change of temperature)和ALT_(50) (LT_(50) of abrupt change of temperature)与温度正相关,与盐度负相关。当温度以1°C h-1的速率升高时,暂养于23°C-35‰条件下的稚参的GLT_(50)为33.9°C,而暂养于27°C-25‰条件下的稚参的GLT_(50)为35.9°C。当稚参被突然转移到一系列高温海水中72h后,暂养于23°C-35‰条件下的稚参的ALT_(50)为28.3°C,而暂养于27°C-25‰条件下的稚参的ALT_(50)为30.1°C。
3.温度和盐度对杂交稚参的温度耐受性影响
实验研究青刺参与红刺参杂交的稚参在不同温度、盐度组合条件下暂养一定时间后的温度耐受性。设定三个温度梯度(22, 25和28°C)和三个盐度梯度(28, 33和38‰),由此组成9个不同的温度、盐度组合。杂交稚参在这9个预设的实验条件下暂养3周后,分别进行两个单独的小实验:逐渐升高温度和迅速升高温度,并计算出最高临界温度(CTMax)、最高存活温度(STMax)、半数致死温度(LT_(50))。当温度以每小时升高1°C的速率变化时,暂养在温度为28°C盐度为28‰条件下的稚参能耐受最高为34.9°C的水温,而暂养在温度为22°C盐度为38‰条件下的稚参只能耐受最高为32.9°C的温度。当温度迅速上升至一系列高温时,稚参的ALT_(50)的范围为29.3°C-31.3°C。实验结果表明稚参的温度耐受性与暂养温度正相关,与暂养盐度负相关。Two-way ANOVA双因子方差分析显示温度和盐度对两种实验方法下的稚参的LT_(50)有显著影响(P<0.05)。
4.温度和盐度对杂交稚参的盐度耐受性影响
实验采用青刺参和红刺参杂交稚参作为实验材料,研究暂养于不同温度(24,26和28°C)和不同盐度(27,32和37‰)条件下的杂交稚参的盐度耐受性。实验采用逐渐改变盐度以(2‰h~(-1)的速度)和迅速改变盐度两种方法。结果表明,杂交稚参的50% CSMax(critical salinity maximum,最高临界盐度),50% CSMin(critical salinity minimum,最低临界盐度),USTL(upper salinity tolerance limit,耐受盐度上限)和LSTL(lower salinity tolerance limit,耐受盐度下限),与盐度正相关,与温度负相关。当盐度以2‰h~(-1)的速度升高或降低时,暂养于27‰-28℃条件下的稚参存活率为100%时的盐度范围为15.0-33.0‰,而暂养于37‰-24℃条件下的稚参存活率为100%时的盐度范围为23.0-46.0‰。当稚参被迅速转移入一系列高盐盐度或低盐度海水中72h后,稚参的半数致死盐度范围相比于盐度渐变较窄。Two-way ANOVA分析表明盐度和温度对50% CSMax、50% CSMin、USTL和LSTL具有显著性影响(P<0.05)。
The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Selenka is an importantly commercial species in China because of its nutrition value and market value.Environmental factors can effect the growth and survival of the juveniles, so to explore the pattern of effect is important to the development of sea cucumber culture. The main results are following:
1. Effects of marine yeast (Rhodomonas sp.) and four different microalgal diets on larval growth and survival at metamorphosis in the sea cucumber A. japonicus
The effects of the mixtures of marine yeast Rhodomonas sp. and four types of microalgae and the mixtures of two different microalgae on the growth and survival rate at metamorphosis in A.japonicus were examined. The growth and survival at metamorphosis were observed in the A.japonicus larvae fed on a combined diet of Rhodomonas sp. and four types of microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima, Chaetoceros muelleri, and Isochrysis galbana) in the ratios of 1:0, 0.8:0.2, 0.6:0.4, 0.4:0.6, 0.2:0.8 and 0:1. The results indicate that when the microalgae were mixed with Rhodomonas sp. in appropriate ratio, the growth rate in body length of the larvae increased markedly. The survival at metamorphosis of the larvae fed on Rhodomonas sp. was obviously higher than those only fed on the microalgae. When two types of microalgae were mixed in the ratio of 1:1, the survival rate at metamorphosis of the larvae fed on the mixture of C. muelleri and N. closterium is clearly higher compared with those fed on the mixture of C. muelleri and I. galbana.
2. Effect of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the sea cucumber A.japonicus
Sea cucumber (A.japonicus) juveniles were examined for temperature tolerances at nine different environmental regimes (23, 25 and 27°C at 25, 30 and 35‰) by increasing temperature at a rate of 1°C h~(-1). They were also tested for the LT_(50) (median lethal temperature) when transferred directly into a series of higher temperature (27-33°C). The GLT_(50) (LT_(50) of gradual change of temperature) and ALT_(50) (LT_(50) of abrupt change of temperature) were increased directly with the acclimated temperature, but were inversely related to salinity. The GLT_(50) of the juveniles that maintained at 27°C and 25‰was 35.9°C, and those maintained at 23°C and 35‰was 33.9°C°C. The ALT_(50) of the juveniles that maintained at 27°C and 25‰was 30.1°C, and those maintained at 23°C and 35‰was 28.3°C°C.
3. Effect of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the juveniles that crossed by two color types of A.japonicus
The effects of temperature and salinity on temperature tolerance of the juveniles which were crossed by two color types of A.japonicus (Red and Green) were examined.The juveniles were acclimated in different environmental conditions (22, 25 and 28°C combined with 28, 33 and 38‰) for 3 weeks, then examined for temperature tolerance by two experiences: increased temperature at a rate of 1°C h~(-1)and transferred directly into a series of higher temperature. The CTMax (critical thermal maximum), STMax (survival thermal maximum), LT_(50) (median lethal temperature) were positively correlated to the acclimated temperature, but negatively correlated to the acclimated salinity. When temperature increasing at a rate of 1°C h~(-1), the STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 28°C-28‰exhibited 34.9°C, higher than acclimated in the conditions of 22°C-38‰. When the juveniles were transferred directly into a series of higher temperature, the range of LT_(50) is between 29.3°C and 31.3°C. Two-way ANOVA showed that temperature and salinity had a significant effect on the LT_(50) (P<0.05).
4. Effect of salinity and temperature on salinity tolerance of the juveniles that crossed by two color types of A.japonicus
The effects of temperature and salinity on salinity tolerance of the juveniles which were crossed by two color types of A.japonicus (Red and Green) were examined. The juveniles acclimated in different environmental conditions (24, 26 and 28°C combined with 27, 32 and 37‰) for 3 weeks, then examined for salinity tolerance by two experiences: increased or decreased salinity at a rate of 2‰h~(-1) and transferred directly into a series of higher or lower salinity. The CSMax (critical salinity maximum), SSMax (survival salinity maximum), USTL (upper salinity tolerance limit) and LSTL (lower salinity tolerance limit) were positively correlated to the acclimated salinity, but negatively correlated to temperature. When salinity increasing or decreasing at a rate of 2‰h~(-1), the SSMin-STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 27‰-28℃were 15.0-33.0‰, but the SSMin-STMax of the juveniles acclimated in the conditions of 37‰-24℃were 23.0-46.0‰. When the juveniles were transferred directly into a series of higher or lower salinity, the range of LS50 is narrower than the LS50 when salinity increasing or decreasing at a rate of 2‰h~(-1). Two-way ANOVA showed that temperature and salinity had a significant effect on 50% CSMax、50% CSMin、USTL and LSTL (P<0.05).
引文
包振民,万俊芬,王继业,等.海洋经济贝类育种研究进展.青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32:567-573
蔡诗庆,孙世春.三株海洋酵母投喂海湾扇贝幼贝效果的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2005,35:955-960
陈品健,王重刚,郑森林.盐度影响真鲷幼鱼消化酶活力的研究.厦门大学学报,1998, 37:754-756
陈勇,高峰,刘国山,等.温度、盐度和光照周期对刺参生长及行为的影响.水产学报,2007,31:687-691
常亚青,丁君,宋坚,等.海参海胆生物学研究与养殖.北京:海洋出版社,2004
董双林,董云伟,张美昭等.变温对刺参生长、呼吸代谢及生化组成的影响.水产学报,2005a,29:659-665
董云伟,董双林,张美昭等.不同水温对刺参幼参生长、呼吸及体组成的影响.中国水产科学,2005b,12:33-37
董云伟,董双林.刺参对温度适应的生理生态学研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2009,39:908-912
何义朝,张福绥,王萍,等.墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力.海洋学报,1999,21:87-91
何义朝,张福绥,李宝泉.温度对墨西哥湾扇贝胚胎和幼虫发育的影响.海洋与湖沼,1999,30:284-289
龚海滨,王耀兵,邓欢,等.仿刺参对盐度的耐受能力研究.水产科学,2009,28:284-286
郭峰,柯才焕,周时强.不同单胞藻饵料培养九孔鲍早期稚贝的研究.中国水产科学,2007,14:263-269
李宝泉,杨红生,张涛,等.温度和体重对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼,2002, 33:182-187
李二超,陈立侨,顾顺樟,等.水产饲料蛋白源营养价值的评价方法.海洋科学,2009,33:113-117
李馥馨,刘永宏,宋本祥,等.海参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)夏眠习性研究:Ⅱ夏眠致因的探
讨.中国水产科学,1996,3:49-57
刘广丰,陈慧,沈和定,等.四种微藻对缢蛏稚贝暂养效果研究.水产科技情报,2009,36:44-47
李莉.中国青刺参和日本红刺参苗种培育的生物学研究.中国海洋大学,青岛,2009
廖玉麟.中国动物志海参纲.北京:科学出版社,1997
廖玉麟.我国的海参.生物学通报,2001,35:1-4
黄华伟,王印庚.海参养殖的现状、存在问题与前景发展.中国水产, 2007,10:50-53
胡美燕.刺参的种群杂交及环境因子对稚参生长与存活的影响研究.青岛:中国海洋大学,2009
邵铁凡.刺参稚参不同培育密度对生长的影响.河北渔业,2005,5:30-31
隋锡林,刘永襄,刘永峰,等.刺参生殖周期的研究,水产学报,1985,9:303-310
隋锡林,胡庆明.幼参人工配合饲料的研究.水产科学,1986,5:22-25
隋锡林.日本鲍、海胆、海参增养殖技术现状.水产科学,1987,6:30-35
隋锡林.海参增养殖.北京:农业出版社,1988:15-59
隋锡林.刺参人工育苗及养殖技术的进步与展望.水产科学,2004,23:29-31
魏国重.刺参工厂化育苗的关键技术.水产养殖,2008,1:24-26
王吉桥,隋晓楠,顾公明,等.不同饲料搭配及投喂量对仿刺参稚、幼参生长和成活的影响.水产科学,2008,27:55-58
肖培华,谭福伟,唐永新,等.刺参对较低盐度的适应试验.齐鲁渔业,2004,21:20-21
薛素燕,方建光,毛玉泽,等.高温下不同盐度对刺参幼参和1龄参呼吸排泄的影响.中国水产科学,2009,16:975-980
于东祥,宋本祥.池塘养殖刺参幼参的成活率变化和生长特点.中国水产科学,1999,6:109-110
于明志,常亚青.低温对不同群体仿刺参幼参某些生理现象的影响.大连水产学院院报,2008,23:31-36
袁秀堂,杨红生,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼.2006,37:348-354
尤仲杰,徐善良,边平江,等.海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响.海洋学报,2001,23:108-113
张春云,王印庚,荣小军,等.国内外海参自然资源、养殖状况及存在问题.海洋水产研究,2004,25:89-97
张辉,孙雪峰,尤宏争.不同单细胞藻类对日本对虾仔虾生长及存活率的影响.水产养殖,2008,29:24-27
张涛,杨红生,刘保忠,等.环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响.海洋与湖沼,2003,34:142-149
张晓燕.光对刺参稚参体色素影响的试验.海水养殖,1986,1:37-38
张硕,陈勇,孙满昌.光照对刺参行为特性和人工礁模型集参效果的影响.中国水产科学,2006,13:20-26
张风瀛等.刺参的人工养殖和增殖试验的初步报告.动物学杂志,1958,2:65-73
朱伟,麦康森,张百刚,等.刺参稚参对蛋白质和脂肪需要量的研究.海洋科学, 2005, 9:54-58
An Z H, Dong Y W, Dong S L. Effects of high temperature and ration on the growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus ( Selenka). Aquaculture, 2007, 272:644-648
Bell J, Agudo N, Purcell S, et al. Grow-out of sandfish Holothuria scabra in ponds shows that co-culture with shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris is not viable. Aquaculture, 2007, 273:509-519
Bhaud M, Cha J H, Duchêne J C, et al. In?uence of temperature on the marine fauna: What can be expected from climatic change. Thermal Biology, 1995, 20:91–104
Chen J C, Chen W C. Temperature tolerance of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity and temperature levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 1999, 124:73- 80
Chen J C, Chen W C. Salinity tolerance of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity and temperature levels. Aquaculture, 2000, 181:191-203
Chen J X. Present status and prospects of sea cucumber industry in China.In: Lovatelli A, Conand C, Purcell S, et al. Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. FAO, Rome, 2004, 25-38
Contteau P, Lavens P, Sorgeloos P. Bakers’yeast as a potential substitute for live algal in aquaculture diets: Artemia as a case study. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 1990, 21:1-9
Dong Y W, Dong S L.Growth and oxygen consumption of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) at constant and fluctuating water temperature.Aquaculture Research, 2006, 37:1327-1333
Dong Y W, Dong S L. Induced thermo tolerance and the expression of heat shock protein70 in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Fisheries Science, 2008, 74:573-578
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Ji T T. Effect of different thermal regimes on growth and physiological performance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Aquaculture,2008a, 275:329-334
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Meng X L. Effects of thermal and osmotic stress on growth, osmotic regulation and Hsp70 in s ea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka).Aquaculture,2008b, 276:179-186
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Tian X L, et al.Effects of diel temperature fluctuation on growth, oxygen consumption and proximate body composition in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Aquaculture, 2006, 255:514-521
Gireesh R, Gopinathan C P. Effects of microalgal diets on larval growth and survival of Paphia malabarica chemnitz.Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:552-556
Hecht T. Behavioural thermoregulation of the abalone, Haliotismidae, and the implication for intensive culture Aquaculture, 1994, 126:171-181
Hernández R M, Díaz H F. Interacción de la temperatura y la salinidad sobre la excreción de amonio y osmorregulación en Penaeus aztecus (Crustacea:Peneidae). Caribbean Journal of Science, 1995, 31:284–288
Hoang T, Lee S Y, Keenan C P, et al. Cold tolerance of banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis de Man and its growth at different temperatures. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33:21-26
Hochachka P W, Somero G N. Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Processin Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press US. 2002.
Hu M Y, Li Q, Li L. Effect of salinity and temperature on salinity tolerance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fishery Science, 2010, 76:267–273
Laing I. Effect of salinity on growth and survival of king scallop spat (Pecten maximus). Aquaculture, 2002, 205:171– 181
Ismar S, Hansen T, Sommer U. Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development.Marine Biology, 2008, 154:335-343
James C M, Dias P, Assad E. Salman. The use of marine yeast (Candida sp.) and bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in combination with Chlorella sp. for mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.Hydrobiologia, 1987, 147:263-268
Jangoux Mer. Laurence. Echinoderm nutrition. Rotterdam, Balkema 1982, 654
Jian C Y, Cheng S Y, Chen J C. Temperature and salinity tolerances of yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus, at different salinity and temperature levels. Aquaculture Research, 2003, 34:175-185
Ji T T, Dong Y W, Dong S L.Growth and physiological responses in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka: aestivation and temperature. Aquaculture, 2008, 283:180-187
Juliana Baylon, Hiroshi Suzuki. Effects of changes in salinity and temperature on survival and development of larvae and juveniles of the crucifix crab Charybdis feriatus (Crustacea: Decapoda:Portunidae). Aquaculture, 2007.269:390–401
Kinne O.MarineEcology, vol.1, Environmentalfactors.Wiley-Interscience, London 1971, 821-995
Kιr M, Kumlu M. Effect of temperature and salinity on low thermal tolerance of Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeidae). Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:1101-1106
Li H Y, Hong S Y.The effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of Crangon uritai (Decapoda: Crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory. Marine Ecology, 2007, 28:288–295
Liu H, Kelly M S, Cook E J, et al.The effect of diet type on growth and fatty acid composition of the sea urchin larvae, II.Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin). Aquaculture, 2007, 264:263-278
Liu H, Kelly M S, Cook E J, et al.The effect of diet type on growth and fatty-acid composition of sea urchin larvae, I.Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). Aquaculture, 2007, 264:247-262.
Liu W G, Li Q, Kong L F. Estradiol-17βand testosterone levels in the cockle fulvia mutica during the annual reproductive cycle. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2008, 42: 417-424
Liu W, Pearce C M, Alabi A O, et al. Effects of microalgal diets on the growth and survival of larvae and post-larvae of the basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii. Aquaculture, 2009, 293:248-254
Li X D, Dong S L, Lei Y Z, et al. The effect of stocking density of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis on rice and crab seed yields in rice-crab culture systems. Aquaculture, 2007, 273:487-493
Meng X L, Ji T T, Dong Y W, et al. Thermal resistance in sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) with differing thermal history: The role of Hsp70. Aquaculture, 2009, 294:314-318
Nasrolahi A, Sari A, Saifabadi S, et al. Effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) improvisus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2007, 87:1227 -1233
Nisa Z, Ahmed M.Hatching and larval survival of important penaeid shrimps of Pakistan in different salinities. Pak. J. Zool,2000, 32:139– 143
Parado-Estepa F D, Llobrero J A, Villaluz A, et al.Survival and metamorphosis of Penaeus monodon larvae at different salinity levels. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 1993, 45:3-7
Paul J D. Salinity-Temperature relationships in the Queen scallop Chlamys opercularis. Marine Biology, 1980, 56:295-300
Rahman M A, Bhadra A, Begum N, et al. Production of hybrid vigor through crossbreeding between Clarias batrachus Lin. and Clarias gariepinus Bur. Aquaculture,1995, 138:125-130
Rahmi Nurdiani, Zeng C H.Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and development of mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskal), larvae. Aquaculture Research, 2007, 38:1529-1538
Re A D, Diaz F, Sierra E, et al .Effect of salinity and temperature on thermal tolerance of brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives) (Crustacea, Penaeidae).Journal of Thermal Biology, 2005, 30: 618- 622.
Shen J H, Zhou S F, Dong Y L, et al.Analysis on the status of surface temperature structure of the East China Sea and partial Yellow Sea in 2006 (in chinese). Marine Fisheries, 2007, 29:179-185
Sloan N A. Echinoderm fisheries of the world: A review. In: Echinodermata (Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference), Keegan, B F, O’Connor, B D S, (eds.), A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam. 1984, 109-124.
Hoang T, Lee S Y, et al. Cold tolerance of the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis and its growth at different temperature. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33:21-26
Vannuccini S. Sea cucumbers-A compendium of fishery statistics. Workshop on advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management (ASCAM) Dalian. 2003
Velasco, L A, Barros J. Experimental larval culture of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus.Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:603-618
Vernberg F J, Silverthorn S U. Temperature and osmoregulation in aquatic species. In: Gilles, R. (Ed.), Mechanisms of Osmoregulation in Animals. Wiley, New York.1979, 11:537–562
Wang F Y, Yang H H, Gao F, et al. Effects of acute temperature or salinity stress on the immune response in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 2008,151: 1-8
Wang F Y, Yang H S, Gao F, et al. Effects of acute temperature or salinity stress on the immune response in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 2008, 151: 491- 498
Yang H S, Yuan X T, Zhou Y, et al. Effect s of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation.Aquaculture Research, 2005,36:1085-1092
蔡诗庆,孙世春.三株海洋酵母投喂海湾扇贝幼贝效果的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2005,35:955-960
陈品健,王重刚,郑森林.盐度影响真鲷幼鱼消化酶活力的研究.厦门大学学报,1998, 37:754-756
陈勇,高峰,刘国山,等.温度、盐度和光照周期对刺参生长及行为的影响.水产学报,2007,31:687-691
常亚青,丁君,宋坚,等.海参海胆生物学研究与养殖.北京:海洋出版社,2004
董双林,董云伟,张美昭等.变温对刺参生长、呼吸代谢及生化组成的影响.水产学报,2005a,29:659-665
董云伟,董双林,张美昭等.不同水温对刺参幼参生长、呼吸及体组成的影响.中国水产科学,2005b,12:33-37
董云伟,董双林.刺参对温度适应的生理生态学研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2009,39:908-912
何义朝,张福绥,王萍,等.墨西哥湾扇贝稚贝对盐度的耐受力.海洋学报,1999,21:87-91
何义朝,张福绥,李宝泉.温度对墨西哥湾扇贝胚胎和幼虫发育的影响.海洋与湖沼,1999,30:284-289
龚海滨,王耀兵,邓欢,等.仿刺参对盐度的耐受能力研究.水产科学,2009,28:284-286
郭峰,柯才焕,周时强.不同单胞藻饵料培养九孔鲍早期稚贝的研究.中国水产科学,2007,14:263-269
李宝泉,杨红生,张涛,等.温度和体重对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼,2002, 33:182-187
李二超,陈立侨,顾顺樟,等.水产饲料蛋白源营养价值的评价方法.海洋科学,2009,33:113-117
李馥馨,刘永宏,宋本祥,等.海参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)夏眠习性研究:Ⅱ夏眠致因的探
讨.中国水产科学,1996,3:49-57
刘广丰,陈慧,沈和定,等.四种微藻对缢蛏稚贝暂养效果研究.水产科技情报,2009,36:44-47
李莉.中国青刺参和日本红刺参苗种培育的生物学研究.中国海洋大学,青岛,2009
廖玉麟.中国动物志海参纲.北京:科学出版社,1997
廖玉麟.我国的海参.生物学通报,2001,35:1-4
黄华伟,王印庚.海参养殖的现状、存在问题与前景发展.中国水产, 2007,10:50-53
胡美燕.刺参的种群杂交及环境因子对稚参生长与存活的影响研究.青岛:中国海洋大学,2009
邵铁凡.刺参稚参不同培育密度对生长的影响.河北渔业,2005,5:30-31
隋锡林,刘永襄,刘永峰,等.刺参生殖周期的研究,水产学报,1985,9:303-310
隋锡林,胡庆明.幼参人工配合饲料的研究.水产科学,1986,5:22-25
隋锡林.日本鲍、海胆、海参增养殖技术现状.水产科学,1987,6:30-35
隋锡林.海参增养殖.北京:农业出版社,1988:15-59
隋锡林.刺参人工育苗及养殖技术的进步与展望.水产科学,2004,23:29-31
魏国重.刺参工厂化育苗的关键技术.水产养殖,2008,1:24-26
王吉桥,隋晓楠,顾公明,等.不同饲料搭配及投喂量对仿刺参稚、幼参生长和成活的影响.水产科学,2008,27:55-58
肖培华,谭福伟,唐永新,等.刺参对较低盐度的适应试验.齐鲁渔业,2004,21:20-21
薛素燕,方建光,毛玉泽,等.高温下不同盐度对刺参幼参和1龄参呼吸排泄的影响.中国水产科学,2009,16:975-980
于东祥,宋本祥.池塘养殖刺参幼参的成活率变化和生长特点.中国水产科学,1999,6:109-110
于明志,常亚青.低温对不同群体仿刺参幼参某些生理现象的影响.大连水产学院院报,2008,23:31-36
袁秀堂,杨红生,等.盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响.海洋与湖沼.2006,37:348-354
尤仲杰,徐善良,边平江,等.海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响.海洋学报,2001,23:108-113
张春云,王印庚,荣小军,等.国内外海参自然资源、养殖状况及存在问题.海洋水产研究,2004,25:89-97
张辉,孙雪峰,尤宏争.不同单细胞藻类对日本对虾仔虾生长及存活率的影响.水产养殖,2008,29:24-27
张涛,杨红生,刘保忠,等.环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响.海洋与湖沼,2003,34:142-149
张晓燕.光对刺参稚参体色素影响的试验.海水养殖,1986,1:37-38
张硕,陈勇,孙满昌.光照对刺参行为特性和人工礁模型集参效果的影响.中国水产科学,2006,13:20-26
张风瀛等.刺参的人工养殖和增殖试验的初步报告.动物学杂志,1958,2:65-73
朱伟,麦康森,张百刚,等.刺参稚参对蛋白质和脂肪需要量的研究.海洋科学, 2005, 9:54-58
An Z H, Dong Y W, Dong S L. Effects of high temperature and ration on the growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus ( Selenka). Aquaculture, 2007, 272:644-648
Bell J, Agudo N, Purcell S, et al. Grow-out of sandfish Holothuria scabra in ponds shows that co-culture with shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris is not viable. Aquaculture, 2007, 273:509-519
Bhaud M, Cha J H, Duchêne J C, et al. In?uence of temperature on the marine fauna: What can be expected from climatic change. Thermal Biology, 1995, 20:91–104
Chen J C, Chen W C. Temperature tolerance of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity and temperature levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 1999, 124:73- 80
Chen J C, Chen W C. Salinity tolerance of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity and temperature levels. Aquaculture, 2000, 181:191-203
Chen J X. Present status and prospects of sea cucumber industry in China.In: Lovatelli A, Conand C, Purcell S, et al. Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management. FAO, Rome, 2004, 25-38
Contteau P, Lavens P, Sorgeloos P. Bakers’yeast as a potential substitute for live algal in aquaculture diets: Artemia as a case study. Journal World Aquaculture Society, 1990, 21:1-9
Dong Y W, Dong S L.Growth and oxygen consumption of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) at constant and fluctuating water temperature.Aquaculture Research, 2006, 37:1327-1333
Dong Y W, Dong S L. Induced thermo tolerance and the expression of heat shock protein70 in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Fisheries Science, 2008, 74:573-578
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Ji T T. Effect of different thermal regimes on growth and physiological performance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka.Aquaculture,2008a, 275:329-334
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Meng X L. Effects of thermal and osmotic stress on growth, osmotic regulation and Hsp70 in s ea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka).Aquaculture,2008b, 276:179-186
Dong Y W, Dong S L, Tian X L, et al.Effects of diel temperature fluctuation on growth, oxygen consumption and proximate body composition in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Aquaculture, 2006, 255:514-521
Gireesh R, Gopinathan C P. Effects of microalgal diets on larval growth and survival of Paphia malabarica chemnitz.Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:552-556
Hecht T. Behavioural thermoregulation of the abalone, Haliotismidae, and the implication for intensive culture Aquaculture, 1994, 126:171-181
Hernández R M, Díaz H F. Interacción de la temperatura y la salinidad sobre la excreción de amonio y osmorregulación en Penaeus aztecus (Crustacea:Peneidae). Caribbean Journal of Science, 1995, 31:284–288
Hoang T, Lee S Y, Keenan C P, et al. Cold tolerance of banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis de Man and its growth at different temperatures. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33:21-26
Hochachka P W, Somero G N. Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Processin Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press US. 2002.
Hu M Y, Li Q, Li L. Effect of salinity and temperature on salinity tolerance of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fishery Science, 2010, 76:267–273
Laing I. Effect of salinity on growth and survival of king scallop spat (Pecten maximus). Aquaculture, 2002, 205:171– 181
Ismar S, Hansen T, Sommer U. Effect of food concentration and type of diet on Acartia survival and naupliar development.Marine Biology, 2008, 154:335-343
James C M, Dias P, Assad E. Salman. The use of marine yeast (Candida sp.) and bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in combination with Chlorella sp. for mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.Hydrobiologia, 1987, 147:263-268
Jangoux Mer. Laurence. Echinoderm nutrition. Rotterdam, Balkema 1982, 654
Jian C Y, Cheng S Y, Chen J C. Temperature and salinity tolerances of yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus, at different salinity and temperature levels. Aquaculture Research, 2003, 34:175-185
Ji T T, Dong Y W, Dong S L.Growth and physiological responses in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka: aestivation and temperature. Aquaculture, 2008, 283:180-187
Juliana Baylon, Hiroshi Suzuki. Effects of changes in salinity and temperature on survival and development of larvae and juveniles of the crucifix crab Charybdis feriatus (Crustacea: Decapoda:Portunidae). Aquaculture, 2007.269:390–401
Kinne O.MarineEcology, vol.1, Environmentalfactors.Wiley-Interscience, London 1971, 821-995
Kιr M, Kumlu M. Effect of temperature and salinity on low thermal tolerance of Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeidae). Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:1101-1106
Li H Y, Hong S Y.The effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of Crangon uritai (Decapoda: Crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory. Marine Ecology, 2007, 28:288–295
Liu H, Kelly M S, Cook E J, et al.The effect of diet type on growth and fatty acid composition of the sea urchin larvae, II.Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin). Aquaculture, 2007, 264:263-278
Liu H, Kelly M S, Cook E J, et al.The effect of diet type on growth and fatty-acid composition of sea urchin larvae, I.Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). Aquaculture, 2007, 264:247-262.
Liu W G, Li Q, Kong L F. Estradiol-17βand testosterone levels in the cockle fulvia mutica during the annual reproductive cycle. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 2008, 42: 417-424
Liu W, Pearce C M, Alabi A O, et al. Effects of microalgal diets on the growth and survival of larvae and post-larvae of the basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii. Aquaculture, 2009, 293:248-254
Li X D, Dong S L, Lei Y Z, et al. The effect of stocking density of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis on rice and crab seed yields in rice-crab culture systems. Aquaculture, 2007, 273:487-493
Meng X L, Ji T T, Dong Y W, et al. Thermal resistance in sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) with differing thermal history: The role of Hsp70. Aquaculture, 2009, 294:314-318
Nasrolahi A, Sari A, Saifabadi S, et al. Effects of algal diet on larval survival and growth of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) improvisus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2007, 87:1227 -1233
Nisa Z, Ahmed M.Hatching and larval survival of important penaeid shrimps of Pakistan in different salinities. Pak. J. Zool,2000, 32:139– 143
Parado-Estepa F D, Llobrero J A, Villaluz A, et al.Survival and metamorphosis of Penaeus monodon larvae at different salinity levels. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 1993, 45:3-7
Paul J D. Salinity-Temperature relationships in the Queen scallop Chlamys opercularis. Marine Biology, 1980, 56:295-300
Rahman M A, Bhadra A, Begum N, et al. Production of hybrid vigor through crossbreeding between Clarias batrachus Lin. and Clarias gariepinus Bur. Aquaculture,1995, 138:125-130
Rahmi Nurdiani, Zeng C H.Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and development of mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskal), larvae. Aquaculture Research, 2007, 38:1529-1538
Re A D, Diaz F, Sierra E, et al .Effect of salinity and temperature on thermal tolerance of brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives) (Crustacea, Penaeidae).Journal of Thermal Biology, 2005, 30: 618- 622.
Shen J H, Zhou S F, Dong Y L, et al.Analysis on the status of surface temperature structure of the East China Sea and partial Yellow Sea in 2006 (in chinese). Marine Fisheries, 2007, 29:179-185
Sloan N A. Echinoderm fisheries of the world: A review. In: Echinodermata (Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference), Keegan, B F, O’Connor, B D S, (eds.), A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam. 1984, 109-124.
Hoang T, Lee S Y, et al. Cold tolerance of the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis and its growth at different temperature. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33:21-26
Vannuccini S. Sea cucumbers-A compendium of fishery statistics. Workshop on advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management (ASCAM) Dalian. 2003
Velasco, L A, Barros J. Experimental larval culture of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus.Aquaculture Research, 2008, 39:603-618
Vernberg F J, Silverthorn S U. Temperature and osmoregulation in aquatic species. In: Gilles, R. (Ed.), Mechanisms of Osmoregulation in Animals. Wiley, New York.1979, 11:537–562
Wang F Y, Yang H H, Gao F, et al. Effects of acute temperature or salinity stress on the immune response in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 2008,151: 1-8
Wang F Y, Yang H S, Gao F, et al. Effects of acute temperature or salinity stress on the immune response in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 2008, 151: 491- 498
Yang H S, Yuan X T, Zhou Y, et al. Effect s of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation.Aquaculture Research, 2005,36:1085-1092