面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化创新研究
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摘要
近年来,可持续发展已成为全人类共同追求的目标。建筑领域也在发生着一场面向可持续发展的“绿色革命”,然而,可持续发展对建筑企业而言是一把“双刃剑”,既为建筑企业的长远发展带来了无限机遇,又使建筑企业的战略运营充满了难以预料的风险。身处这场变革中的建筑企业如何从战略层面进行“绿色化”创新,是本研究的主要目的。此项研究综合应用可持续发展理论、企业绿色化理论和企业战略创新理论,紧密结合建筑企业的特殊性,从建筑企业战略运营层面,系统探讨建筑企业面向可持续发展的机会与风险,环境竞争力评价,绿色价值链创新,绿色化组织设计,以及绿色化绩效评估等方面,对于完善建筑企业绿色化研究和企业战略创新理论具有一定理论意义,对于指导我国建筑企业如何摈弃传统的高耗能、高污染建筑企业经营模式,开展建筑企业绿色化战略创新实践具有重要现实意义。此项研究主要包括6个部分,其主要研究内容及其结论如下。
(1)建筑企业面向可持续发展的风险与机会分析。此部分阐述了可持续发展理念对建筑企业的要求和建筑企业走可持续发展道路,发展绿色建筑的必要性；系统分析了建筑企业面向可持续发展的6重风险和5大机遇；在对上述风险因素和机会表现进行深入分析的基础上,引入外部因素评价矩阵(EFE矩阵)方法,建立了建筑企业面向可持续发展的风险——机会综合评价模型,并以中国建筑第三工程局有限公司为例进行了实证分析。
(2)面向可持续发展的建筑企业环境竞争力评价。此部分在充分借鉴国内外有关企业环境竞争力研究成果的基础上,结合建筑企业特点,归纳提出了建筑企业环境竞争力的关键影响因素,并进行了两维度分解,即建筑企业应对环境风险的能力和建筑企业把握环境机会的能力；通过文献查阅和企业调研,对影响建筑企业应对环境风险能力和把握环境机会能力的关键因素进行进一步分解,并提出了相应的衡量指标；对上述分析进行整合,构建了建筑企业环境竞争力二维评价模型,该模型的横坐标表示建筑企业把握机会的能力,纵坐标表示建筑企业应对环境风险的能力,文中应用层次分析法给出了各级能力因素的权重,以及通过专家打分法和模糊综合评价法计算各维度得分的方法。
(3)面向可持续发展的建筑企业价值链绿色化创新。此部分在对建筑企业价值链进行分析的基础上,引入绿色化理念和可持续发展思想,提出了建筑企业绿色价值链模型,指出了绿色价值链是在价值分析的过程中将绿色产品价值、绿色企业价值和绿色社会价值纳入价值链范畴,并将传统价值链进行闭环连接；依据此模型,建筑企业价值链绿色化创新包含三个层面,即建筑企业产品的绿色化创新、业务流程的绿色化再造和建筑企业绿色供应链的建立；研究提出了建筑企业产品绿色化创新的三种战略,即强化战略、收购战略和新创战略,对建筑企业业务流程绿色化再造的关键环节进行了设计,指出建筑企业绿色供应链建立应注重对建筑产品生命周期的绿色运作与管理。
(4)面向可持续发展的建筑企业商业模式绿色化创新。此部分分别从国内建筑企业现行商业模式归纳和国外建筑企业典型商业模式借鉴两个方面论述了建筑企业绿色化商业模式创新的必要性和必然性,指出建筑企业的绿色化商业模式就是要坚持绿色化系统性思维,兼顾建筑企业、顾客、生态环境三方利益；其次是考虑绿色建筑生命周期,以系统性思维满足顾客的绿色化需求,将价值创新理论与建筑企业绿色化商业模式的价值增值因素相结合,应用“剔除——增加——减弱——创造”四步框架法,构建了建筑企业绿色化商业模式的战略布局图和新的价值曲线,提出了建筑企业商业模式绿色化创新的价值主张和实现方式。
(5)面向可持续发展的建筑企业组织绿色化创新。此部分主要从建筑企业品牌塑造的绿色化,建筑企业组织文化的绿色化和建筑企业制度设计的绿色化等三个方面论述了面向可持续发展的建筑企业组织绿色化创新的内容与方向；绿色品牌塑造作为最容易被客户感知的部分,是建筑企业组织绿色化的“门户”,绿色制度设计属于建筑企业绿色化创新的规则,是建筑企业绿色化创新的保证,组织文化的绿色化是建筑企业绿色化创新的潜意识所在,是推动建筑企业绿色化创新的“核心层”。
(6)面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估。此部分在对面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化及其创新绩效内涵进行探讨的基础上,提出了七个建筑企业绿色化创新绩效体现；然后分析了建筑企业绿色化评估影响因素,通过找出影响建筑企业绿色化的三大要素,利用主成分分析法的方差法选取了最能体现三要素的16个具体指标,进而构建了面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估指标体系；最后采取了AHP与企业专家打分法相结合确定权重,采用模糊集理论对定性指标进行处理,最后得到面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化综合评价模型,包括评价指标的赋值方法、权重的确立和综合评价模型,并以中国建筑第三工程局有限公司为实例验证了本文建立的面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估模型的有效性。
In recent years, sustainable development has turned into a common pursuit and purpose worldwide. Building industry is facing a "green revolution". However, sustainable development is a "double edged sword" which brings not only infinite opportunites for construction enterprise's long-term growth, but also unpredictable threats for its strategic operation. Finding the ways of greening innovation from strategic aspect for the construction enterprises involved in this revolution is the primary purpose of this research. Comprehensively utilizing sustainable development theory, enterprise greening and strategic innovation theory, closely combining with construcion enterprise's particularities, this research systematically explores various aspects from the angle of construction enterprise's strategic operation, namely, the opportunities and threats facing sustainable development, enviroment competitiveness assessment, green value chain innovation, greening orgnizational design, and greening performance evaluation, etc.which claims not only theoretical significance for improving construction enterprise's greening study and strategic innovation theory, but also important realistic value for guiding constuction enterprise in China to abandon the traditonal high energy-consuming and heavy environment-polluting operation pattern, thus putting greening strategic innovation into practice. This research mainly includes six parts with major contents and results shown below.
(1)The opportunities and threats of construction enterprise facing sustainable development. This part explicts sustainable development's requirements for construcion enterprise, as well as the necessity of upholding sustainable development notion and developing green building. Then, it analyses5opportunites and6threats brought by sustainable development for construction enterprise in depth. Finally, on the basis of EFE Matix, it bulids a threat-opportunity comprehensive evalution model facing sustainable development for construction enterprise, followed by a empirical analysis of China Construction Third Engieering Bureau Co., Ltd.
(2) The enviroment competitiveness assessment of construction enterprise facing sustainable development. Based on foreign and domestic achivements on enterprise enviroment competitiveness and construction enterprise's features, this part firstly proposes the key influential factors for constrution enterprise's environment competitiveness, with division into two dimentions, namely, construction enterprise's enviromental threat-confronting ablity, and contruciong enterprise's enviromental opportunity-grasping abilty. Then, through literature review and enterprise investigation, it further analyses all the key influential factors and puts forward corresponding measurable indicators. Finally, intergrating the above analyses, it builds a two-dimentional evaluation model of constrution enterprise's enviroment competitiveness, with the ordinate showing opportunity-grasping ablity, and the abscissa showing threat-confronting ability. All factors'weights are measured by AHP, and all indicators'scores are calculated through Experts Grading Method and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation.
(3)The greening innovation of construction enterprise's value chain adapting to sustainable development. Based on the analysis of construction enterprise's value chain, this part introduces the idea of greening and sustainable development, thus proposing construction enerprise's green value chain model, and defining that green value chain is a category involving green product value, green enterprise value, green social value in the process of value analysis which forms a closed-loop link on traditional value chain. On this basis, greening innovation of construction enterprise's value chain includes3aspects, namely, product's greening innovation, business process greening reengineering, and green supply chain constuction. In this research, it firstly proposes3strategies for product's greening innovation, that is, reinforcement strategy, purchase strategy, start-up strategy, then designs the key procedures of business process greening reengineering, and lastly points out that green supply chain construction should emphasize green operation and management during product's life circle.
(4) The greening innovation of construction enterprise's business mode adapting to sustainable development. This part expounds the necessity and inevitability of greening innovation of business mode in construction enterprise by summarizing domestic and foreign typical business modes, pointing out systematic thinking in construction enterprise's greening which satisfies triple interests of construcion enterprise, customer, and ecological enviroment. Then, considering green building's life circle aiming at fulfilling customer's demands for greening, and combining value innovation theory with value added factors of greening business mode in construction enterprise, it constructs strategic canvas and new value curve for construction enterprise's greening business mode, and brings forward value proposition and realizing method for greeing innovation of construction enterprise's business mode by applying the four actions framework of "eliminate-reduce-raise-create" grid.
(5)The greening innovation of construcion enterprise's organization adapting to sustainable development. This part discusses the contents and direction of the greening innovation of construcion enterprise's organization from3aspects, i.e. brand building greening, organizational culture greening, institutional design greening. As most easily perceived by customer, green brand building is the starting point for construction enterprise's greening innovation. Belonging to rule and regulation, green institutional design is the guarantee for construction enterprise's greening innovation. As the subconscious content, green organizational culture is the "core layer" for construction enterprise's greening innovation.
(6) The greening performance evaluation of construction enterprise adapting to sustainable development. On exploring the connotation of constucton enterprise's greening and its innovation performance, this part firstly puts forward7expressions of construcion enterprise's greening performance, secondly finds out the3key influential factors and chooses16specific indicators best representing them for construction enterprise's greeing evaluation, further constructs the indicator system for construcion enterprise's greening evaluation. Lastly, by aid of AHP and Experts Grading Method determing weight, and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation determing quantitative indexes, it works out the comprehesive evaluation model for construcion enterprise's greening adapting to sustainable development, including indicator's assignment, weight determination, and comprehesive evaluation model, ending with an example of China Construction Third Engieering Bureau Co., Ltd to testify the model's effectiveness.
(1)建筑企业面向可持续发展的风险与机会分析。此部分阐述了可持续发展理念对建筑企业的要求和建筑企业走可持续发展道路,发展绿色建筑的必要性；系统分析了建筑企业面向可持续发展的6重风险和5大机遇；在对上述风险因素和机会表现进行深入分析的基础上,引入外部因素评价矩阵(EFE矩阵)方法,建立了建筑企业面向可持续发展的风险——机会综合评价模型,并以中国建筑第三工程局有限公司为例进行了实证分析。
(2)面向可持续发展的建筑企业环境竞争力评价。此部分在充分借鉴国内外有关企业环境竞争力研究成果的基础上,结合建筑企业特点,归纳提出了建筑企业环境竞争力的关键影响因素,并进行了两维度分解,即建筑企业应对环境风险的能力和建筑企业把握环境机会的能力；通过文献查阅和企业调研,对影响建筑企业应对环境风险能力和把握环境机会能力的关键因素进行进一步分解,并提出了相应的衡量指标；对上述分析进行整合,构建了建筑企业环境竞争力二维评价模型,该模型的横坐标表示建筑企业把握机会的能力,纵坐标表示建筑企业应对环境风险的能力,文中应用层次分析法给出了各级能力因素的权重,以及通过专家打分法和模糊综合评价法计算各维度得分的方法。
(3)面向可持续发展的建筑企业价值链绿色化创新。此部分在对建筑企业价值链进行分析的基础上,引入绿色化理念和可持续发展思想,提出了建筑企业绿色价值链模型,指出了绿色价值链是在价值分析的过程中将绿色产品价值、绿色企业价值和绿色社会价值纳入价值链范畴,并将传统价值链进行闭环连接；依据此模型,建筑企业价值链绿色化创新包含三个层面,即建筑企业产品的绿色化创新、业务流程的绿色化再造和建筑企业绿色供应链的建立；研究提出了建筑企业产品绿色化创新的三种战略,即强化战略、收购战略和新创战略,对建筑企业业务流程绿色化再造的关键环节进行了设计,指出建筑企业绿色供应链建立应注重对建筑产品生命周期的绿色运作与管理。
(4)面向可持续发展的建筑企业商业模式绿色化创新。此部分分别从国内建筑企业现行商业模式归纳和国外建筑企业典型商业模式借鉴两个方面论述了建筑企业绿色化商业模式创新的必要性和必然性,指出建筑企业的绿色化商业模式就是要坚持绿色化系统性思维,兼顾建筑企业、顾客、生态环境三方利益；其次是考虑绿色建筑生命周期,以系统性思维满足顾客的绿色化需求,将价值创新理论与建筑企业绿色化商业模式的价值增值因素相结合,应用“剔除——增加——减弱——创造”四步框架法,构建了建筑企业绿色化商业模式的战略布局图和新的价值曲线,提出了建筑企业商业模式绿色化创新的价值主张和实现方式。
(5)面向可持续发展的建筑企业组织绿色化创新。此部分主要从建筑企业品牌塑造的绿色化,建筑企业组织文化的绿色化和建筑企业制度设计的绿色化等三个方面论述了面向可持续发展的建筑企业组织绿色化创新的内容与方向；绿色品牌塑造作为最容易被客户感知的部分,是建筑企业组织绿色化的“门户”,绿色制度设计属于建筑企业绿色化创新的规则,是建筑企业绿色化创新的保证,组织文化的绿色化是建筑企业绿色化创新的潜意识所在,是推动建筑企业绿色化创新的“核心层”。
(6)面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估。此部分在对面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化及其创新绩效内涵进行探讨的基础上,提出了七个建筑企业绿色化创新绩效体现；然后分析了建筑企业绿色化评估影响因素,通过找出影响建筑企业绿色化的三大要素,利用主成分分析法的方差法选取了最能体现三要素的16个具体指标,进而构建了面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估指标体系；最后采取了AHP与企业专家打分法相结合确定权重,采用模糊集理论对定性指标进行处理,最后得到面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化综合评价模型,包括评价指标的赋值方法、权重的确立和综合评价模型,并以中国建筑第三工程局有限公司为实例验证了本文建立的面向可持续发展的建筑企业绿色化评估模型的有效性。
In recent years, sustainable development has turned into a common pursuit and purpose worldwide. Building industry is facing a "green revolution". However, sustainable development is a "double edged sword" which brings not only infinite opportunites for construction enterprise's long-term growth, but also unpredictable threats for its strategic operation. Finding the ways of greening innovation from strategic aspect for the construction enterprises involved in this revolution is the primary purpose of this research. Comprehensively utilizing sustainable development theory, enterprise greening and strategic innovation theory, closely combining with construcion enterprise's particularities, this research systematically explores various aspects from the angle of construction enterprise's strategic operation, namely, the opportunities and threats facing sustainable development, enviroment competitiveness assessment, green value chain innovation, greening orgnizational design, and greening performance evaluation, etc.which claims not only theoretical significance for improving construction enterprise's greening study and strategic innovation theory, but also important realistic value for guiding constuction enterprise in China to abandon the traditonal high energy-consuming and heavy environment-polluting operation pattern, thus putting greening strategic innovation into practice. This research mainly includes six parts with major contents and results shown below.
(1)The opportunities and threats of construction enterprise facing sustainable development. This part explicts sustainable development's requirements for construcion enterprise, as well as the necessity of upholding sustainable development notion and developing green building. Then, it analyses5opportunites and6threats brought by sustainable development for construction enterprise in depth. Finally, on the basis of EFE Matix, it bulids a threat-opportunity comprehensive evalution model facing sustainable development for construction enterprise, followed by a empirical analysis of China Construction Third Engieering Bureau Co., Ltd.
(2) The enviroment competitiveness assessment of construction enterprise facing sustainable development. Based on foreign and domestic achivements on enterprise enviroment competitiveness and construction enterprise's features, this part firstly proposes the key influential factors for constrution enterprise's environment competitiveness, with division into two dimentions, namely, construction enterprise's enviromental threat-confronting ablity, and contruciong enterprise's enviromental opportunity-grasping abilty. Then, through literature review and enterprise investigation, it further analyses all the key influential factors and puts forward corresponding measurable indicators. Finally, intergrating the above analyses, it builds a two-dimentional evaluation model of constrution enterprise's enviroment competitiveness, with the ordinate showing opportunity-grasping ablity, and the abscissa showing threat-confronting ability. All factors'weights are measured by AHP, and all indicators'scores are calculated through Experts Grading Method and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation.
(3)The greening innovation of construction enterprise's value chain adapting to sustainable development. Based on the analysis of construction enterprise's value chain, this part introduces the idea of greening and sustainable development, thus proposing construction enerprise's green value chain model, and defining that green value chain is a category involving green product value, green enterprise value, green social value in the process of value analysis which forms a closed-loop link on traditional value chain. On this basis, greening innovation of construction enterprise's value chain includes3aspects, namely, product's greening innovation, business process greening reengineering, and green supply chain constuction. In this research, it firstly proposes3strategies for product's greening innovation, that is, reinforcement strategy, purchase strategy, start-up strategy, then designs the key procedures of business process greening reengineering, and lastly points out that green supply chain construction should emphasize green operation and management during product's life circle.
(4) The greening innovation of construction enterprise's business mode adapting to sustainable development. This part expounds the necessity and inevitability of greening innovation of business mode in construction enterprise by summarizing domestic and foreign typical business modes, pointing out systematic thinking in construction enterprise's greening which satisfies triple interests of construcion enterprise, customer, and ecological enviroment. Then, considering green building's life circle aiming at fulfilling customer's demands for greening, and combining value innovation theory with value added factors of greening business mode in construction enterprise, it constructs strategic canvas and new value curve for construction enterprise's greening business mode, and brings forward value proposition and realizing method for greeing innovation of construction enterprise's business mode by applying the four actions framework of "eliminate-reduce-raise-create" grid.
(5)The greening innovation of construcion enterprise's organization adapting to sustainable development. This part discusses the contents and direction of the greening innovation of construcion enterprise's organization from3aspects, i.e. brand building greening, organizational culture greening, institutional design greening. As most easily perceived by customer, green brand building is the starting point for construction enterprise's greening innovation. Belonging to rule and regulation, green institutional design is the guarantee for construction enterprise's greening innovation. As the subconscious content, green organizational culture is the "core layer" for construction enterprise's greening innovation.
(6) The greening performance evaluation of construction enterprise adapting to sustainable development. On exploring the connotation of constucton enterprise's greening and its innovation performance, this part firstly puts forward7expressions of construcion enterprise's greening performance, secondly finds out the3key influential factors and chooses16specific indicators best representing them for construction enterprise's greeing evaluation, further constructs the indicator system for construcion enterprise's greening evaluation. Lastly, by aid of AHP and Experts Grading Method determing weight, and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation determing quantitative indexes, it works out the comprehesive evaluation model for construcion enterprise's greening adapting to sustainable development, including indicator's assignment, weight determination, and comprehesive evaluation model, ending with an example of China Construction Third Engieering Bureau Co., Ltd to testify the model's effectiveness.
引文
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