生态旅游发展的产业效率与区域效应分析
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摘要
自改革开放以来,我国经济快速发展,人民收入水平不断提高,消费结构不断升级,消费者对服务业产品(特别是旅游产品)的消费占总消费的比例逐渐提高。在这一背景下,我国旅游业发展迅猛,其发展逐渐成为了地方经济发展新的增长点。生态旅游作为旅游业的一种独特形式,是在旅游者欣赏自然风光的同时,体验民俗风情和历史文化,达到愉悦身心和健身养生的一系列活动的总称。国内外理论与实践研究表明,生态旅游不仅对地方经济发展有着重要的推动作用,还可以促进社会、经济与环境协调发展。目前,我国生态旅游产业呈现出以规模扩张为主的发展方式,因此生态旅游业发展是否有效率是决定生态旅游实现可持续发展的基本条件之一。另外,生态旅游业发展所带来的一系列区域效应,包括经济、社会文化和生态环境效应,对区域发展也具有非常重要的作用。小陇山林区是甘肃省较早开展生态旅游的地区之一,现已形成较为完善的生态旅游服务体系,对小陇山林区乃至陇东南地区经济发展具有一定的促进作用。本文以小陇山林区为研究区域,在对国内外关于生态旅游业及其区域效应的研究进行梳理的基础上,以地理学、经济学、社会学等相关理论为理论基础,将定性分析和定量方法相结合,首先采用基于DEA模型的Malmquist指数模型和基于PLS的STIRPAT模型,对小陇山林区生态旅游发展现状、产业发展效率以及生态旅游发展的影响因素进行了定量分析；并运用投入产出分析方法和GIS手段,从生态旅游产业发展带来的就业、收入、外汇、产业关联效应和生态环境等方面,对小陇山生态旅游产业的区域效应进行了客观定量分析,基于此,采用社会调查和统计学分析方法,通过分析区域效应(包括经济效应、社会文化效应和生态环境效应)的社会感知度,进一步对生态旅游产业发展带来的区域效应进行了主观层面的半定量分析。基于以上分析结论,提出了小陇山林区生态旅游产业发展的政策和措施,以期为制定科学的生态旅游产业战略提供参考和指导。
(1)研究期间,小陇山林区生态旅游产业发展的TFP指数均大于1,表明各项投入产出和发展配比是有效率的,生态旅游发展处于效率改善阶段。小陇山林区生态旅游发展主要原因是技术进步和规模扩张。小陇山林区生态旅游发展的主要影响因素包括：对外依存度、旅游企业数量和人力资本。其中,对研究区生态旅游发展影响程度最大的是对外依存度,旅游企业数量次之,人力资本最小,但三者的影响程度的差别不是很大。
(2)小陇山林区生态旅游发展的就业效应较为明显,综合就业系数为0.27281,其中,旅游业发展对住宿餐饮的综合就业效应最为明显,其次是交通运输和仓储业。小陇山林区的旅游外汇收入对甘肃省的旅游外汇收入的贡献较大,且对甘肃省的旅游外汇收入的促进作用越来越显著。小陇山旅游业收入已经成为陇东南地区第三产业重要组成部分,对第三产业的推动作用显著,表明直接经济效应较为明显；小陇山地区GDP对小陇山旅游业依赖度大于国家和甘肃省,生态旅游业发展对小陇山林区的间接经济效益也较大。
(3)从旅游业与各行业的后向关联系数可以看出,旅游业有较高的消耗系数,说明旅游业对上游产业的拉动能力较强,有较大的后向关联度,其中旅游业对餐饮、运输和住宿业的直接带动作用大于其他部门；对于前向关联,旅游业的前向关联度比较低,说明对其他产业发展的支撑作用不明显,这是由旅游产业本身的特点所决定的。总的说来,旅游业的后向关联大于前向关联,说明旅游业发展对其他产业的拉动能力大于旅游业对其他产业发展的支撑作用。
(4)研究区域生态环境的总体质量得到了显著改善与提升,环境质量出现了集中好转,区域内生态环境质量的空间差异在缩小,生态环境的良性演化更加平稳、均衡。小陇山林区旅游业发展与NDVI值存在着负向对应关系,即旅游业发展对生态环境具有一定的负效应,但是这种负效应在不断减弱。
(5)生态旅游发展的区域效应社会感知度的分析结果表明,生态旅游业发展的区域经济效应值为3.68,处于较好水平；区域社会文化效应值为3.52,也处于较好水平；区域生态环境效应值为3.45,处于一般水平,这表明：小陇山林区社会公众认为生态旅游的发展已经对区域经济、社会文化事业发展带来积极的促进作用,而生态旅游发展的生态环境效应方面,社会公众对其的正向效应的感知水平一般。生态旅游业发展的区域总效应值为3.58,出于较好水平,这说明：小陇山林区生态旅游业发展对当地区域发展总体上带来了较好的促进作用。
Since the implementation the policy of the Reform and Opening up, China has been through the period of rapid economic development for more than twenty years. In the process of industrialization and urbanization, the living level of people is raising higher and higher. The ratio of consumption of servives in total consumption is inceasing. Under the background of comsunption upgrading, the persistently rapid development of tourism industry has made it became the new growth-point of local economic development. Ecological tourism, as a special form of tourism industry, is a series tourist's activities aims to relax mind, strengthen the body and improve the healthy through the process of enjoying the natural landscape and experiencing the history and culture. A large number of research indicated that the eco-tourism not only can contribute to the economic growth, but also can coordinate the relationship among economic growth, social progress and environmental protection. Nowadays, the scale expansion is the main way to develop the eco-tourism in China. So, the effienciency of growth, which means whether the output-input ratio is effiencient or not, is the one of important and necessary conditions for sustainable development of eco-tourism. And the regional effects, includes the income effects, job-creating effects, exchange effects, industrial relevance effects and ecological environmental effects, yield by efficient development of eco-tourism is very important for local development. Xiaolongshan forest area is one of the earliest forests ecological tourism industry in Gansu province, which has been formed complete forest ecological tourism service system, this has certain stimulative effect of economic development in southeast of Gansu. The paper takes the Xiaolongshan Forests Region as the study area to analysis how the development of eco-tourim impact regional development. First of all, the research progress of the ecological tourism and its regional effets in China and abroad was reviewed. Based on the reviews the paper pointed out the problems of current research. Secondly, the paper analyzed the eco-tourism development effienciency by using Malmquist index model based on DEA model, and investigated the driving forces of eco-tourism development by adopting the method of STIRPAT combined with PLS. Thirdly, by using Input-output analysis and GIS, the regional effects, includes the income effects, job-creating effects, exchange effects, industrial linkage effects and ecological environmental effects, yield by eco-tourism development is analyzed objectively. Based on result of objective analysis of regional effects, the paper also investigated the regional effects subjectively by analyzing the social perceptibility of regional effects brought by eco-tourism. Finally, based on the positivistic analysis result, the specific policy for eco-tourism development is proposed.
(1) The index of Total Factor Productivity for ecological tourism in Xiaolongshan greater than1during1998-2009, this indicated that the matching ratio of input-output is efficient, and the development of eco-tourism is at the stage of efficiency-improvement. The technology progress and scale expansion is the main driving forces for the efficiency improvement of eco-tourism development. The main impact factors of eco-tourism development include:the level of external dependence, the quantity tourism enterprise and human capital. And the level of external dependence has the greatest impact on eco-tourism development among the three main factors.
(2) The job-creating effects of ecotourism development is notable in Xiaolongshan, and the comprehensive employment coefficient is0.27281which means if the Xiaolongshan invest100million for ecotourism development, there will be2728job opportunities for Xiaolongshan. The job-creating effect of eco-tourism for Food and lodging industry is greatest among the industries related eco-tourism, and for Transportation industry, the effect is less then food and lodging industry but greater than other industries. The exchange earnings of eco-tourism in Xiaolongshan have great contribution to the exchange earning of Gansu province, and the contribution is greater and greater along with the eco-tourism development. The income from tourism has became the important part of the third industries in Xiaolongshan, and has a great impact on the development of the third industries which means the direct income effects of eco-tourism is obvious for Xiaolongshan. In addition, the dependence level of GDP on tourism income in Xiaolongshan is higher than Gansu province and the whole country, so the indirect income effects also notable for Xiaolongshan.
(3) The analysis of industrial linkage effect for Xiaolongshan indicated the eco-tourism has high consumption coefficient which means eco-tourism has the great acceleration effect on the upstream industries, i.e., ecotourism has high degree of backward linkage. The direct driving effect of eco-tourism on food, transportation and lodging industry is greater than other departments. The forward linkage degree of eco-tourism is lower than backward which means that the supportive of tourism to other departments is not notable because the tourism department is a consumption sector not the intermediate input sector. In a word, the backward linkage effect of eco-tourism is bigger than backward effect.
(4) There has been a significant improvement and enhancement in the overall ecological environmental quality of the study area, the spatial difference of regional eco-environment quality is closing and the benign evolution of the eco-environment is more stable and balanced. The NDVI values have negative effects on tourism development of Xiaolongshan, it means that tourism development has negative effects on eco-environment, but the negative effect continually weaken.
(5) The social perceptibility of regional effects of Eco-tourism Development'results indicated that the regional economic effects of eco-tourism development have the value3.68, in a better level; regional social and cultural effect have the value3.52, also at a good level; regional ecological environment effect have the value3.45, at a general level, it means the public of Xiaolongshan believe that the development of eco-tourism have contributed to the regional economic and social and cultural development, however, public'perception about the positive effect of the eco-tourism development on eco-environmental effects was found to be insignificant. The region's total effects of eco-tourism development have the value3.58, for a better level, which shows:the eco-tourism development of Xiaolongshan have contributed to the regional development.
(1)研究期间,小陇山林区生态旅游产业发展的TFP指数均大于1,表明各项投入产出和发展配比是有效率的,生态旅游发展处于效率改善阶段。小陇山林区生态旅游发展主要原因是技术进步和规模扩张。小陇山林区生态旅游发展的主要影响因素包括：对外依存度、旅游企业数量和人力资本。其中,对研究区生态旅游发展影响程度最大的是对外依存度,旅游企业数量次之,人力资本最小,但三者的影响程度的差别不是很大。
(2)小陇山林区生态旅游发展的就业效应较为明显,综合就业系数为0.27281,其中,旅游业发展对住宿餐饮的综合就业效应最为明显,其次是交通运输和仓储业。小陇山林区的旅游外汇收入对甘肃省的旅游外汇收入的贡献较大,且对甘肃省的旅游外汇收入的促进作用越来越显著。小陇山旅游业收入已经成为陇东南地区第三产业重要组成部分,对第三产业的推动作用显著,表明直接经济效应较为明显；小陇山地区GDP对小陇山旅游业依赖度大于国家和甘肃省,生态旅游业发展对小陇山林区的间接经济效益也较大。
(3)从旅游业与各行业的后向关联系数可以看出,旅游业有较高的消耗系数,说明旅游业对上游产业的拉动能力较强,有较大的后向关联度,其中旅游业对餐饮、运输和住宿业的直接带动作用大于其他部门；对于前向关联,旅游业的前向关联度比较低,说明对其他产业发展的支撑作用不明显,这是由旅游产业本身的特点所决定的。总的说来,旅游业的后向关联大于前向关联,说明旅游业发展对其他产业的拉动能力大于旅游业对其他产业发展的支撑作用。
(4)研究区域生态环境的总体质量得到了显著改善与提升,环境质量出现了集中好转,区域内生态环境质量的空间差异在缩小,生态环境的良性演化更加平稳、均衡。小陇山林区旅游业发展与NDVI值存在着负向对应关系,即旅游业发展对生态环境具有一定的负效应,但是这种负效应在不断减弱。
(5)生态旅游发展的区域效应社会感知度的分析结果表明,生态旅游业发展的区域经济效应值为3.68,处于较好水平；区域社会文化效应值为3.52,也处于较好水平；区域生态环境效应值为3.45,处于一般水平,这表明：小陇山林区社会公众认为生态旅游的发展已经对区域经济、社会文化事业发展带来积极的促进作用,而生态旅游发展的生态环境效应方面,社会公众对其的正向效应的感知水平一般。生态旅游业发展的区域总效应值为3.58,出于较好水平,这说明：小陇山林区生态旅游业发展对当地区域发展总体上带来了较好的促进作用。
Since the implementation the policy of the Reform and Opening up, China has been through the period of rapid economic development for more than twenty years. In the process of industrialization and urbanization, the living level of people is raising higher and higher. The ratio of consumption of servives in total consumption is inceasing. Under the background of comsunption upgrading, the persistently rapid development of tourism industry has made it became the new growth-point of local economic development. Ecological tourism, as a special form of tourism industry, is a series tourist's activities aims to relax mind, strengthen the body and improve the healthy through the process of enjoying the natural landscape and experiencing the history and culture. A large number of research indicated that the eco-tourism not only can contribute to the economic growth, but also can coordinate the relationship among economic growth, social progress and environmental protection. Nowadays, the scale expansion is the main way to develop the eco-tourism in China. So, the effienciency of growth, which means whether the output-input ratio is effiencient or not, is the one of important and necessary conditions for sustainable development of eco-tourism. And the regional effects, includes the income effects, job-creating effects, exchange effects, industrial relevance effects and ecological environmental effects, yield by efficient development of eco-tourism is very important for local development. Xiaolongshan forest area is one of the earliest forests ecological tourism industry in Gansu province, which has been formed complete forest ecological tourism service system, this has certain stimulative effect of economic development in southeast of Gansu. The paper takes the Xiaolongshan Forests Region as the study area to analysis how the development of eco-tourim impact regional development. First of all, the research progress of the ecological tourism and its regional effets in China and abroad was reviewed. Based on the reviews the paper pointed out the problems of current research. Secondly, the paper analyzed the eco-tourism development effienciency by using Malmquist index model based on DEA model, and investigated the driving forces of eco-tourism development by adopting the method of STIRPAT combined with PLS. Thirdly, by using Input-output analysis and GIS, the regional effects, includes the income effects, job-creating effects, exchange effects, industrial linkage effects and ecological environmental effects, yield by eco-tourism development is analyzed objectively. Based on result of objective analysis of regional effects, the paper also investigated the regional effects subjectively by analyzing the social perceptibility of regional effects brought by eco-tourism. Finally, based on the positivistic analysis result, the specific policy for eco-tourism development is proposed.
(1) The index of Total Factor Productivity for ecological tourism in Xiaolongshan greater than1during1998-2009, this indicated that the matching ratio of input-output is efficient, and the development of eco-tourism is at the stage of efficiency-improvement. The technology progress and scale expansion is the main driving forces for the efficiency improvement of eco-tourism development. The main impact factors of eco-tourism development include:the level of external dependence, the quantity tourism enterprise and human capital. And the level of external dependence has the greatest impact on eco-tourism development among the three main factors.
(2) The job-creating effects of ecotourism development is notable in Xiaolongshan, and the comprehensive employment coefficient is0.27281which means if the Xiaolongshan invest100million for ecotourism development, there will be2728job opportunities for Xiaolongshan. The job-creating effect of eco-tourism for Food and lodging industry is greatest among the industries related eco-tourism, and for Transportation industry, the effect is less then food and lodging industry but greater than other industries. The exchange earnings of eco-tourism in Xiaolongshan have great contribution to the exchange earning of Gansu province, and the contribution is greater and greater along with the eco-tourism development. The income from tourism has became the important part of the third industries in Xiaolongshan, and has a great impact on the development of the third industries which means the direct income effects of eco-tourism is obvious for Xiaolongshan. In addition, the dependence level of GDP on tourism income in Xiaolongshan is higher than Gansu province and the whole country, so the indirect income effects also notable for Xiaolongshan.
(3) The analysis of industrial linkage effect for Xiaolongshan indicated the eco-tourism has high consumption coefficient which means eco-tourism has the great acceleration effect on the upstream industries, i.e., ecotourism has high degree of backward linkage. The direct driving effect of eco-tourism on food, transportation and lodging industry is greater than other departments. The forward linkage degree of eco-tourism is lower than backward which means that the supportive of tourism to other departments is not notable because the tourism department is a consumption sector not the intermediate input sector. In a word, the backward linkage effect of eco-tourism is bigger than backward effect.
(4) There has been a significant improvement and enhancement in the overall ecological environmental quality of the study area, the spatial difference of regional eco-environment quality is closing and the benign evolution of the eco-environment is more stable and balanced. The NDVI values have negative effects on tourism development of Xiaolongshan, it means that tourism development has negative effects on eco-environment, but the negative effect continually weaken.
(5) The social perceptibility of regional effects of Eco-tourism Development'results indicated that the regional economic effects of eco-tourism development have the value3.68, in a better level; regional social and cultural effect have the value3.52, also at a good level; regional ecological environment effect have the value3.45, at a general level, it means the public of Xiaolongshan believe that the development of eco-tourism have contributed to the regional economic and social and cultural development, however, public'perception about the positive effect of the eco-tourism development on eco-environmental effects was found to be insignificant. The region's total effects of eco-tourism development have the value3.58, for a better level, which shows:the eco-tourism development of Xiaolongshan have contributed to the regional development.
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