燕麦在甘肃不同生态区域的适应性、生产性能及品质研究
摘要
试验于2008年3～10月,分别在天祝县打柴沟镇、定西市安定区、通渭县华家岭乡、甘肃农业大学兰州牧草试验站进行。研究了甘肃省不同生态区域343、青引2号、409、709、甜燕麦、丹麦444和白燕7号7个燕麦品种生育期、灌浆速度、种子产量、不同时期的叶面积指数、鲜干比、青干草产量及品质等方面的变化。主要研究结果如下:
(1)供试的各燕麦品种在不同生态区域其生育期差异显著。随着海拔的升高,气温降低,燕麦营养生长和生殖生长时间较长,导致生育期延长。7个燕麦品种生育期在打柴沟最长,平均为125d,在安定点最短,平均为90d,两者相差35d;华家岭平均109d,甘农大平均98d。
(2)在不同的生态区域,燕麦籽粒的灌浆速度有着显著的差异。整个籽粒灌浆过程中,随着海拔的升高,降雨量增加,温度降低,燕麦籽粒灌浆速度逐渐变慢。安定点和甘农大点海拔分别为1898.7m和1517.3m,明显低于华家岭(2242m)和打柴沟(2594m),但前两者的籽粒灌浆速度明显快于后两者。青引2号、343、409、709在甘农大的灌浆速度显著快于打柴沟;而丹麦444、白燕7号、甜燕麦在安定点的灌浆速度显著快于打柴沟。
(3)燕麦植株高度的变化呈现出“S”型特征,从三叶期到抽穗期,植株高度缓慢上升,抽穗期后,株高增长急速加快,乳熟期增长减缓,直至成熟期停止生长。不同生态区域对燕麦各个时期的株高影响显著。在高海拔地区,温度较低,雨量丰富,燕麦生育期延长,株高显著增高;在低海拔地区,温度较高,降雨量少,燕麦营养生长和生殖生长时间变短,植株显著变矮。从三叶期到成熟期,安定点株高始终最低,在成熟期平均株高只有73.74cm,只有打柴沟的52.1%。
(4)不同的生态区域对燕麦在不同时期的叶面积指数有显著影响。从三叶期到成熟期,随着生态区域环境由干到湿、海拔从低到高,燕麦的叶面积指数逐渐变大,其中水分的供给和热量条件是影响叶面积指数的重要因素。燕麦在不同的生态区域都服从相似的变化规律,即叶面积指数变化趋势呈单峰曲线,从拔节期到抽穗期显著上升,抽穗期达到最高;抽穗期后逐渐降低。供试的7个燕麦品种在甘农大点水分供应充足,其叶面积指数始终最大,为5.3,在安定点由于整个生育期水分胁迫严重,其叶面积指数最小,为1.024。
(5)不同的生态区域对燕麦灌浆期和成熟期草产量有显著影响。灌浆期,随着海拔的升高、温度降低和水分的增加,株高和叶面积指数相应增大,使得草产量显著增加;成熟期燕麦的草产量与灌浆期的变化规律相似。灌浆期安定点鲜草产量最低,为18776.40 kg/hm~2;华家岭最高,为62390.46 kg/hm~2,比前者高69.90%,差异极显著。就品种而言,甜燕麦、709和343的鲜草量显著高于其它品种,适宜收草。
(6)对7个供试品种在4个生态区域不同时期鲜干比的分析表明,燕麦鲜干比在不同生长阶段的变化趋势呈倒“S”型,不同生态区域对燕麦不同时期鲜干比影响显著。在高海拔地区,燕麦生育期延长,鲜干比增加,低海拔地区,在高温干旱胁迫下燕麦生育期缩短,鲜干比降低。从三叶期到乳熟期,安定点的鲜干比始终最小,甘农大的鲜干比最高,比前者高41.32%,华家岭和打柴沟差异不显著。
(7)不同的生态区域对燕麦种子产量影响显著。随着海拔升高,昼夜温差变大,白天光合作用增强,有利于光合物形成,制造的有机物质多,夜间呼吸作用减弱,消耗的有机物少,积累的有机物多,使燕麦种子产量显著增加。供试燕麦籽粒平均产量在华家岭最高,为5618.52kg/hm~2,在安定点最低,仅为1622.96kg/hm~2,差异极显著,适宜收籽。
(8)在不同的生态区域,燕麦千粒重、有效分蘖和轮层数差异明显。随着生态区域海拔的升高、温度下降,千粒重、有效分蘖增大,轮层数变化不明显。小穗数和穗粒数的变化趋势一致,在打柴沟最多,在安定点最少,后者分别占前者的35.13%和32.48%。
(9)不同的生态区域对燕麦干草营养成分有着显著影响。总的趋势是随着生态区域环境由干到湿、海拔从低到高,燕麦干草粗蛋白含量下降、酸洗纤维含量增加,粗脂肪含量增加。灌浆期燕麦粗蛋白含量在安定点最高,打柴沟最低,比前者点低26.4%;酸性洗涤纤维含量则是华家岭最高,安定点最低,比前者低36.41%。成熟期粗蛋白和酸洗纤维含量变化与灌浆期相似。
(10)不同的生态区域对燕麦籽粒中粗脂肪和β-葡聚糖含量影响显著。在降雨量少、水分胁迫严重的区域,燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖积累量提高;在气候温和、降雨量高的地区,β-葡聚糖含量往往较低。其次,籽粒成熟期温度较高的区域,其β-葡聚糖含量显著高于温度低的区域。试验中燕麦籽粒中粗脂肪含量在打柴沟最高,安定点最低,后者是前者的77.21%;β-葡聚糖含量在安定点含量最高,华家岭含量最低,二者相差32.99%。就品种而言,409和白燕7号的β-葡聚糖含量明显高于其它品种。
(11)在燕麦整个生育期,生态区域的水热、海拔、光照、温度等因素从不同方面影响燕麦的生长发育。在相对高海拔地区和二阴地区燕麦青干草产量、种子产量明显高于低海拔干旱地区。因此,天祝县和通渭县适宜进行燕麦生产。
The experiment was conducted in DaChaigou Township, Anding District of DingXi City, Huajialing Township of Tongwei County, Forage test site at Lanzhou of Gansu Agricultural University, from March to October in 2008. The effects of ecological regions on days to maturity, grain filling rate, seed yield, LAI at different periods, ratio of fresh to hay, fresh yield and quality of 7 oat cultivars(Baiyan No. 7, 409, 709, Denmark 444, 343, Qingyin No.2, Sweet oat) were studied. The result are as follows:.
(1) In different ecological regions, The days to maturity of oats varied significantly. With the increasing altitude, temperature diseased, nutritive and reproductive growth of oats prolonged, which caused prolonging of the days to maturity, with the longest in Dachagou (averagely 125d) and shortest in Anding District (averagely 90d). The days to maturity in Huajialing were averagely 109d and GAU 98d.
(2) In different ecological regions, the grain filling rate was significantly different. During the entire of grain-filling process, with the increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, the speed of grain filling reduced.The aiatitude of Anding and GAU are 1898.7m and 1517.3m, respectively, much lower than that of Huajialing (2242m) and Dachaigou(2594m). However, their grain filling speed was much faster. Among 7 varieties, Qingyin No.2, 343, 409 and 709 had significantly faster filling speed at GAU than in Dachaigou; Denmark 444, Baiyan No. 7 and sweet oat had faster grain filling in Anding District than in Dachaigou.
(3) Oats had a "S" type plant height variation. From three leaf stage to heading stage, Changes in plant height were mild and increased quickly after the heading stage; then reduced gradually to the end at maturity. The effect of different ecological regions on plant height was significant. At high altitudes regions, with lower temperature and abundant precipitation, oat increased its height significantly; while at low-alatitude areas with higher temperatures and less rainfall, oat shortened its life history with lower plant height. From three leaf stage to maturity, oat height was the lowest in Anding District, with 73.74cm at maturity, which was only 52.1% of that in Dachaigou.
(4) The effect of different ecological regions on LAI was significant different. From three leaf stage to plant maturity, with the growing environment changing from dry to wet, low to high altitude, LAI increased significantly from booting to heading stage and declined after, with the highest at GAU (5.3) and the lowerest at Anding District (1.024).
(5) The ecological regions had significant effect on grass yield. At grain-filling stage, with the increasing elevation and rainfall and decreasing temperature, oat grass yield increased significantly. The same trned was observed at maturity. At grain-filling stage, fresh yield was the lowest at Anding(18776.40 kg/hm~2),Hajialing had the highest (62390.46 kg/hm~2), 69.90% more than the former. Within 7 varieties, sweet oat, 709 and 343 had the highest fresh yield which is suitable for grass collection.
(6) The results of ratio between fresh and hay of 7 varieties at 4 different regions showed that it was a reversing "S" type, and varied significantly at different regions. In the high-alatitude regions, it increased as the prolonging life hiftory, and reduced under higher temperature and drought stress in low-alatitude regions. From three leaf to milk stage, it was the lowest at Anding and the highest at GAU (higher 41.32% than the former). No significant difference was observed in Huajialing and Dachaigou.
(7) Seed yield also showed significantly difference at different regions. With the increase of elevation and temperature difference between day and night, the photosynthesis enhanced during daylight and respiration reduced at night, resulting in more organic matter accumulation and higher seed yield. The average grain yield was the highest in Hajialing (5618.52kg/hm~2), the lowest at Anding(1622.96kg/hm~2).
(8) In different ecological regions, signigifant differences were observed on thousand grain weight, effective tillers and number of rings. With the increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, thousand grain weight and effective tillers increased. No significant difference was observed on number of rings. Number of spikelet and grains were the highest at Dachaigou and the lowest at Anding (35.13% and 32.48% of the former, respectively).
(9) The effect of different ecological regions on oat hay nutrition was significant. The general trend indicated that from dry to wet climate, oat hay reduced its crude protein, increased ADF and CF. During the grain filling stage, crude protein was the highest at Anding and the lowest in Dachaigou (26.41% lower than the former); ADF was the highest in Hajialing and lowest at Anding area (36.41% lower ).
(10) The crude fat andβ-glucan also showed significant difference. In the low rainfall and drought stress areas, oat accumulated moreβ-glucan; in mild climate areas with rich rainfall,β-glucan content was lower. Secondly, the relatively high temperature during maturity could induce higherβ-glucan content. The crude fat at Anding was 77.12% lower than that in DaChaigou;β-glucan was the highest in Anding, 32.99% higher than in Hajialing. In terms of cultivars, 409 and Baiyan No. 7 had higherβ-glucan than other cultivars.
(11) During the whole life history, water and heat, elevation, sunlight and temperature in growing areas affected the process of oat growth from different aspects. Oat had higher hay and grain yield in the relatively high altitude areas than lower and drier areas. Therefore, Tianzhu County and Tongwei county are suitable for the production of oats.
(1)供试的各燕麦品种在不同生态区域其生育期差异显著。随着海拔的升高,气温降低,燕麦营养生长和生殖生长时间较长,导致生育期延长。7个燕麦品种生育期在打柴沟最长,平均为125d,在安定点最短,平均为90d,两者相差35d;华家岭平均109d,甘农大平均98d。
(2)在不同的生态区域,燕麦籽粒的灌浆速度有着显著的差异。整个籽粒灌浆过程中,随着海拔的升高,降雨量增加,温度降低,燕麦籽粒灌浆速度逐渐变慢。安定点和甘农大点海拔分别为1898.7m和1517.3m,明显低于华家岭(2242m)和打柴沟(2594m),但前两者的籽粒灌浆速度明显快于后两者。青引2号、343、409、709在甘农大的灌浆速度显著快于打柴沟;而丹麦444、白燕7号、甜燕麦在安定点的灌浆速度显著快于打柴沟。
(3)燕麦植株高度的变化呈现出“S”型特征,从三叶期到抽穗期,植株高度缓慢上升,抽穗期后,株高增长急速加快,乳熟期增长减缓,直至成熟期停止生长。不同生态区域对燕麦各个时期的株高影响显著。在高海拔地区,温度较低,雨量丰富,燕麦生育期延长,株高显著增高;在低海拔地区,温度较高,降雨量少,燕麦营养生长和生殖生长时间变短,植株显著变矮。从三叶期到成熟期,安定点株高始终最低,在成熟期平均株高只有73.74cm,只有打柴沟的52.1%。
(4)不同的生态区域对燕麦在不同时期的叶面积指数有显著影响。从三叶期到成熟期,随着生态区域环境由干到湿、海拔从低到高,燕麦的叶面积指数逐渐变大,其中水分的供给和热量条件是影响叶面积指数的重要因素。燕麦在不同的生态区域都服从相似的变化规律,即叶面积指数变化趋势呈单峰曲线,从拔节期到抽穗期显著上升,抽穗期达到最高;抽穗期后逐渐降低。供试的7个燕麦品种在甘农大点水分供应充足,其叶面积指数始终最大,为5.3,在安定点由于整个生育期水分胁迫严重,其叶面积指数最小,为1.024。
(5)不同的生态区域对燕麦灌浆期和成熟期草产量有显著影响。灌浆期,随着海拔的升高、温度降低和水分的增加,株高和叶面积指数相应增大,使得草产量显著增加;成熟期燕麦的草产量与灌浆期的变化规律相似。灌浆期安定点鲜草产量最低,为18776.40 kg/hm~2;华家岭最高,为62390.46 kg/hm~2,比前者高69.90%,差异极显著。就品种而言,甜燕麦、709和343的鲜草量显著高于其它品种,适宜收草。
(6)对7个供试品种在4个生态区域不同时期鲜干比的分析表明,燕麦鲜干比在不同生长阶段的变化趋势呈倒“S”型,不同生态区域对燕麦不同时期鲜干比影响显著。在高海拔地区,燕麦生育期延长,鲜干比增加,低海拔地区,在高温干旱胁迫下燕麦生育期缩短,鲜干比降低。从三叶期到乳熟期,安定点的鲜干比始终最小,甘农大的鲜干比最高,比前者高41.32%,华家岭和打柴沟差异不显著。
(7)不同的生态区域对燕麦种子产量影响显著。随着海拔升高,昼夜温差变大,白天光合作用增强,有利于光合物形成,制造的有机物质多,夜间呼吸作用减弱,消耗的有机物少,积累的有机物多,使燕麦种子产量显著增加。供试燕麦籽粒平均产量在华家岭最高,为5618.52kg/hm~2,在安定点最低,仅为1622.96kg/hm~2,差异极显著,适宜收籽。
(8)在不同的生态区域,燕麦千粒重、有效分蘖和轮层数差异明显。随着生态区域海拔的升高、温度下降,千粒重、有效分蘖增大,轮层数变化不明显。小穗数和穗粒数的变化趋势一致,在打柴沟最多,在安定点最少,后者分别占前者的35.13%和32.48%。
(9)不同的生态区域对燕麦干草营养成分有着显著影响。总的趋势是随着生态区域环境由干到湿、海拔从低到高,燕麦干草粗蛋白含量下降、酸洗纤维含量增加,粗脂肪含量增加。灌浆期燕麦粗蛋白含量在安定点最高,打柴沟最低,比前者点低26.4%;酸性洗涤纤维含量则是华家岭最高,安定点最低,比前者低36.41%。成熟期粗蛋白和酸洗纤维含量变化与灌浆期相似。
(10)不同的生态区域对燕麦籽粒中粗脂肪和β-葡聚糖含量影响显著。在降雨量少、水分胁迫严重的区域,燕麦籽粒β-葡聚糖积累量提高;在气候温和、降雨量高的地区,β-葡聚糖含量往往较低。其次,籽粒成熟期温度较高的区域,其β-葡聚糖含量显著高于温度低的区域。试验中燕麦籽粒中粗脂肪含量在打柴沟最高,安定点最低,后者是前者的77.21%;β-葡聚糖含量在安定点含量最高,华家岭含量最低,二者相差32.99%。就品种而言,409和白燕7号的β-葡聚糖含量明显高于其它品种。
(11)在燕麦整个生育期,生态区域的水热、海拔、光照、温度等因素从不同方面影响燕麦的生长发育。在相对高海拔地区和二阴地区燕麦青干草产量、种子产量明显高于低海拔干旱地区。因此,天祝县和通渭县适宜进行燕麦生产。
The experiment was conducted in DaChaigou Township, Anding District of DingXi City, Huajialing Township of Tongwei County, Forage test site at Lanzhou of Gansu Agricultural University, from March to October in 2008. The effects of ecological regions on days to maturity, grain filling rate, seed yield, LAI at different periods, ratio of fresh to hay, fresh yield and quality of 7 oat cultivars(Baiyan No. 7, 409, 709, Denmark 444, 343, Qingyin No.2, Sweet oat) were studied. The result are as follows:.
(1) In different ecological regions, The days to maturity of oats varied significantly. With the increasing altitude, temperature diseased, nutritive and reproductive growth of oats prolonged, which caused prolonging of the days to maturity, with the longest in Dachagou (averagely 125d) and shortest in Anding District (averagely 90d). The days to maturity in Huajialing were averagely 109d and GAU 98d.
(2) In different ecological regions, the grain filling rate was significantly different. During the entire of grain-filling process, with the increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, the speed of grain filling reduced.The aiatitude of Anding and GAU are 1898.7m and 1517.3m, respectively, much lower than that of Huajialing (2242m) and Dachaigou(2594m). However, their grain filling speed was much faster. Among 7 varieties, Qingyin No.2, 343, 409 and 709 had significantly faster filling speed at GAU than in Dachaigou; Denmark 444, Baiyan No. 7 and sweet oat had faster grain filling in Anding District than in Dachaigou.
(3) Oats had a "S" type plant height variation. From three leaf stage to heading stage, Changes in plant height were mild and increased quickly after the heading stage; then reduced gradually to the end at maturity. The effect of different ecological regions on plant height was significant. At high altitudes regions, with lower temperature and abundant precipitation, oat increased its height significantly; while at low-alatitude areas with higher temperatures and less rainfall, oat shortened its life history with lower plant height. From three leaf stage to maturity, oat height was the lowest in Anding District, with 73.74cm at maturity, which was only 52.1% of that in Dachaigou.
(4) The effect of different ecological regions on LAI was significant different. From three leaf stage to plant maturity, with the growing environment changing from dry to wet, low to high altitude, LAI increased significantly from booting to heading stage and declined after, with the highest at GAU (5.3) and the lowerest at Anding District (1.024).
(5) The ecological regions had significant effect on grass yield. At grain-filling stage, with the increasing elevation and rainfall and decreasing temperature, oat grass yield increased significantly. The same trned was observed at maturity. At grain-filling stage, fresh yield was the lowest at Anding(18776.40 kg/hm~2),Hajialing had the highest (62390.46 kg/hm~2), 69.90% more than the former. Within 7 varieties, sweet oat, 709 and 343 had the highest fresh yield which is suitable for grass collection.
(6) The results of ratio between fresh and hay of 7 varieties at 4 different regions showed that it was a reversing "S" type, and varied significantly at different regions. In the high-alatitude regions, it increased as the prolonging life hiftory, and reduced under higher temperature and drought stress in low-alatitude regions. From three leaf to milk stage, it was the lowest at Anding and the highest at GAU (higher 41.32% than the former). No significant difference was observed in Huajialing and Dachaigou.
(7) Seed yield also showed significantly difference at different regions. With the increase of elevation and temperature difference between day and night, the photosynthesis enhanced during daylight and respiration reduced at night, resulting in more organic matter accumulation and higher seed yield. The average grain yield was the highest in Hajialing (5618.52kg/hm~2), the lowest at Anding(1622.96kg/hm~2).
(8) In different ecological regions, signigifant differences were observed on thousand grain weight, effective tillers and number of rings. With the increasing altitude and decreasing temperature, thousand grain weight and effective tillers increased. No significant difference was observed on number of rings. Number of spikelet and grains were the highest at Dachaigou and the lowest at Anding (35.13% and 32.48% of the former, respectively).
(9) The effect of different ecological regions on oat hay nutrition was significant. The general trend indicated that from dry to wet climate, oat hay reduced its crude protein, increased ADF and CF. During the grain filling stage, crude protein was the highest at Anding and the lowest in Dachaigou (26.41% lower than the former); ADF was the highest in Hajialing and lowest at Anding area (36.41% lower ).
(10) The crude fat andβ-glucan also showed significant difference. In the low rainfall and drought stress areas, oat accumulated moreβ-glucan; in mild climate areas with rich rainfall,β-glucan content was lower. Secondly, the relatively high temperature during maturity could induce higherβ-glucan content. The crude fat at Anding was 77.12% lower than that in DaChaigou;β-glucan was the highest in Anding, 32.99% higher than in Hajialing. In terms of cultivars, 409 and Baiyan No. 7 had higherβ-glucan than other cultivars.
(11) During the whole life history, water and heat, elevation, sunlight and temperature in growing areas affected the process of oat growth from different aspects. Oat had higher hay and grain yield in the relatively high altitude areas than lower and drier areas. Therefore, Tianzhu County and Tongwei county are suitable for the production of oats.
引文
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